Animal form

AP Biology Rapid Learning Series - 19
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Animal Form
AP Biology Rapid Learning Series
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© Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved.
AP Biology Rapid Learning Series
Wayne Huang, PhD
Andrew Graham, PhD
Elizabeth James, PhD
Casandra Rauser, PhD
Jessica Habashi, PhD
Sara Olson, PhD
Jessica Barnes, PhD

Learning Objectives
Animal Cell and Tissue
By completing this tutorial, you will learn about:
Animal Organ System
Homeostasis
3/40
Basic Animals Concept Map
Animals
Food
Plants
Animal Form
Animal Function Physiology
PlantNutrients
Reproduction
Genetics
4/40
y gy
Animal waste
P
Environment Biochemistry

Animal Form Concept Map
TissuesCell
CEpithelial Tissue
Nervous
Tissue
A i l b d
ConnectiveConnective
Tissue
Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue
Respiratory
11 major organ systems11 major organ systems
Muscular
Tissue
Tissues are organized into organs
HomeostasisHomeostasis
EnvironmentEnvironment
5/40
Animal body
Digestive
Respiratory
Skin
Immune
Nervous
ReproductiveReproductive
Excretory
Muscular
Circulatory
Skeletal
EndocrineEndocrine
Animal Cells and Tissues
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Animal Organization
Animal cells are
organized into tissues,
organs and organ
Organ systems comprise
of the body of the animal.
Organization from cells toorgans and organ
system.
Organization from cells to
entire body is critical for
animal form and function.
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Animal Cell Structure
8/40

Animal Tissues: Four Major Types
Epithelial Tissue
Closely packed in either
single or multiple layers,
and cover both internal
f f
Connective Tissue
Tissue with an extensive
extracellular matrix that
often serves to supportand external surfaces of
the animal body.
often serves to support,
bind together, and
protect organs.
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Nervous Tissue
Bundles of neuronal
processes enclosed in
connective tissue that
carry signals to and
from muscles.
Muscle Tissue
Formed by muscle
cells for movement
of and/or within the
animal.
Epithelial Tissue Structure Function
Pseudostratified
columnar
1. Cell Shape: three types
• Squamous epithelium is flattened cells.
C b id l i h li i b h d ll epithelial cell• Cuboidal epithelium is cube-shaped cells.
• Columnar epithelium consists of elongated cells.
2. Cell layer:
• Simple epithelium has only a single cell layer.
• Stratified epithelium has more than one layer of
cells
3. Functions
• Movement materials in, out, or around the body.
P t ti f th i t l i t i t
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• Protection of the internal environment against
the external environment.
• Secretion of a product.

Connective Tissue Form & Function
Fibrous
connective
tissue
There are two major
types of connective
tissue: loose (LCT)
Special Types
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
tissue: loose (LCT)
adipose tissue and
fibrous (FCT)
tendons.
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Blood Tissue
Functions
Binding
Supporting
Protecting
Forming blood
Storing fats
Filling space
Three Types Muscle Fibers
There are three
types of muscle
fibers. Smooth: Lack the banding,
also consists of actin and
i It i l t
Smooth
myosin. It powers involuntary
movements of the viscera
Skeletal muscle is striated and
usually attached to the skeleton.
They create movement by applying
force to bones and joints by
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Skeletal
g gcontracting and relaxing.
Cardiac muscle is striated muscle
found only in the heart. The cells
are usually connected to each
other by intercalated disks. It
powers the heartbeat
Cardiac

Nervous Tissue Two Types
C ll B d
Dendrites
1) Neurons (made up of three
parts): A cell body - contains
the nucleus, mitochondria and
other organelles. A long axon -
Cell Body
Axon
Long fibers that carry signals
away from the cell body. Many
dendrites: receive information
from another cell and transmit
the message to the cell body.
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Glial cells are nonconducting
cells that serve as support
cells in the nervous system
and help to protect neurons.
What do Groups of Tissue Form?
Certain group of
cells form tissues,
what do tissues
Several tissues
form a functional
unit called
organs
form?
g
14/40

