6. Lower extremity venous disorders
• A large spectrum of morphological and functional abnormalities.
• Can be congenital or acquired.
• May or may not be symptomatic.
• Ranges from minimal dilatation of veins to massive varicosities and ulceration.
10. Clinical Etiological
C0 No visible or palpable sign of venous disease Ep Primary
C1 Telangiectasia, reticular veins Es Secondary
C2 Varicose veins Ec Congenital
C3 Edema En No cause identified
C4 Changes in skin and subcutaneous tissue
C5 Healed
C6 Active venous ulcer
S With symptoms
A Without symptoms
11. Anatomical Pathophysiology
As Superficial veins Pr Reflux
Ad Deep veins Po Obstruction
Ap Perforator veins Pr,o Reflux and obstruction
An No venous anatomic
location identified
Pn No venous pathology
identifiable
12. Clinical features: Symptoms
Limb discomfort including leg heaviness or aching.
Throbbing or burning pain: Worse on standing/ sitting with feet dependent for a
prolonged period.
Itching.
Limb swelling.
Skin changes
13. Clinical signs by CEAP category
Co
20% of patients with clinical symptoms have no visible signs.
14. C1: Telangiectasia / reticular veins
Most frequently encountered sign.
Telangiectasia: Confluence of dilated
intradermal venules/ capillaries less than 1
mm in diameter.
Reticular veins: Dilated, bluish subdermal
veins, 1-3 mm in diameter.
16. C3: Edema
Dependent ankle edema may progress to
include the calf region.
In the early stage, present only at end of the
day.
Clues:
a. Edema limited to lower extremity, often unilateral, a/w other signs.
b. Typically subsides with recumbency. (d/d from lymphatic obstruction).
c. CVP normal.
d. Nonresponsive to diuretics; may develop signs of hypoperfusion
17. C4a: Skin pigmentation/ dermatitis
• Initially prominent at medial ankle but later
encroach upon foot and lower leg.
• Pigmentation due to hemosiderin deposition.
• Venous reflux predisposes to stasis dermatitis
• Presents as eczematous rash.
18. C4b: Lipodermatosclerosis
Fibrosing panniculitis of subcutaneous tissue.
Characterized by firm are of induration,
initially located at medial ankle.
In late stage, entire legs can be
circumferentially involved.
Fibrosis may be extensive enough to strangle
lower leg.
Prone to repeated bouts of cellulitis.
19. C4c: Corona phlebectatita
Crown of numerous small, intradermal veins on
medial or lateral aspect of ankle or foot.
Indicator of venous hypertension due to saphenous
or perforator venous insufficiency.
20. C5,C6: Venous ulceration
• Chronic venous disease common cause of lower
extremity ulcers.
• Commonly have superficial, deep or perforator
reflux; alone or in combination.
• Located low on medial ankle or near the lateral
malleolus.
• Never in forefoot or above the level of knee.
21. Venous leg ulcer: Epidemiology
• Responsible for 85% of all chronic lower limb ulcers in resource rich countries.
• Prevalence: 0.1-0.3 % in adults (2-4% in elderly).
• 15-30% of patients have concomitant arterial occlusive disease
22. Venous ulcer: Pathology
Static blood flow in veins Hypoxia Tissue death
Not confirmed: Venous oxygen saturation found higher in ulcerated limbs.
Ambulatory
venous
hypertension
Incompetence of perforating
veins
Valve incompetence of saphenous veins
Incompetence or obstruction of
deep veins
23. Venous ulcer: Pathology
High venous pressure
Pericapillary infiltrate (
fibrin)
Fibrosis
Acts as impediment to
diffusion of nutrients.
Ulcer
environment
Growth factors inhibited
Increased ROS:
generate free
radicals; cause tissue
damage
Increased no. of
mast cells
monocytes and
lymphocytes
24. Venous ulcer: Morphology
Distribution : Medial ankle (gaiter region).
Shape : Shallow and flat
Margin : Thin and blue of growing epithelium.
Edge : Sloping; pale purple in color.
