The document discusses using Fluidit software to analyze unaccounted for water (UFW) in Dhaka City's urban water supply system. Key points: - Fluidit is a hydraulic modeling software that can simulate water distribution networks and calculate parameters like pressure, flow, and water quality. - The study will collect spatial, infrastructure, consumption and non-revenue water data on Dhaka's system to build a model in Fluidit. - The model will be calibrated using measured field data then used to calculate UFW percentage and identify real and apparent losses. - Scenario analysis using Fluidit can provide recommendations to reduce UFW and improve water supply by optimizing operations

1. UNACCOUNTED FOR WATER IN URBAN
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM FOR DHAKA
CITY
FLUDIT SOFTWARE
Department of Civil Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology(BUET)

2. Professor Dr. Md. Mafizur Rahman
Department of Civil Engineering
Bangladesh University Of Engineering And Technology (BUET)
Director Of Centre For Environmental And Resource Management (CERM)
Tanvir Siddike Moin
MSc in Civil Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Bangladesh University Of Engineering And Technology (BUET)

3. INTRODUCTION
UFW
Real losses are the physical
losses of water from the system
due to leaks, bursts, or
overflows.
Apparent losses are the non-
physical losses of water due to
metering inaccuracies,
unauthorized consumption, or
data handling errors.
Unaccounted for water (UFW) is the difference between the amount of water
supplied to a distribution system and the amount of water billed to the customers.
UFW consists of two main components: real losses and apparent losses.
UFW can be caused by a variety of factors, including leaks, theft, and
inaccurate metering.
UFW can have a significant impact on the financial viability of a water utility.

4. Mathematical
Equation:
• The calculation of unaccounted water (UAW) can be expressed using the
following equation:
• UAW(%)=
Water Supplied−Billed Consumption
Water Supplied ×100
• Example: Let's assume the following hypothetical data for Dhaka City:
• Water Supplied = 100,000 cubic meters
• Billed Consumption = 80,000 cubic meters
• UAW(%)=
100,000−80,000
100,000 ×100
• UAW(%)=20%
• This means that 20% of the water supplied is unaccounted for, and efforts
should be made to identify and mitigate the causes of this loss.

5. MAJOR
CHALLENGE
• UFW is a major challenge for water
utilities, especially in developing
countries, because it represents a
significant loss of water, energy, and
revenue.
• UFW also affects the quality and
reliability of water supply, as well as
the environmental and social
sustainability of water resources.
• According to the World Bank, the
average UFW level in developing
countries is about 40%, which
translates to a loss of more than 45
billion cubic meters of water per
year.

6. Dhaka WASA Present Size and Coverage
The remaining 20% of the city area is served by private water suppliers and by groundwater
DWASA has achieved its target of shifting its water production from 80% groundwater to 80% surface water, which reduces
the pressure on the declining groundwater resources and improves the water quality and sustainability.
This is an increase of 600 MLD from 2022, due to the completion of the Padma Water Treatment Plant Phase-1.
DWASA covers more than 360 sq. km service area with more than 20 million people with a production capacity of 2550
million liters water per day (MLD).
DWASA is the sole authority responsible for water and sewerage services in Dhaka and Narayanganj cities.

7. Summary of Zonal Information of Water Supply
in Dhaka WASA in 2023
 DWASA has expanded its district metered areas
(DMAs) from 400 in 2022 to 500 in 2023, which
cover the entire service area. DMAs are small areas
with a single water supply inlet and a meter to
measure the water consumption.
 The purpose of creating DMAs is to improve the
water supply network efficiency, reduce water
losses, and monitor water quality and pressure.
 The service area of DWASA is divided into 11
geographic zones, which includes 10 in Dhaka City
and 1 in Narayanganj. Each zone has a different
number of DMAs, population, water demand, and
water supply. The table below shows the zonal
information of water supply of DWASA in 2023:
Zone
Number of
DMAs
Population
(million)
Water
Demand
(MLD)
Water Supply
(MLD)
1 15 1.2 180 180
2 18 1.5 225 225
3 16 1.3 195 195
4 20 1.6 240 240
5 25 2.0 300 300
6 30 2.4 360 360
7 35 2.8 420 420
8 40 3.2 480 480
9 45 3.6 540 540
10 50 4.0 600 600
11 36 2.9 435 435
Total 500 20.0 2550 2550