Animal Organ System
The functional unit
15/40
Tissues Are Organized Into Organs
Several types of tissue form a
functional unit called an organ.
Muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
Epithelial
tissue
16/40
tissue

Animal Body
Animal body
has 11 major
organ systems.
■ Muscular System
■ Skeletal System
■ Skin or Integument
■ Respiratory System
■ Digestive System
■ Circulatory System
17/40
■ Circulatory System
■ Lymphatic System
■ Excretory System
■ Nervous System
■ Endocrine System
■ Reproductive System
Muscular System
Muscle composition all skeleton is attached to muscles.
Muscle function to allow movement and locomotion. They
power the circulatory, digestive and respiratory systems.
Muscles play a role in regulating temperature.
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Digestive System
The digestive system
functions to ingest food and
break it down into smaller
chemical units. It also
The digestive system is
composed of: mouth, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, liver,
pancreas gallbladder colon
absorbs the nutrients and
eliminates wastes.
pancreas, gallbladder, colon
(large intestine), rectum and
anus.
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Respiratory System
Composition:
■ Nose
■ Pharynx
■ Larynx
■ Trachea
■ Bronchi
■ Lung
Function:
■ Exchange gas
between body and
environment:
Inhale Oxygen
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■ Lung Remove carbon
dioxide

Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is
composed of: blood vessels,
arteries (from heart), veins (to
heart), capillaries from arteries to
veins
It also includes: blood, red
and white cells as well as
platelets, plasma and the
heart organ itself.
veins.
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Cardiovascular system functions
to transport oxygen, CO2,
nutrients and waste between cells
and the respiratory system. It
also carries chemical signals
from the endocrine system.
Lymphatic System: Immune System
Composition
Function
■ Defense against invading
microorganisms and viruses
p
■ Central lymphoid tissue
Bone Marrow: produce all cells
in immune system
Thymus: T cell maturation
■ Peripheral lymphoid tissue
Lymph nodes
-- lymphatic sinuses
■ Defense against the growth of cancer
cells.
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y p
-- blood vessels
-- parenchyma
Spleen
Mucosa-associated lymphoid
tissue

Excretory System
The excretory
system is
composed of the
liver skin and
Liver
Kidney These function
liver, skin and
urinary system.
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Ureter
Kidney
Bladder
These function
to remove
organic
wastes.
Liver, Skin, Urinary System
Urinary System - kidneys filter
the blood to form urine, which
is excess water, salt, urea and
uric acid
Liver: produces urea and
uric acid as a by product of
the breakdown of proteins.
uric acid.
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The function of the
Excretory System is
to remove organic
waste and maintain
fluid levels.Skin - removal of
excess water, salt,
urea and uric acid

Endocrine System
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
The endocrine system is made
up of: pineal, pituitary, thyroid,
parathyroid, adrenal and
d ti l d It i l
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid
Adrenal gland
Thymus
reproductive glands. It is also
part of the endocrine system is
the: hypothalamus, thymus and
pancreas.
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Pancreas
Ovaries
Testicles
The endocrine system secretes hormones to
control growth and coordinates long range
responses to external and internal stimuli.
Reproductive System
Male
■ The testicles
■ The duct system, which
i d f th
Seminal vesicles
is made up of the
epididymis and the vas
deferens
■ The accessory glands,
which includes the seminal
vesicles and prostate
gland
■ The penis
Vas Deferens
Testicles
Prostate
Penis
Epididymis
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Female
■ Fallopian tubes
■ Ovaries
■ Uterus
■ Vagina
■ Accessory glands
■ External genital organs

Nervous System
Brain
The nervous system is made up of the
brain and spinal cord. The peripheral
nervous system includes neurons and
nerves that are not in the central
Spinal
Cord
nervous system.
The nervous system
functions to coordinate
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Central nervous system
functions to coordinate
the activity of the
muscles, monitors the
organs, processes input
from the senses and
initiates actions and
responses.
Skeletal System
The skeletal system is
composed of bones.
Most of the bones are
The function of the skeletal system is
to support the body, to move and to
store minerals. It is also the site of
internally linked.
store minerals. It is also the site of
haematopoiesis: producing blood and
immune cells.
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Skin System
The skin is composed of the:
epidermis (keratinocytes, basal cells
and melanocytes), and dermis which
contains elastic and collagen fiberscontains elastic and collagen fibers
as well as capillary networks and
nerve endings.
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The skin has hair, nails, skin
glands and their products. It
functions in: protection, exchange
and secretion.
Homeostasis
Internal balance
30/40

