Dr. Gaurav Nigam

1. Dr. G.K. Nigam
Ph.D. (Soil & Water Engg.)

2.  Irrigation is the process of supplying water to the land
by artificial means for the purpose of cultivation.
 It is process of applying controlled amount of water to
the plants at needed interval.
 Rain water supplied to land by nature is not enough for
the proper growth of plants.
 As such as the basic objective of irrigation is to
supplement the natural supply of water to land so as to
obtain they an optimum yield from the crop grown on
the land.

3.  Drip irrigation, is also known as trickle irrigation or micro
Irrigation, that has the potential to save water and nutrients by
allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of plants, either onto the
soil surface or directly onto the root zone, through a network of
valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters.
 Drip irrigation is the most efficient water and nutrient delivery
system for growing crops.
 It delivers water and nutrients directly
to the plant’s roots zone, in the right
amounts, at the right time, so each
plant gets exactly what it needs,
when it needs it, to grow optimally.

4.  Due to improper water supply, fertilizers and nutrients cannot reach the roots
of every plant. Drip Irrigation system helps it to reach effectively.
 Minimized fertilizer/nutrient loss due to localized application and reduced
leaching.
 Soil erosion and weed growth are reduced.
 Increase yield 20-50 %
 Drainage problems eliminated.
 Saving in land.
 Water saving to an extent of 35-45% compared to surface irrigation methods
 High water application efficiency.
 Allows safe use of recycled water.
 Moisture within the root zone can be maintained at field capacity.
 Soil type plays less important role in frequency of irrigation.
 Highly uniform distribution of water i.e., controlled by output of each nozzle.
 Lower labour cost.
 Fertigation can easily be included with minimal waste of fertilizers.
 Usually operated at lower pressure than other types of pressurised irrigation,
reducing energy costs.

5.  Expense. Initial cost can be more than overhead systems.
 The sun can affect the tubes used for drip irrigation, shortening their usable
life.
 Waste of water, time & harvest, if not installed properly. These systems
requires careful study of all the relevant factors like land topography, soil,
water, crop and agro-climatic conditions, and suitability of drip irrigation
system and its components.
 Clogging. If the water is not properly filtered and the equipment not properly
maintained, it can result in clogging.
 Drip tape causes extra cleanup costs after harvest. You'll need to plan for drip
tape winding, disposal, recycling or reuse.
 Drip irrigation requires maintenance and high-quality water

6. » Orchards
» Vegetables
» Grapes
» Banana
» Citrus
» Pineapple
» Watermelon
» mango
» Papaya
» Nursery Stock
» Ornamental Plantings
Suitable crops

7. Why should I use drip irrigation?
Drip irrigation saves water because little is lost to runoff or evaporation.
This watering method also promotes healthy plant growth, controls
weed growth, and reduces pest problems
 Source of water
 Pumping set and power unit
 Filters unit
 Fertilizer tank
 Mainlines
 Sub-main lines
 Laterals
 Emitters

10. Pumping set: The role of the pumping system is to move water from the
water source to the field through the distribution system. The type and size of
pump selected will depend on the amount of water required, the desired pressure
and the location of the pump relative to the distribution network. Pumping
systems may be classified as electric powered systems, gas/diesel powered
systems, and gravity systems
Filter Unit: Filters remove sand and larger suspended particles before they
enter the distribution network. Solid particles in water, such as sand, silt, clay or
detritus may clog drip irrigation systems. For this reason, filters that remove all
these particles from the water and then input only clean water in the irrigation
system are absolutely necessary and essential.
1. Hydro cyclone filter
Sedimentation of solid sand particles by
slowing down water flow in to the settling tanks
and then re-pump the treated water into the
irrigation system.
this filters are effective for primary filtration of
river or canal waters. These filters are capable of
removing to up 98% of the sand particles which
would be contained by a 200 mesh screen.

11. 2. Sand filters:
It is used to filter Algae, Leaves and Small Creatures from the water
supply to the crops.
• Primary filter
• Used in open water source, open well, river, lake
• Flow rate 10-50 m3/hr

12. 3. Screen Filter : These are the least expensive and most common filters.
They work well removing sand from water.
• Primary filter for bore well
• Suspended soil
• Flow rate 10-50 m3/hr
• Used in open water source, open well, river, lake

13. Disc filters are suitable for filtration of water containing mixed, inorganic and organic
impurities such as algae. Disc filters have a higher dirt-retention capacity than screen
filters
4. Disk filters:

14. To create pressure difference
for operating fertilizer
tank/venturi
Throttle valve with manifold
Venturi
Fertilizer tank
Fertigation Equipment
with Throttle Valve
Manifold Connection
Application of fertilizers and chemicals along with water through
drip or sprinkler system is known as fertigation.
Fertigation:

15. Proportional application:
• Delivers a constant ratio of nutrients applied to flow rate.
• The injection rate is proportional to the water discharge rate.
• The fertilizer dose is expressed in concentration units (ppm)
Methods of fertigation
The venturi injection method uses a venturi device to cause a reduced pressure
(vacuum) that sucks the fertilizer solution into the line
A vacuum created as the water flows through a converging passage that gradually
widens
Operates when there is a pressure differential between the water entering the injector
and the water and fertilizer leaving to the irrigation system
Maximizing crop and soil productivity:
Maximizing fertilizer efficiency:
Minimizing production costs:

16. Fertilizer Irrigation
+
Fertigation is the application of plant nutrients through the irrigation system.
We take the chemical fertilizers and dissolve them into the irrigation system
Fertigation
The plant roots
receive WATER +
FERTILIZERS at
the same time and
location
K
N
P

17. Pressure Gauge:
To know the operating pressure and check the clogging of the
filters.
Non Returning valve:
To stop water and chemicals/fertilizers retuning
back to water source.
Air release valve:
To remove entrapped air and vacuum

18. Main line and Sub - main line:
PVC Pipes & HDPE Pipes for Mainline and Sub-main
Mainline
Sub-Main line
Main line Sub-main line
Diameter 75, 90 32-75 mm
Pressure 4-6 kg/cm2 6-7 kg/cm2
Made PVC& HDPE PVC & LDPE

19. Grommet &
Start connector
Grommet is used to connect of lateral to
the sub-main

20. Laterals
Plain Lateral
Polytube with online Drippers
Polytube with inline Drippers
Polytube with inline Drippers
Plain Lateral
Sub mains delivers water to laterals which turn convey it to
emitters
• 10-20mm diameter, generally placed along plant row
• Perforated at a distance equal to the plant spacing, usually

21. Drippers/Emitters
Yellow 2 lph
Black 4 lph
Blue 8 lph
Green 14 lph
Online Drippers
• These connect to the tubing or can
be inside the tubing and deliver
• water at a slow, consistent rate.
• Applies water to the root zone.
• Very low rate of flow.

22. Inline Drippers

25. PVC BALL VALVE FLUSH VALVE
T CONNECTOR
ELBOW END CAP
PVC T CONNECTOR
COUPLING END CAP