This second practice theory course builds on SWK 501, Generalist Practice with Individuals, Families and Small Groups, extending the concepts of strengths based practice to work with organizations and communities. The relationships between communities and organizations and at risk populations are infused throughout the course. Knowledge, values and skills will be obtained throughout the course. These will be gained through readings, oral and written assignments, and videos

1. Understanding Human Behavior and the Social
Environment
Eleventh Edition
Chapter 4
Social Development
in Infancy and
Childhood
Copyright © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.

2. Copyright © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Learning Objectives (1 of 3)
• LO 4-1 Explain the concept of socialization
• LO 4-2 Analyze the family environment (including
variations in family structures, positive family
functioning, macro systems and the pursuit of
social and economic justice, and family system
dynamics)
• LO 4-3 Apply systems theory concepts to families
• LO 4-4 Assess the family life cycle

3. Copyright © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Learning Objectives (2 of 3)
• LO 4-5 Explain diverse perspectives on the family
life cycle
• LO 4-6 Describe learning theory
• LO 4-7 Apply learning theory concepts to practice
(including positive reinforcement, punishment,
issues related to the application of learning theory,
and time-out from reinforcement)
• LO 4-8 Examine common life events that affect
children (including treatment of children in families,
sibling subsystems, and gender-role socialization)

4. Copyright © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
Learning Objectives (3 of 3)
• LO 4-9 Recognize ethnic and cultural differences in
families
• LO 4-10 Assess relevant aspects of the social
environment (including the social aspects of play with
peers, bullying, the influence of television and the
media, and the school environment)
• LO 4-11 Examine child maltreatment (including
incidence, physical child abuse, child neglect,
psychological maltreatment, child protective services,
treatment approaches for child maltreatment and
sexual abuse, and trauma-informed care)

5. Copyright © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
LO 4-1
• Explain the Concept of Socialization
– Socialization is the process whereby children acquire
knowledge about the language, values, etiquette, rules,
behaviors, social expectations, and all the subtle,
complex bits of information necessary to get along and
thrive in a particular society.

6. Copyright © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
LO 4-2
• Analyze The Family Environment
– Because children’s lives are centered initially within their
families, the family environment becomes the primary
agent of socialization.
• Membership in Family Groups: Variations in Family
Structure
– Positive Family Functioning
– Macro Systems, Families, and the Pursuit of Social and
Economic Justice
– The Dynamics of Family Systems

7. Copyright © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
LO 4-3
• Apply Systems Theory Concepts to Families
– Systems
– Homeostasis
– Subsystems
– Boundaries
– Input
– Output
– Feedback
– Entropy
– Negative Entropy
– Equifinality
– Differentiation

8. Copyright © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
LO 4-4
• Assess The Family Life Cycle
– 1. Separating an unattached young adult from his or her
family of origin
– 2. Marrying and establishing an identity as part of a couple,
rather than as an individual
– 3. Having and raising young children
– 4. Dealing with adolescent children striving for independence,
and refocusing on the couple relationship as adolescents gain
that independence
– 5. Sending children forth into their own new relationships,
addressing midlife crises, and coping with the growing
disabilities of aging parents
– 6. Adjusting to aging and addressing the inevitability of one’s
own death

9. Copyright © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
LO 4-5
• Explain Diverse Perspectives on the Family Life
Cycle
– Stage 1: Leaving Home: Emerging Young Adults
– Stage 2: Joining of Families Through Marriage/Union
– Stage 3: Families with Young Children
– Stage 4: Families with Adolescents
– Stage 5: Launching Children and Moving on at Midlife
– Stage 6: Families in Late Middle Age
– Stage 7: Families Nearing the End of Life
– Additional Issues Affecting Multiple Phases of the Family
Life Cycle

10. Copyright © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
LO 4-6
• Describe Learning Theory
– Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Theory
– Respondent Conditioning
– Modeling
– Operant Conditioning
– The ABCs of Behavior
– Reinforcement
– Punishment
– Extinction

11. Copyright © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
LO 4-7
• Apply Learning Theory Concepts to Practice
– The Use of Positive Reinforcement
– The Use of Punishment
 Punishment is frequently and often unwillingly chosen as the
first alternative in controlling children’s behavior.
– Additional Issues
 Additional issues include accidental training, the use of
behaviorally specific terminology, measuring improvement, and
the importance of parental attention.
– A Specific Treatment Situation: Time-out from
Reinforcement

12. Copyright © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
LO 4-8
• Examine Common Life Events that Affect Children
– Membership in Family Systems
– Membership in Sibling Subsystems
 Siblings compose a child’s most intimate and immediate peer
group.
 Brothers and sisters will affect the development and behavior of
a child.
– Gender-Role Socialization
 Infants are treated differently by virtue of their gender from the
moment that they are born.

13. Copyright © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
LO 4-9
• Ethnic and Cultural Differences in Families:
Empowerment Through Appreciation of Strengths
– Hispanic Families
– Native American Families
– Asian American Families
– A Note on Difference

14. Copyright © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
LO 4-10
• Assess Relevant Aspects of the Social
Environment
– The transactions children have with their peers and with
adults in school directly affect both the children’s
behavior and their social development.
– The Social Aspects of Play With Peers
– Bullying
– The Influence of Television and Other Media
– The School Environment

15. Copyright © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
LO 4-11
• Examine Child Maltreatment
– Incidence of Child Maltreatment
 In 2014, there were an estimated 3.6 million referrals, involving
6.6 million children, made to child protective services.
– Physical Child Abuse
– Child Neglect
– Psychological Maltreatment
– Macro-System Responses to Child Maltreatment
– Sexual Abuse