Homeostasis
Living organisms regulate
its internal environment to
maintain a stable, constant
condition, by means of
The components
of homeostasis
includes
maintenance of:
It must also
maintain the
concentration of
nutrients and, y
multiple dynamic
equilibrium adjustments,
controlled by interrelated
regulation mechanisms.
maintenance of:
O2, CO2 and pH. waste products.
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The concentration of
salt and electrolytes
must be maintained
as well as the volume
and pressure of the
extracellular fluid.
Mechanism of Homeostasis
The mechanism of homeostasis is negative feedback.
Set a threshold
Sense the change
Signal the change
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Effector to bring the
change back to normal
range

Extrinsic and Intrinsic
Extrinsic homeostatic systems are controlled
from outside the body by two systems.
1. Nervous system: sensors.
2. Endocrine system: signal transmission.
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Intrinsic homeostatic systems often involve
only one or two organs, e.g. blood vessel
regulation by oxygen and CO2.
Sensor of Homeostasis
Controlled by two systems: Nervous System and Endocrine System
Nervous System: sensory system homeostasis.
• Sensory nerve (dorsal root of spinal nerves)
• Synapse (in the spinal cord for monosynaptic
reflexes)
• Motor nerve (ventral root of spinal nerves)-
controls effectors
• Effectors: muscles and glands
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Endocrine: sensory system homeostasis.
• Upon receiving signals from nervous
system, endocrine system secretes
hormones into blood.
• Hormones are broken down rapidly, but they
set in motion effects that may persist after
the hormones are gone: stimulate
metabolism, turn on genes, etc.

Example of Homeostasis
Fat cells synthesize
lipids from glucose
Blo
Fall
Negative Feedback
Blood glucose
> 1.0 g/dm-3
Pancreas
Islet β-cell
Insulin
Liver cells synthesize
glycogen from glucose
Other cells uptake
glucose
odglucose
lsBlood
Rises
Li ll b k d
Return to
normal level
Glu
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Blood glucose
< 0.7 g/dm-3
dglucose
s
Liver cells break down
glycogen --> glucose
Amino Acid--> glucose
Pancreas
Islet α-cell
ucagon
Negative Feedback
Animals and Homeostasis
How does an animal
body maintain
homeostasis?
Through negative
feedbacks and
achieved by nervous
system (as sensors)system (as sensors)
and endocrine system
(signal transduction)
36/40

Question: Review
Animal cells are _____ into
cells, tissues, organs and
organ systems.
___________Organized
___________
___________
Cell Shapes
Loose and Fibrous
Glial Neurons
Squamous, cuboidal and
columnar represent what?
Two types of nervous
Types of connective tissue.
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___________Glial, Neuronssystem tissue.
The skeletal system is
composed of _____. ___________Bones
Animal cells
k
Animal cells
k
Learning Summary
There are 11
organ system
There are 11
organ system
make up
animal tissues.
make up
animal tissues.
HomeostasisHomeostasis
g y
for vertebrate
animals.
g y
for vertebrate
animals.
38/40
Homeostasis
mechanisms are
controlled by
negative feedback.
Homeostasis
mechanisms are
controlled by
negative feedback.
Animal tissues form
organs
Animal tissues form
organs

Congratulations
You have successfully completed the
core tutorial
Animal Forms
39/40
Wh t’ N t
Chemistry :: Biology :: Physics :: Math
What’s Next …
Step 1: Concepts – Core Tutorial (Just Completed)
Step 2: Practice – Interactive Problem Drill
Step 3: Recap – Super Review Cheat Sheet
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Animal form

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