This document provides information on 15 endangered species found in Indonesia. It discusses each species' physical characteristics, habitat, population status, and threats. The main threats faced by many of these species are habitat loss due to deforestation and development, as well as hunting for the wildlife trade and consumption, which have led to population declines and endangered classifications by IUCN for many Indonesian species.

1. ENDANGERED SPECIES OF INDONESIA
MADE BY THE STUDENTS OF SARALA BIRLA GYAN JYOTI:
DISHITA SAIKIA, ZAFIRAH NASEEB AND PRISHA BORUAH
Contents:
The Food Web
1. Nautilus
2. Sulawesi Forest Turtle
3. Red-tailed Flying Squirrel
4. Muntjac
5. Babirusa
6. Tarsius
7. Binturong
8. Maluku Maleo Bird
9. Javan Hawk Eagle
10. Anoa
11. Indian Tapir
12. Sumatran Elephant
13. Sun Bear
14. Mahakam Dolphin
15. Dugong

2. THE FOOD WEB
A food web (or food cycle) is the natural interconnection of food chains and a
graphical representation (usually an image) of what-eats-what in an ecological
community. Food webs are limited representations of real ecosystems as they
necessarily aggregate many species into trophic species, which are functional
groups of species that have the same predators and prey in a food web. Every
animal is essential in the food chain. One animal gone from this cycle might lead
to an extreme change in the environment. One such example was of the
Yellowstone National Park, where the wolves were all hunted down and
therefore the number of elks and other herbivore increased. A food web is more
representative of actual feeding pathways within an ecosystem because:
 Organisms can have more than one food source
 Organisms can have more than one predator

3. NAUTILUS (NAUTILIDAE)
The nautilus is a pelagic marine mollusc of
the cephalopod family Nautilidae, the sole extant family
of the superfamily Nautilaceae and of its smaller but
near equal suborder, Nautilina.
Nautiluses are found in only the Indo-Pacific. They inhabit the deep slopes of coral
reefs. Only in New Caledonia, the Loyalty Islands, and Vanuatu can nautiluses be
observed in very shallow water, at depths of as little as 5 m (15 ft).
Nautiluses are scavengers and opportunistic predators. They eat molts
of lobsters, hermit crabs, and carrion of any kind.
Throughout the world, nautilus are collected or fished for sale as live animals or to
carve the shells for souvenirs and collectibles, not for just the shape of their shells, but
also the nacreous inner shell layer, which is used as a pearl substitute.
The threats from trade in these shells has led to countries such as Indonesia legally
protecting the chambered nautilus with fines of up to US$8,500 and/or 5 years in prison
for trading in this species. Despite their legal protection, these shells are openly sold in
tourist areas in Asia. The continued trade of these animals has led to a call for increased
protection and in 2016 all species in Family Nautilidae were added to CITES Appendix II,

4. SULAWESI FOREST TURTLE
(LEUCOCEPHALON YUWONOI)
The Sulawesi forest turtle (Leucocephalon
yuwonoi) is a critically endangered species of turtle in
the family Geoemydidae. It is monotypic within the
genus Leucocephalon. It is endemic to Sulawesi in
Indonesia .
The Sulawesi Forest turtle is a part of the Asian
river turtle family, Geoemydidae. It lives half on land
and half in the water. It easily blends into its
environment with colours of brown, cream, and
orange.The species is listed as Critically Endangered by the International Union for the
Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Like most species of endangered turtles and
tortoises, the Sulawesi Forest Turtle is mainly threatened by the illegal wildlife trade
and habitat destruction. In 1998, an estimated 2,000 to 3,000 Sulawesi Forest
Turtles were exported to China.
The Indonesian government subsequently outlawed turtle exportation in 2002.
However, the illegal trade of turtles out of Sulawesi continues. Rampant
deforestation due to agriculture, palm oil plantations, and other human activities has
also decimated the species, especially considering their small range.

