Basic Introduction about Human anatoy and Physiology.....

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Introduction to Human Anatomy
&
Physiology

4. 4
Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy – study of structure (Greek – “a cutting up”)
• Physiology – study of function (Greek – “relationship to nature”)

5. Anatomy – study of structure (Greek – “a cutting up”)

6. • Physiology – study of function
(Greek – “relationship to nature”)

8. Levels of Organization
Subatomic particles
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
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1.3: Levels of Organization
Chemical
• Atoms
– made up of subatomic
particles
• Molecules
– 2 or more atoms
• Macromolecules
– small molecules joined
together

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1.3: Levels of Organization
Cellular
• Macromolecules
combine to form cells
• Basic structural and
functional unit of the
body

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1.3: Levels of Organization
Tissue
• Group of cells
working together to
perform a function
• 4 basic types
– epithelial (epi)
– connective tissue (CT)
– muscle (mm)
– nerve (n)

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1.3: Levels of Organization
Organ
• 2 or more tissues
joined together with a
specific function and
shape

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1.3: Levels of Organization
Systems
• Related organs with a
common function
• 11 systems

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Organ Systems
Integumentary system
• Components
– skin
– hair
– glands
• Functions
– protection
– regulates body temperature
– eliminates waste
– vitamin D
– sensations

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Organ Systems
Skeletal system
• Components
– Bones
– Joints
– Cartilage
• Functions
– Support
– Protection
– Body movement
– Produces blood cells
– Stores minerals & fats

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Organ Systems
Muscular system
• Components
– skeletal muscles
• Functions
– body movement
– posture
– generates heat

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Organ Systems
Nervous system
• Components
– brain
– spinal cord
– nerves
– special sense organs
• Functions
– action potentials (nerve
impulses)
– detects, interprets, and
responds to changes in
environment

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Organ Systems
Endocrine system
• Components
– hormone-producing glands
and cells
• Functions
– regulates body activities

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Organ Systems
Cardiovascular system
• Components
– blood
– heart
– blood vessels
• Functions
– pumps blood
– carries O2 and nutrients to
cells and wastes away
– regulates temperature,
acid-base balance, and
H2O

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Organ Systems
Lymphatic system
• Components
– lymph fluid & vessels
– spleen
– thymus
– lymph nodes
– tonsils
• Functions
– transports dietary lipids
– protection

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Organ Systems
Respiratory system
• Components
– lungs
– pharynx
– larynx
– trachea
– bronchial tree
• Functions
– exchange of gases
– acid-base balance
– sound production

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Organ Systems
Digestive system
• Components
– mouth
– pharynx
– esophagus
– stomach
– small intestines
– large intestines
– salivary glands
– liver
– gallbladder
– pancreas
• Functions
– breakdown of food
– absorption of food
– eliminates wastes

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Organ Systems
Urinary system
• Components
– kidneys
– ureters
– urinary bladder
– urethra
• Functions
– eliminates waste
– regulates blood composition &
volume
– acid-base balance

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Organ Systems
Reproductive system
• Components
– ovaries
– testes
– associated structures
• Functions
– produce gametes
– hormone regulation of
reproduction

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1.3: Levels of Organization
Organism

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Basic Physiological terminology
• Movement – change in position; motion
• Responsiveness – reaction to a change
• Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape
• Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing
energy from foods
• Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells
•Differentiation – unspecialized to specialized

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• Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids
• Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids
• Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically
different forms
• Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
• Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms

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1.5: Maintenance of Life
• Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:
• Water
• Food
• Oxygen
• Heat
• Pressure

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Requirements of Organisms
• Water
- most abundant substance in body
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport of substances
- regulates body temperature
• Food
- provides necessary nutrients
- supplies energy
- supplies raw materials

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Requirements of Organisms
• Oxygen (gas)
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients
• Heat
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
• Pressure
- application of force on an object
- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing

31. HOMEOSTASISHOMEOSTASIS

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Homeostasis*
* Maintaining of a stable internal environment
• “physiological normal”
• dynamic
• involves maintaining
the volume and
composition of body
fluids

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• There are two (2) types:
• Negative feedback mechanisms
• Positive feedback mechanisms
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

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Negative feedback :
• Negative feedback occurs when some function of the
output of a system, process, or mechanism is fed back in a
manner that tends to reduce the fluctuations in the output,
whether caused by changes in the input or by other
disturbances

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Positive feedback summary:
• Positive feedback is a process that occurs in a
feedback loop in which the effects of a small
disturbance on a system include an increase in
the magnitude of the perturbation

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1.8: Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position –
standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs
at the sides, palms facing forward and
thumbs out
Integumentary system
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44. Anatomical Position
Body erect,
feet slightly apart,
palms facing forward,
thumbs point away
from the body

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Anatomical Terminology:
Orientation and Directional Terms
• Terms of Relative Position
(based on anatomical
position):
• Superior versus Inferior
• Anterior versus Posterior
• Medial versus Lateral
• Proximal versus Distal
(only in the
extremities)
• Superficial versus Deep
• Internal versus External

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Body Sections or Planes (3)
• Sagittal or Median – divides body into left and right portions
• Mid-sagittal – divides body into equal left and right portions
• Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and inferior portions
• Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior portions

47. Language of Anatomy
• Anatomical Position
• Body planes and sections
– Sagittal
– Frontal
– Transverse (cross)
Figure 1.8, pg. 15 text

48. Body Sections
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(a) (b) (c)
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a: © Patrick J. Lynch/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; c: © A. Glauberman/Photo Researchers, Inc.

49. Body Cavities

50. Body Cavities
• Thoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavities, the
mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity
– Pleural cavities – each houses a lung
– Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity, and
surrounds the remaining thoracic organs
– Pericardial – encloses the heart

51. Figure 1.11A Abdominopelvic regions

52. Figure 1.11B Abdominopelvic regions

53. Regional Terms for Body Areas

54. Regional Terms for Body Areas