Introduction to philosophy Best slides Presented by Tayyaba Maher University of education Department of Education

1. Introduction to
Philosophy
Tayyaba Maher
BEDF19M015

2. Jaspers: The Idea of The University
1. It was a book which was published in 1946.
2. A statement of the idea of a university in the aftermath of a world war which had
threatened the values represented by the university.
3. University, through fragmentation of knowledge and its emphasis on useful
knowledge, had underwritten nationalism and the new technological age.
4. Jaspers saw the possibility of the university playing a role in the reconstruction of a
more human society but based on a more unitary and purposeful conception of
knowledge.
5. The book reflects the tension felt within Germany between the state (and nationalism)
and the university.

3. Continue…
• Discontent with the Modern University:
• Jaspers showed a discontent with the function of modern university which he
believed were limited to:
- Research
- Training
- Professional education
- Transmission of a particular kind of culture
• Jaspers University:
- Jaspers believed that seeking knowledge and truth meant something more than
just maintaining a community of scholars and students.

4. Jaspers: Nature
of Knowledge
• Reliable Knowledge:
• Objectivity:
• Universal Validity:
• Scientific & Philosophical Knowledge:
• Methodical Knowledge:
• Certain Knowledge:
• General Validity:

5. Jaspers: Criticism
• Curriculum:
- Jaspers has emphasized curriculum in great detail; however, he has not given
specific suggestions.
• Intellectual Aristocracy:
- Critics have objected to Jasper's conception of a university to be too aristocratic.
- Jaspers only allows the very best to become a part of the university.
• Unification of Teaching & Research:
- Critics disapproved of Jaspers’ belief that teaching & research are inseparable
and a good teacher must be a good researcher as well.

6. Educational Theories
- Within the epistemological frame that focuses on the nature of knowledge and
how we come to know, there are four major educational philosophies.
- Each educational philosophy is related to one or more general philosophies
already discussed.
• Educational Philosophies:
- Perennialism
- Essentialism
- Progressivism
- Reconstructionism

7. Comparison of Philosophies
Categories traditional contemporary
Philosophical
orientation
realism idealism and
realism
pragmatism pragmatism
theoretical
orientation
perennialism Essentialism progressivism reconstructionism

8. Image 2
traditional contemporary
realism idealism and
realism
pragmatism pragmatism
Phenomena perennialism essentialism progressivism reconstructionism
direction in time focus on preserving the past focus on growth, reconstruction of present and
the society, and shaping the future
educational value fixed, absolute, objective changeable, subjective, relative,
educational process focuses on teaching focuses on active self-learning, student
centered
intellectual focus training and disciplining the mind engaging in problem solving, and social tasks

9. Image 3
traditional contemporary
realism idealism and
realism
pragmatism pragmatism
Phenomena perennialism essentialism progressivism reconstructionism
excellent vs. equality excellence in education,
academic, rewards and jobs
based on merit.
equality of education, equal change
to disadvantaged
society Group values, accepting of
norms, cooperative and
confirming behavior
individual growth, individual ability,
importance of individual

10. Categories Traditional Contemporary
Philosophical Orientation Realism Idealism Pragmatism Pragmatism
Theoretical Orientation Perennialism Essentialism Progressivism Reconstructionism
Direction in time Focus on presenting the past Focus on growth, reconstruction of present & the
society, & shaping the future
Educational value Fixed, absolute, objective Changeable, subjective, relative
Educational process Focuses on teaching Focuses on active self-learning, student centered
Intellectual process Training & disciplining the mind Engaging in problem solving, & social tasks
Curriculum Composed of three Rs Three Rs, arts, scientist, vocational
teacher disseminator, lecturer, dominates
instruction
facilitator, coach, and change agent
freedom and democracy conformity, compliance with authority,
knowledge, and discipline
creativeness, self-actualization, direct experience
excellent vs. equality excellence in education, academic,
rewards and jobs based on merit.
equality of education, equal change to
disadvantaged
society Group values, accepting of norms,
cooperative and confirming behavior
individual growth, individual ability, importance of
individual

11. MCQS
Idea of the University was one of the
most influential works given by
Karl Jaspers Plato B.F Skinner Aristotle A
Jasper's definition of universal validity
relies upon
universal
consensus
Analytical
Analysis
Rely on Society
Cultural
Consensus
A
Jaspers analyzed the relationship
between
science and
philosophy
Science Philosophy Mathematics A
Scientific knowledge is
methodical
knowledge
Science
knowledge
Analytical
knowledge
Behavioral
knowledge
A
Within the epistemological frame that
focuses on the nature of
science Knowledge Behavior Justification B

12. Any Question?

13. Thank You For Your Attention