5. RED-TAILED FLYING SQUIRREL
(PETAURISTA PETAURISTA)
The red giant flying squirrel is a species of flying
squirrel, found in northern South Asia, southern China
and Southeast Asia. The tail is long and provides
stability when it glides between trees.
It is nocturnal, feeding mainly on leaves, fruits and
nuts, and occasionally insects.
This squirrel faces no particular threats apart from
ongoing destruction of suitable habitat. It has a wide
range and is relatively common, and the International
Union for Conservation of Nature lists it as a "least-
concern species".
The red giant flying squirrel is native to Asia, its
range extending from Afghanistan, into northern India
and Pakistan through to Java, and Taiwan, and also Sri
Lanka. It can also be found in parts of Borneo. This
species was recorded in Peninsular Malaysia, included
Penang, Tioman Island and also Singapore. This
This squirrel faces no
particular threats apart from
ongoing destruction of
suitable habitat. It has a
wide range and is relatively
common, and
the International Union for
Conservation of Nature lists
it as a "least-concern
species".

6. MUNTJAC
(MUNTIACUS)
Muntjacs, also known as barking
deer or Mastreani deer, are small deer of the
genus Muntiacus native to south and southeast
Asia.
Muntjacs are thought to have begun appearing
15–35 million years ago, with remains found
in Miocene deposits in France, Germany and
Poland. It is listed as Least Concern by the IUCN.
The present-day species are native to Asia and
can be found in India, Sri
Lanka, Myanmar, Vietnam,
the Indonesian islands, Taiwan and Southern
China. They are also found in the lower Himalayas
(Terai regions of Nepal and Bhutan) and in some
areas of Japan (the Bōsō
Peninsula and Ōshima Island).
The Muntjac has a diet consisting of grasses,
The IUCN believes current
density levels suggest the
population may have fallen
sharply and is predicted to
continue to deteriorate. The
main threats are hunting and
loss of habitat, primarily through
slash and burn agriculture.
Hunting has become more of a
threat as traps and hunting

7. BABIRUSA
The babirusas, also called deer-pigs are a genus,
Babyrousa, in the swine family found in Wallacea, or
specifically the Indonesian islands of Sulawesi,
Togian, Sula and Buru.
Babirusas are protected in Indonesia and killing
them is illegal in most cases. However, poaching
remains a significant threat to the babirusa.
Additionally, commercial logging operations threaten
the babirusa by habitat loss, and also reduce cover,
making the babirusa more exposed to poachers.
All extant species of babirusa are listed as vulnerable or endangered by
the IUCN. All species of babirusa are listed as threatened by the International
Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), shown on their Red List since at
least 2010 and current in 2017.

8. TARSIUS
Tarsius is a genus of tarsiers, small primates native to
islands of Southeast Asia. All members of Tarsius are
found on Sulawesi or nearby Indonesian islands. It is a
member of the approximately 45-million-year-old family
Tarsiidae, whose name is derived from its elongated
"tarsus" or ankle bone.
There are 9 species of tarsius in the world; 2 species in
the Phillipines and 7 species in Sulawesi, Indonesia. The
most known one in Indonesia is Tarsius tarsier and Tarsius
pumilus (pygmy tarsius).All species of tarsius are endangered and protected by Indonesian governments.
They are nocturnal animals. They are carnivorous, eating insects, small reptiles
and bats.
Many native young men like to consume Tarsius with alcohol. Tarsius are also
difficult to be bred outside of its habitat. They are known to do self-mutilating
because of stress in confinement.