Floor : Pale granulation tissue
Base : Never penetrates deep fascia
Discharge : Seropurulent with an occasional trace of
blood.
25. History
• Complete medical history should be obtained.
• Diabetes, hypertension, CKD.
• Smoking history.
• Occupation history.
• Past history of DVT.
• Family history. Increased JVP: Sign of RHF
26. Examination
• General and systemic examination.
• Assessment of signs of venous
disease.
• Ulcer: Size, shape, number,
position, edge, base, margin,
discharge.
• Pulse examination.
• Neurological assessment
Types of ulcer edges
28. Comparison of major types of leg ulcer
Venous Arterial Neuropathic
History • Prior DVT, stroke
• Obesity, multiple
pregnancies
• Pain upon prolonged
standing
• Cigarette smoking
• Diabetes
• Dyslipidemia
• Intermittent claudication
• Diabetes
• Other causes of
peripheral neuropathy
Location • Gaiter distribution
• Malleolar regions (M>L)
• Pressure sites
• Distal points (toes)
• Pressure sites
Pain • Mild to moderate • Severe • Painless
Morphology • Irregular borders
• Shallow
• Necrotic eschar
• Punched out
• Punched out
29. Comparison of major types of leg ulcer
Venous Arterial Neuropathic
Other findings • Varicosities
• Peripheral edema
• Stasis dermatitis
• Weak/absent pulses
• Prolonged CRT
• Pallor on leg
elevation (45 deg for
1 min)
• Peripheral
neuropathy with
decreased
sensation.
Relevant studies • Duplex
ultrasonography
• Ankle-brachial index
• CT angiography
• MR angiography
30. Investigations
• All new patients: CBC, RBS, ESR, CRP; Sickle cell test
a. Duplex scan
Presence of reflux in the deep and superficial venous
system.
Extent and distribution of reflux
Presence of obstruction in the deep venous system.
Presence of thrombus in the superficial system.
31. Investigations
b. Venography
Ascending: Dye injected into a superficial pedal vein.
Descending: Dye into the deep venous system at the groin or popliteal vein.
Observation of flow defines regions of thrombus or obstruction.
Adjunct to clinical exam and duplex scanning to identify specific valvular
incompetence.
33. a. General measures
Avoidance of prolonged standing.
Elevation of feet to at least heart level for 30 mins
3 to 4 times a day.
Daily walking and ankle flexion exercises.
Skin care: Skin cleansing and use of emollients.
34. • Skin care
a. Stasis dermatitis
• For chronic dryness, petroleum-based
emollient.
• If oozing or vesiculation: Mid potency topical
steroid.
b. Contact dermatitis
• Avoid use of topical moisturizers/ antibiotics.
35. b. Compression therapy
• Keystone of management is to decrease venous
HTN.
• Primary way: Use of compression
• Four-layer bandaging system
a. Orthopedic Wool
b. Elastic bandage
c. Cotton crepe
d. Cohesive bandage
36. …Bandaging
The ideal interface pressure is 35-40 mm Hg.
The interval between bandage applications is based on the amount of exudate
and speed of healing.
Compression in mixed ulcer controversial.
For ABPI >0.5, a pressure of 30 mm Hg is safe and effective.
For ABPI <0.5, must undergo revascularisation before any compression.
38. c. Ulcer care
• Basic wound care techniques are required.
i. Role of antibiotics
• Only in those with acute cellulitis or clinically infected ulcer.
• Routine use in uncomplicated ulcers doesn’t reduce bacterial colonization or
improve the healing rate; can cause emergence of resistance.
39. …Ulcer care
• Systemic antibiotics reserved for patients with:
Local heat and tenderness.
Increasing erythema of surrounding skin.
Lymphangitis (red streaks traversing up the
limb.
Rapid increase in size of ulcer.
Fever.
40. Ulcer care: Debridement
• Removal of necrotic tissue and fibrinous debris aids in the formation of granulation
tissue and enhances re-epithelialization.
• Regular dressing to control exudate, maintain moisture balance, and control odor
and pain.
