Irrigation

2. OTHER TYPES OF IRRIGATION
1. Fertigation in irrigation system
Fertigation is the process of running a combination of
nutrients into the plants through an irrigation system. This method
also reduces water consumption and soil erosion by controlling fertiliser
usage.
2. Paleo Irrigation
It is defined as the watering done prior to the sowing of a crop.
This is done to prepare the land for sowing and to add sufficient
moisture to the soil which would be required for the initial growth of the
crop.

3. SUB-SURFACE IRRIGATION
• Supplying water directly to the root zone of the crop
• Favourable conditions are:
1. Impervious sub-soil at reasonable depth (2 to 3 m) or existence of high-water table
2. Permeable soil such as loam or sandy loam in the root zone of the soil
3. Uniform topographic conditions
4. Moderate slopes
5. Good quality irrigation water
Types
a) Natural sub-irrigation:
Suppling water to the root zone of the crop by controlling the level of local water table
High level water table in the area may be due to seeping of water from canals, drains, river, etc
b) Artificial sub-irrigation:
Through network of buried perforated pipes under pressure
Burial depth of pipe: 0.3 to 0.4m deep, horizontal spacing: 0.4 to 0.5 m for uniform
distribution

4. SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
• Sprinkler irrigation is a method of applying irrigation water which is
similar to natural rainfall.
• Water is distributed through a system of pipes usually by pumping.
• Water under pressure is carried and sprayed into the air above the crop
through a system
SPRINKLER CLASSIFICATION
1. Impact sprinkler
2. Gun Sprinklers
3. Pop-up sprinklers
4. Gear-driven sprinkler
5. Rotor and rotary stream sprinklers
6. Turbo hammer sprinkler

5. SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
Components of sprinkler irrigation
system
A sprinkler system usually consists
of the following components
(i) A pump unit
(ii) Tubings- main/submains and
laterals
(iii) Couplers
(iv) Sprinkler head
(v) Other accessories such as
valves, bends, plugs and risers.

6. SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
ADVANTAGES
• Sprinkler irrigation is suitable to diverse topographic conditions like uneven
lands and steep slopes that cannot be irrigated by surface irrigation.
• A vast selection of emitters and nozzles facilitates the matching of the water
application rate to the intake rate of the soil.
• Uniform distribution of water in the field renders high water use efficiency.
• Minimizes labor requirement.
• Feasibility of frequent small water dosage applications for germination,
cooling, frost protection, etc.
• Convenient blending of fertilizers with the irrigation water.
• Handy integration with automation and computerized irrigation control
devices.

7. SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
DISADVANTAGES
• High initial investment.
• Extra cost of the energy consumed for creation of water pressure.
• Sensitivity to wind conditions.
• Water losses by evaporation from soil surface, the atmosphere and
plant canopy.
• Washout of pesticides from the foliage in overhead irrigation.
• Interference of irrigation with diverse farm activities like tillage,
spraying, harvesting, etc.

8. DRIP IRRIGATION
• Also known as trickle irrigation or micro irrigation
• To apply sufficient moisture to the root of the crops- prevent water stress
• A major difference between drip system and most other systems is that the balance
between crop evapotranspiration and applied water
• In this system, water is delivered directly to the soil near the roots of the plant
Through a special outlet device called an emitter or dripper
• Water is supply drip by drip at very slow rate 2-10 ltr/hr
• The water applied near the root zone spread laterally as well as vertically due to
Capillary action in the soil
NEED OF DRIP IRRIGATION
• To use water efficiently
• No water to runoff or evaporation.
• It reduces water contact with crop leaves, stems, and fruits.
• Agricultural chemicals can be applied more efficiently

9. DRIP IRRIGATION
DRIP IRRIGATION IS USEFUL FOR CROP
FRUIT CROPS: Banana, pomegranate, Grapes, Citrus, pineapple, watermelon, mango, etc.
VEGETABLE CROPS: Cabbage, Cauliflower, Potato, Chillis, Radish, Brinjal, Capsicum,
Bhindi, Beans, Baby corn, Carrots, Cucumber, Ashgourd, Gherkins. etc.
COMMERCIAL CROP : Cotton,.
Main Components of drip irrigation
• Water Source
• Pumping system
• Distribution system
• Drip tape (drip tube)
• Injectors
• Filtration system
Water source
• Common water sources for drip irrigation are surface water, groundwater, and potable water .
• Use the water source that will provide the largest amount of water of greatest quality and
lowest cost.