9. BINTURONG
(ARCTICTIS BINTURONG)
 The binturong also known as bearcat, is
a viverrid native to South and Southeast Asia. Although
called 'bearcat', this omnivorous mammal is not closely
related to either bears or cats but to the palm civets of
Asia. It is a monotypic genus. Its genus name Arctictis
means 'bear-weasel‘.
Binturongs occur from India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan,
Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia to Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam
and Yunnan in China, and from Sumatra, Kalimantan and
Java in Indonesia to Palawan in the Philippines.
Binturongs are confined to tall forest. They are not
uncommon in the forested plains and hills
throughout Assam, but more common in foothills and hills
with good tree cover.
It is uncommon in much of its range, and has been
assessed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List because of a
declining population trend that is estimated at more than
30% over the last three decades.
Major threats to the binturong
are habitat loss
and degradation of forests
through logging and conversion
of forests to non-forest land-
uses throughout the binturong's
range.
Habitat loss has been severe
in the lowlands of
the Sundaic part of its range. It
is captured for the wildlife trade,
and in the south of its range it is
also taken for human

10. JAVAN HAWK EAGLE
Javan eagle (Nisaetus bartelsi) is an endemic bird of
Java island. This bird is also called Garuda,
Indonesia’s national emblem. Because of the plumage
variability of Spizaetus eagles, the Javan hawk-eagle
was not recognised as a full species until 1953.
Its range in East Java includes Sempu Island, Bromo Tengger Semeru National
Park, Meru Betiri National Park andAlas Purwo National Park. It can also be seen in
captivity in zoos like Kebun Binatang Badung. It is one of the rarest raptors.
Due to ongoing habitat loss, small population size, limited range and hunting in some
areas, it is evaluated as Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is
listed on Appendix II of CITES.
In February 2012, there were only around 325 pairs of Javan hawk-eagles living in the
wild, mainly in Malangbong, West Java and some in East Java. In Central Java, Mount
Merapi has been deforested by eruptions and Dieng Plateau has been deforested by
The Javan hawk-eagle is the national bird of Indonesia, where it is commonly
referred to as Garuda, from the bird-like creatures in Hindu and Buddhist myths. The
scientific name commemorates the Bartels family, who discovered it.

11. ANOA
 Anoa, also known as midget
buffalo and sapiutan, are a subgenus
of Bubalus comprising two species endemic to
the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia:
the mountain anoa (Bubalus quarlesi) and
the lowland anoa (Bubalus depressicornis).
Both live in undisturbed rainforest .
 The species of anoa have been classified
as endangered since the 1960s and the
populations continue to decrease. Fewer than
5,000 animals of each species likely remain. Reasons for their decline include hunting for hides, horns and meat by the local
peoples and loss of habitat due to the advancement of settlement. Currently,
hunting is the more serious factor in most areas. Both the lowland anoa (Bubalus
depressicornis) and the mountain anoa (Bubalus quarlesi) are endemic to the
islands of Sulawesi in Indonesia.
 Logging is a large issue due to the fact that both species prefer core forested
habitat that is far away from humans and the influences that come with them. This
may lead to a loss in genetic diversity between the two species and, over time,
could also lead to their decline.

12. INDIAN TAPIR
(TAPIRUS INDICUS)
The Malayan tapir , also called the Asian tapir, Asiatic
tapir, Oriental tapir, Indian tapir, or piebald tapir, is the
largest of the five species of tapir and the only one native
to Asia. The scientific name refers to the East Indies, the
species' natural habitat. In the Malay language, the tapir is
commonly referred to as cipan, tenuk or badak tampung.Malayan tapirs are primarily solitary creatures, marking out large tracts of land as
their territory, though these areas usually overlap with those of other individuals. Tapirs
mark out their territories by spraying urine on plants, and they often follow distinct
paths, which they have bulldozed through the undergrowth.
The Malayan tapir was once found throughout the tropical lowland rainforests of
Southeast Asia, including Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia,
Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, and Vietnam.
However, its numbers have decreased in recent years, and today, like all tapirs, it is
in danger of extinction. The main threat to the Malayan tapirs is human activity,
including deforestation for agricultural purposes, flooding caused by the damming of
rivers for hydroelectric projects, and illegal trade.
Protected status in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand, which seeks to curb
deliberate killing of tapirs but does not address the issue of habitat loss, has had

