2. What is Physiology ???
• Physiology is the study of the mechanism of life
from the single biochemical reactions in cell to the
coordinated total of specialized cells that constitute
living animals
• Or, Physiology is the branch of biology that deals
with the functions and activities of life or of living
matters ( as organ, tissues, or cells) and of the
physical and chemical phenomena involved.
3. Animal Cell: Structure and Functions
Cells are the structural and functional unit of all
living organisms, such as bacteria, are
unicellular, consisting of a single cell
Other organisms such as humans, are
multicellular or have many cells an estimated
100000000000000 cells each cell is an amazing
world unto itself, it can take nutrients, convert
these nutrient in to energy, carry out specialized
functions, and reproduce as necessary
4.
5. Structure of Animal Cell
1. Cell membrane (Plasma membrane):
The outer lining of a eukaryotic cell is called the
plasma membrane/Cell membrane, which is made
mostly from a double layer of proteins and lipids,
fat-like molecules.
This membrane serves to separate and protect a
cell from its surrounding environment
6. Structure of Animal Cell
2. Mitochondria
Mitochondria are self-replicating organelles, having
two functionally distinct membrane systems
separated by a space: the outer membrane, which
surrounds the whole organelle; and the inner
membrane, which is thrown into folds or shelves
that project inward. These inward folds are called
cristae.
Mitochondria play a critical role in generating
energy in the eukaryotic cell.
7. Structure of Animal Cell
3. The Cytoplasm (A cell’s inner Space)
Inside the cell there is a large fluid-filled space called
the cytoplasm, sometimes called the Cytosol.
The cytosol contains dissolved nutrients, helps break
down waste products, and moves material around the
cell through a process called cytoplasmic streaming
The cytoplasm also contains many salts which is
excellent conductor of electricity, creating the perfect
environment for the mechanics of the cell
8. Structure of Animal Cell
4. Nucleus
The nucleus is the most conspicuous
organelle, houses the cell's chromosomes and
is the place where almost all DNA replication
and RNA synthesis occurs.
The nucleus contain the genetic material i.e.
RNA or DNA, which carry genetic information.
9. Structure of Animal Cell
5. Peroxisome and Lysosomes:
Lysosomes and Peroxisomes are often referred to
as the garbage disposal system of a cell, are
somewhat spherical, bound by a single
membrane, and rich in digestive enzymes.
Contain digestive enzymes in it, responsible to
digest waste material of cell.
10. Structure of Animal Cell
6. Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Golgi apparatus:
The ER has two forms: the rough ER and the smooth ER. The
rough ER is labeled as such because it has ribosome's
adhering to its outer surface, whereas the smooth ER does
not
Translation of the mRNA for those proteins that will either
stay in the ER or be exported (moved out of the cell) occurs at
the ribosome attached to the rough ER
The smooth ER serves as the recipient for those proteins
synthesized in the rough ER
Proteins to be exported are passed to the Golgi apparatus,
sometimes called a Golgi body or Golgi complex, for further
processing, packaging, and transport to a variety of other
cellular locations
11. Structure of Animal Cell
7. Centrosome and Microtubule
The Centrosome is an organelle that serves as the main
microtubule organizing centers (MTOC) of the animal cell, as
well as the regulator of cell cycle progression
Centrosomes are composed of two centrioles arranged at
right angled to each other, and surrounded by a dense, highly
structured mass of protein termed as pericentriolar materials.
12. Functions of different systems of Livestock and Poultry
System Organ in System Functions
Muscular system Skeletal muscles
Smooth muscles
Cardiac muscles
Voluntary movement; Body
movement; Facial expression
Involuntary movement;
peristalsis
Involuntary heart muscles;
pumping blood
Skeletal system Axial skeleton ( Skull, vertebral
column, ribs)
Appendicular skeleton (
shoulder, pelvic girdle, forelimbs
and hindlimbs)
Shape, Support , Movement,
Protection, Blood cell
production
Digestive system Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach (
Ruminants – 4 stomach and
Non- Ruminants- simple
stomach), Small intestine (
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum),
large intestine ( Caecum, colon,
rectum)
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination
13. Functions of different systems of Livestock and Poultry
System Organ in system Functions
Circulatory system Heart ; Blood vessels; Blood - Circulation of blood;
rhythmic contraction and
relaxation of heart
Respiratory system Nostril, trachea, bronchi,
lungs, alveolus, diaphragms
Inhalation and Exhalation;
sound production; Smelling
Urinary system Kidney, ureter, bladder,
urethra
Regulate blood volume and
composition; regulate blood
pressure; ph homeostasis;
production of RBCs;
synthesize calcitriol
Nervous system CNS (Brain and spinal cord)
Peripheral nervous system
(all nerves outside CNS)
Collect sensory input from
the body
To process and interpret the
sensory input
To respond to the sensory
input
14. Functions of different systems of Livestock and Poultry
System Organs in system Functions
Sensory system Eyes; Ears; Nose; Tongue:
Skin
Sight; hearing; smelling;
taste; feel
Reproductive system Male reproductive system (
testes; Epididymis; Vas
deferens; penis; Cowper's
gland; prostrate gland;
seminal vesicles; scrotum
and sheath)
Female Reproductive
system (Ovary; uterus;
fallopian tubes; Cervix;
vagina; vulva)
-Production of gametes for
reproduction
-- secretions of sex
hormones
-- functions related to
reproduction
Lympho–reticular system Lymph vessels; lymph
nodes; spleen
Note: In case of poultry,
there is absence of lymph
nodes; Bursa of Fabricus;
spleen and Thymus)
Protect against infectious
disease;
15. Reproductive Hormone and their Functions
Primary Hormones of Reproduction
Glands Hormones Functions
Anterior Pituitary -Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
-Luteinizing Hormone (LH); Interstitial
cell stimulating hormone ( ICSH)
Spermatogenesis; Follicle
growth
Ovulations; testosterone
release
Posterior Pituitary Oxytocin Parturitions; uterine
contractions; milk let down
Testis Testosterone Male sexual behavior;
spermatogenesis
Ovary Estrogen
Progesterone
Relaxin
Secondary sexual
characteristics
Implantation; Pregnancy
maintenance
Relaxation of uterine cervix
and pubic symphysis
Placenta HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)
(Primates)
Pregnant mare’s Serum Gonadotropin
(PMSG) ( Horse)
LH- like
FSH – like
16. Reproductive Hormone and their Functions
Secondary Hormone of Reproduction
Glands Hormones Functions
Anterior Pituitary Somatotropin releasing
Hormone ( STH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (
TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
(ACTH)
Body growth; protein
synthesis
Stimulation of thyroid gland;
thyroxin release and iodine
uptake by thyroid
Stimulation of adrenal cortex;
release of adrenal corticoids
Posterior Pituitary Vasopressin ( ADH) Water balance
Thyroid gland Thyroxine Body growth; development of
maturation; oxidation of feed
Adrenal cortex Aldosterone
Corticosterone
Electrolyte and water
metabolism
Carbohydrates, protein and fat
metabolism
Pancreas Insulin Carbohydrate, fat and protein
metabolism
Parathyroid Parathormone Calcium and phosphorus
metabolism