10. DRIP IRRIGATION
Advantages of drip irrigation
• Maximum use of available water.
• No water being available to weeds.
• Maximum crop yield
• High efficiency in the use of fertilizers.
• Low labour and relatively low operation cost.
• No soil erosion.
• No runoff of fertilizers into ground water.
• Less evaporation losses of water as compared to surface irrigation.
• Improves seed germination.

11. DRIP IRRIGATION
Applications:
• Drip irrigation is used by farms,
commercial green houses and
residential green houses .
• For cultivation in roof gardens.
• In shopping malls and
embankments.
• In steep slopes

12. PARTICIPATORY IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT (PIM)
• A process for improving productivity and sustainability of irrigation systems.
• Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) refers to the involvement of irrigation
users in all aspects and all levels of irrigation management.
• Participatory water management engages stakeholders such as governments,
water managers, scientists, community, private sectors, NGOs, and other
interested parties to collaborate by giving their views to define issues and find
solutions transparently on managing water supply and demand
• The National Water Policy, 2002 stresses on participatory approach in water
resources management.
• It has been recognized that participation of beneficiaries in water resource
management will help considerably in proper upkeep of irrigation system and
optimal utilization of irrigation water.
• The participation of farmers in the management of irrigation would promote
responsibility for operation and maintenance and collection of water charges from
the areas under the jurisdiction of Water Users' Association (WUAs).
• A one-time functional grant is provided to the registered WUAs under the
programme.

13. OBJECTIVES OF PIM
• To create a sense of ownership of water resources and the irrigation system among the
users, so as to promote economy in water use and preservation of the system.
• To improve service deliveries through better operation and maintenance.
• To achieve optimum utilization of available resources through sophisticated deliveries,
precisely as per crop needs.
• To achieve equity in water distribution.
• To increase production per unit of water, where water is scarce and to increase production
per unit of land where water is adequate.
• To make best use of natural precipitation and ground water in conjunction with flow
irrigation for increasing irrigation and cropping intensity.
• To facilitate the users to have a choice of crops, cropping sequence, timing of water supply,
period of supply and also frequency of supply, depending on soils, climate and other
infrastructure facilities available in the commands such as roads, markets cold storages,
etc., so as to maximize the incomes and returns.
• To encourage collective and community responsibility on the farmers to collect water
charges and payment to Irrigation Agency.
• To create healthy atmosphere between the Irrigation Agency personnel and the users.

14. IRRIGATION SCHEDULING & DISTRIBUTION
• Irrigation scheduling is defined as frequency with which water is to be
applied based on needs of the crop and nature of the soil.
• Irrigation scheduling is nothing but number of irrigations and their frequency
required to meet the crop water requirement.
Advantages of Irrigation Scheduling
a) It enables the farmer to schedule water rotation among the various fields
to minimize crop water stress and maximize yields.
b) It reduces the farmer’s cost of water and labour
c) It lowers fertilizer costs by holding surface runoff
d) It increases net returns by increasing crop yields and crop quality
e) It minimizes water-logging problems
f) It assists in controlling root zone salinity problems
g) It results in additional returns by using the “saved” water to irrigate non-
cash crops

15. IRRIGATION SCHEDULING & DISTRIBUTION
Practical considerations in irrigation scheduling
1. Crop factors
2. Water delivery system
3. Types of soil
4. Salinity hazard
5. Irrigation methods
6. Irrigation interval
7. Minimum spreadable depth

16. ORGANIC FARMING
Organic farming is a system which avoids or largely excludes the use of
synthetic inputs (such as fertilizers, pesticides, hormones, feed additives
etc) and to the maximum extent feasible rely upon crop rotations, crop
residues, animal manures, off-farm organic waste. (USDA, 1980)
“It is a holistic production management system that promotes and
enhances health of agro-ecosystem, including biodiversity, biological
cycles and soil biological activity”. (FAO, 2002)

17. ORGANIC FARMING
Benefits of organic farming
1. Increase long-term fertility of the soil.
2. It helps in maintaining environment health by reducing the level of
pollution.
3. It reduces human and animal health hazards by reducing the level of
residues in the product.
4. It helps in keeping agricultural production at a higher level and makes it
sustainable.
5. It reduces the cost of agricultural production and also improves the soil
health.
6. It ensures optimum utilization of natural resources for short- term benefit
and helps in conserving them for future generation.
7. It not only saves energy for both animal and machine, but also reduces risk
of crop failure.