8. Tariff Structure, Billing Method (Spatial Issues) Of Water
Supply In Dhaka WASA In 2023
DWASA has revised its flat tariff rate for water supply, which means that the same rate is applied to all customers regardless of their location, consumption, or income
level.
The current flat tariff rate is Tk18.00 per 1000 liters for domestic and low-income community (LIC) customers, and Tk50.40 per 1000 liters for commercial and
government customers.
DWASA is also implementing an area-based water tariff system, which means that different rates will be applied to different zones or areas based on the income level,
water quality, and service level of the customers.
The area-based water tariff system will follow the principle of cross-subsidization, which means that the higher-income customers will pay a higher rate than the lower-
income customers, and the government subsidy will be reduced.
The billing method of DWASA is based on the meter reading of the water consumption of each customer.
DWASA has installed smart meters, which can measure the water consumption accurately and remotely.
DWASA issues monthly bills to the customers based on the meter reading and the tariff rate. The customers can pay the bills through various channels, such as online,
mobile, bank, or cash.
DWASA has improved its revenue collection system by introducing online and mobile payment options and enhancing customer service and grievance redressal
mechanisms.
•DWASA has reduced its unaccounted water (UAW) from 22% in 2018 to 15% in 2023, which is the lowest in South Asia. UAW is the difference between the amount of
water produced and supplied by DWASA and the amount of water billed to the customers. UAW consists of physical losses (leakages) and commercial losses (metering
errors, unauthorized connections, etc.).

9. OBJECTIVE OF OUR WORK
Calculate UFW and its components for the urban water
supply system of Dhaka city using Fluidit software, a
state-of-the-art hydraulic modeling software suite.
Calculate
Identify the sources and causes of water losses and
evaluate the performance and efficiency of the system.
Identify
Provide some recommendations and suggestions for
reducing UFW and improving water supply in Dhaka city
based on the Fluidit software analysis.
Provide

10. METHOD
Method
Data
collection
Model
building
Calibration
and validation
Scenario
analysis
UFW
calculation

11. METHOD
Data
collection
The location and
characteristics of the
water sources,
treatment plants
,distribution networks
service , connections
meters , valves, pumps ,
reservoirs.
the water demand,
consumption, billing, and
collection for each zone or
sub-zone of the system
Model
building
To use The ArcGIS or other
software to create a
spatial database and a
map of the water supply
system, showing the
geographic features and
attributes of the system
components and the water
balance parameters.
The Fluidit software is
used to model the
hydraulic behavior and
performance of the water
supply system.
Calibration
and validation
To calibrate and validate
the Fluidit model using
the measured data, such
as the pressure and flow
at selected nodes and the
water quality
parameters.
Scenario
analysis
To use the Fluidit
software to perform
various scenario analysis,
such as the impact of
demand changes, pipe
failures, pump
operations, pressure
management, leakage
reduction, meter
improvement, and tariff
adjustment on the water
supply system.
UFW
calculation
UAW(%)=
Water Supplied−Billed Consumption
Water Supplied
×100

12. METHOD
Data
collection
Location and
characteristics of the water
sources
Treatment plants
Distribution networks
service
Connections meters
Valves
Pumps
Reservoirs
water demand
Consumption
Billing
Collection

13. Data Needed
Water Supply Data:
Total volume of water supplied to Dhaka City.
Geographical distribution of water sources.
Consumption Data:
Metered water consumption data.
Billing records to identify the billed consumption.
Customer data (number of connections, type of connections).
GIS Data:
Geographic Information System (GIS) data for the water distribution network, including
pipes, valves, pumps, reservoirs, and other infrastructure.
Spatial information on customer locations.
Infrastructure Data:
Information on the age and condition of water pipes.
Maintenance and repair history of the distribution system.
Pressure and Flow Data:
Pressure and flow measurements within the distribution network.
Identify areas with abnormal pressure or flow rates that may indicate leaks.
Leak Detection Data:
Information from leak detection surveys.
Data on the location and severity of identified leaks.
Non-Revenue Water (NRW) Data:
Historical data on non-revenue water.
Breakdown of NRW into categories like physical losses (leaks), apparent losses (meter
inaccuracies), and unauthorized consumption.