13. SUMATRAN ELEPHANT
(ELEPHAS MAXIMUS SUMATRANUS)
The Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus
sumatranus) is one of three
recognized subspecies of the Asian elephant, and
native to the Indonesia island of Sumatra.
Sumatran elephants eat a wide variety of
vegetation including grasses, leaves, shoots, barks,
fruits, nuts and seeds.The Sumatran elephant was once widespread on the island, and Riau Province was
believed to have the largest elephant population in Sumatra with over 1,600 individuals
in the 1980s. In 1985, an island-wide rapid survey suggested that between 2,800 and
4,800 elephants lived in all eight mainland provinces of Sumatra in 44 populations.
In 2011, Sumatran elephant has been classified as critically endangered by IUCN as
the population has declined by at least 80% over the last three generations, estimated
to be about 75 years. The subspecies is pre-eminently threatened by habitat
loss, degradation and fragmentation, and poaching; over 69% of potential elephant
habitat has been lost within the last 25 years.
Elephas maximus is listed on CITES Appendix I. Sumatran elephants are protected
under Indonesia law. In 2004, the Tesso Nilo National Park has been established in
Riau Province to protect the Sumatran elephant's habitat. This forest is one of the last

14. SUN BEAR
(HELARCTOS MALAYANUS)
The sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) is
a bear species occurring in tropical forest habitats
of Southeast Asia. It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN
Red List. The global population is thought to have
declined by more than 30% over the past three bear
generations. The sun bear is also known as the "honey
bear", which refers to its voracious appetite
for honeycombs and honey.
Sun bears are found in the tropical rainforest of Southeast Asia ranging from north
eastern India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Laos,
Cambodia, Vietnam to southern Yunnan Province in China, and on the islands of
Sumatra and Borneo in Indonesia. The bear’s habitat is associated with tropical
evergreen forests.
The two major threats to sun bears are habitat loss and commercial hunting. In
areas where deforestation is actively occurring, they are mainly threatened by the
loss of forest habitat and forest degradation arising from clear-cutting for plantation
development, unsustainable logging practices, and forest fires.
Helarctos malayanus has been listed on CITES Appendix I since 1979. Killing of
sun bears is strictly prohibited under national wildlife protection laws throughout

15. MAHAKAM DOLPHINS
(ORCAELLA
BREVIROSTRIS)
The Mahakam dolphin is a euryhaline
species of oceanic dolphin found in
discontinuous subpopulations near sea coasts
and in estuaries and rivers in parts of the Bay of
Bengal and Southeast Asia. The species
name brevirostris comes from
the Latin meaning short-beaked.
Mahakam dolphins are more susceptible to
human conflict . Drowning in gillnets is the main
threat to them throughout their range. Between
1995 and 2001, there were 38 reported deaths
and 74% died as a result of entanglement in gill-
nets with large mesh sizes.Protection from international trade is provided by the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Some Mahakam
dolphin populations are classified by the IUCN as critically endangered.

16. DUGONG
(DUGONG DUGON)
The dugong is a medium-sized marine
mammal. It is one of four living species of the
order Sirenia, which also includes three
species of manatees. It is the only living
representative of the once-diverse
family Dugongidae; its closest modern
relative, Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis
gigas), was hunted to extinction in the 18th
century. The dugong is the only strictly
herbivorous marine mammal.
The dugong has been hunted for thousands of
years for its meat and oil. Traditional hunting still
has great cultural significance in several countries,
particularly northern Australia and the Pacific
Islands. The IUCN lists the dugong as a species
vulnerable to extinction.
The Australian state of Queensland has sixteen
dugong protection parks, and some preservation
zones have been established where even Aboriginal
Peoples are not allowed to hunt. Capturing animals for
research has caused only one or two deaths; dugongs
are expensive to keep in captivity due to the long time
Dugongs are found in warm coastal
waters from the western Pacific Ocean
to the eastern coast of Africa. They
have disappeared from the waters
of Hong Kong, Mauritius, and Taiwan,
as well as parts of Cambodia, Japan,
the Philippines and Vietnam. Further
disappearances are likely. A highly
isolated breeding population exists in
the Marine National Park, Gulf of
Kutch, the only remaining population in
western India.