• Options include simple nonadhesive dressing, paraffin gauze, hydrogels,
hydrocolloids, and silver-impregnated dressings.
• Few trials support a role of skin grafting for very large ulcers or ulcers present >12
months
41. Ulcer healing and recurrence
• Continued use of compression bandaging after healing reduces recurrence.
• Patient offered the strongest compression with which they can comply.
• Ulcers that persist beyond 6 months or recurrent ulcers should undergo a venous
duplex ultrasound to identify segments of venous incompetence amenable to
venous ablation.
42. d. Pharmacotherapy
• Variety of agents that affect venous tone used.
• Increase tone by a mechanism related to NE pathway.
• Other actions include reduction of capillary hyperpermeability, improved
lymphatic drainage, anti-inflammatory effects, and decreased blood viscosity.
43. …Pharmacotherapy
a. Flavonoids
Hydroxyethylrutoside (HR)
Escin (horse chestnut seed extract: HCE)
Micronized purified flavonoid fraction
Meta-analysis of 15 RCTs showed HR has a higher response in pain and swelling
control vs placebo.
Two meta-analyses: HCE improved symptoms related to chronic venous
insufficiency vs placebo
44. ..Pharmacotherapy
Aspirin: Insufficient evidence to detect beneficial effect or even harm.
Stanazolol: Several RCTs have noted improvement in lipodermatosclerosis areas
and possibly faster ulcer healing rates.
Pentoxifylline: Metanalaysis of 11 trials: Significantly more effective for complete
or partial ulcer healing than placebo (800 mg TDS).
Sulodexide, calcium dobesilate: low-quality evidence.
45. e. Surgical therapy
Speciality referral in case of:
a. Arterial insufficiency.
b. Nonhealing ulcer.
c. Ulcer recurrence.
d. Suspected contact dermatitis.
e. Resistant or recurrent cellulitis.
46. Surgical therapy
Treat superficial
reflux
Ligation and stripping
Saphenofemoral
ligation and great
saphenous stripping
Saphenopopliteal
junction ligation and
small saphenous
stripping
Endothermal ablation
Laser ablation
Radiofrequency
ablation
Ultrasound guided
sclerotherapy
47. i. Ligation and stripping
• Fully dissect the point of junctional incompetence
and remove refluxing axial vein and dilated
tributaries.
• Groin incision made, GSV dissected up to SFJ, GSF
tributaries ligated, then SFJ ligated and GSF
stripped to around knee.
48. ii. Endothermal ablation
• Safer, faster recovery, cost effective.
• Concept:
A device inserted into incompetent axial vein p/c.
Vein surrounded by LA solution; compresses the vein emptying it of blood.
Device produces thermal energy that destroys structure of vein , resulting in
permanent occlusion.
49. Endothermal ablation
• Laser ablation
Laser energy at wavelength 1470 nm
transmitted to blood itself.
Steam bubbles are generated by laser
energy, coagulation occurs after
energy delivery.
• Radiofrequency ablation
Radiofrequency heat is delivered at a
temperature of 120 C.
Directly injures vein wall endothelium,
resulting in collagen contraction and
thrombosis of treated vein.
50. iii. Ultrasound guided sclerotherapy
• Used for treatment of incompetent
perforators and large venous tributaries
causes by neovascularisation.
• Injection of sclerosing agent directly into
veins.
• Most commn agent: Sodium tetradecyl
sulphate.
• Causes cellular death resulting in thrombosis,
fibrosis and sclerosis.
51. Prognosis
• Nearly all venous ulcers can be healed.
• Even with successful ablation and/or compression; a reulceration rate of 20-30%
by five years.
• Reulceration is greatest in the post-thrombotic leg.
52. Summary
• Venous leg ulcer a/w profound impairment in quality of life.
• High chances of recurrence.
• Treatment a/w high cost to the healthcare system and patient.
• The mainstay of t/t: reduction in venous hypertension with compression and
superficial venous ablation.
53. References
• Bailey and Love textbook of surgery, 27th edition.
• Sabiston textbook of Surgery, 11th edition.
• Swartz textbook of surgery.