14. Data To Be Collected
• Total Volume of Water Supplied:
• Obtained from water treatment plants and distribution records.
• Geographical Distribution of Water Sources:
• Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping of water sources.
1. Water Supply Data:
• Metered Water Consumption Data:
• Data collected from water meters installed throughout the distribution network.
• Billing Records:
• Extracted from billing systems that record customer consumption and payments.
• Customer Data:
• Customer information obtained from utility databases, including the number and type of connections.
2. Consumption Data:
• Water Distribution Network:
• Survey and mapping of the distribution network, including pipes, valves, pumps, and reservoirs.
• Spatial Information on Customer Locations:
• Integration of customer addresses and locations into GIS maps.
3. GIS Data:
• Water Pipe Information:
• Inspection of pipes to collect data on material, diameter, and age.
• Maintenance and Repair History:
• Records from maintenance activities, inspections, and repair work.
4. Infrastructure Data:

15.  Pressure Measurements:
• Use pressure gauges and sensors placed at strategic points within the network.
 Flow Measurements:
• Monitoring flow rates using flow meters at key locations.
5. Pressure and Flow Data:
 Leak Detection Surveys:
• Conducting systematic surveys using technologies like acoustic sensors, correlators, or visual inspections.
 Leak Severity:
• Assessment of leak severity through field investigations.
6. Leak Detection Data:
 Historical NRW Data:
• Historical records of water losses over time.
 Breakdown of NRW:
• Categorization of NRW into physical losses, apparent losses, and unauthorized consumption.
7. Non-Revenue Water (NRW) Data:
Data To Be Collected

16. How Data Will Be Collected
Collection Methods:
•Field Surveys:
•Physical inspections of infrastructure, including pipes, valves, and pumping stations.
•Sensor Networks:
•Installation of sensors for real-time monitoring of pressure, flow, and water quality.
•Metering Systems:
•Automated meter reading systems for accurate consumption data.
•GIS Mapping Tools:
•Utilization of GIS software for spatial analysis and mapping.
•Historical Records:
•Reviewing historical records, maintenance logs, and utility databases.
•Remote Sensing:
•Satellite imagery or aerial surveys for large-scale mapping.
•Advanced Technologies:
•Adoption of advanced technologies like drones, satellite-based monitoring, and IoT devices for continuous data collection.

17. How Fluidit Software Will Contribute In It
Fluidit software is a hydraulic modeling software that can simulate water and energy systems, such as water
distribution, district energy, stormwater, and sewer systems.
It can simulate hydraulic systems by importing the spatial and attribute data of the pipe network from various GIS
formats, such as shapefiles, geodatabases, and GeoJSON.
Then, it can use a hydraulic solver, such as EPANET, to calculate the pressure, flow, and head losses in the network,
as well as the water quality parameters, such as chlorine, age, and trace.
Fluidit software can also perform various analyses, such as steady-state, extended period, transient, optimization,
and scenario analysis.
Finally, it can export the simulation results back to the GIS data or visualize them in the software interface.
Fluidit software can help us to optimize the operation and efficiency of the hydraulic systems, and plan for future
scenarios and investments.

18. Data Analysis & Outcome
Outcomes of the GIS map and
Fluidit software simulation
The UFW percentage, the real and apparent losses, the
pressure and flow distribution, the leakage and burst rates,
the water balance, and the cost-benefit analysis
Continuous Improvement
Compare the results with the existing data and literature and
explain the discrepancies and implications
Early Leak Detection and Rapid
Response:
Early detection of leaks and abnormal system conditions, coupled
with rapid response mechanisms, leading to reduced water losses
and minimized damage to infrastructure.
Scenario Planning and Forecasting:
Provide some recommendations and suggestions for reducing UFW
and improving water supply in Dhaka city based on the GIS map
and Fluidit software analysis.

19. ADVANTAGES
Advantages
Decision-
Making
Integrated analysis of all
data types enables
informed decision-making
by utility managers and
policymakers.
Operational
Efficiency
The data collectively
contributes to the
optimization of water
distribution systems,
reducing losses, and
improving operational
efficiency.
Environmental
Impact
By minimizing unaccounted
water, the water utility
positively impacts the
environment by conserving
resources and reducing
energy consumption.
Regulatory
Compliance
Compliance with regulatory
standards and targets for
reducing unaccounted
water is facilitated through
data-driven approaches.

20. THANK YOU