2. MADE BY
1. Jayant Jhamb
2. Raj Dikshant Gautam
3. Nidhi patel
4. H.Sanjota
5. Shashwati Asthana
GUIDED BY
smt. Anita Sharma
shri. R.M.Shukla
shri. N.Ram
3. Natural resources are materials and components
(something that can be used) that can be found
within the environment. Every man-made product is
composed of natural resources (at its fundamental
level). A natural resource may exist as a separate
entity such as fresh water, and air, as well as a living
organism such as a fish, or it may exist in an
alternate form which must be processed to obtain
the resource such as metal ores, oil, and most forms
of energy.
4. Instead of deforestation, representation should keep in mind. We should take help
from the Govt, for plantation programmes. Everybody should take part in
plantation and care the plants.
People should at once stop the over utilization of natural resources instead they
must be properly used.
We should make habit for waste disposal, compose and to restore biodiversity.
Mixed cropping, crop rotation, and proper use of fertilizer, insecticide and
pesticides should be taught to farmers. Encourage the use of manures, biofertilizers
and organic fertilizers.
.We should protect wildlife. Though hunting is not allowed even then the persons
are doing so. For this educated young should teach the lesson of wildlife act.
We must develop energy saving methods to avoid wastage of energy. We should
remember "energy saved is energy produced.“
Utilize renewable energy sources as much as possible. Encourage use of solar
cooker, pump etc.
We should recycle the waste and waste water for agriculture purposes.
Install rain water harvesting system in houses, colonies.
Try to educate local people for the protection and judicious use of natural
resources.
5. Water conservation means using our water wisely
and caring for it properly. Since each of us depends
on water for life, it is our responsibility to learn
more about water conservation and how we can
help keep our water pure and safe for generations to
come. Since we all enjoy the benefits of having pure,
clean water, we must help conserve water so that we
may continue to enjoy these benefits
6. In the industries the companies can save water by adding high pressure to the water. By doing
so it feels like a lot of water and that you are doing just as well with lees water than before. But
really they just add air to the water and it feels just a powerful. Another way is they could use a
wastewater treatment program. This is like a fake water cycle. It removes the waste by using
filters and chemicals. They also use nature.
Some refrigerators, air conditioners and ice-makers are cooled with wasted flows of water.
Consider upgrading with air-cooled appliances for significant water savings.
Adjust sprinklers so only your lawn is watered and not the house, sidewalk, or street.
Run your clothes washer and dishwasher only when they are full. You can save up to 1,000
gallons a month.
Choose shrubs and groundcovers instead of turf for hard-to-water areas such as steep slopes
and isolated strips.
Install covers on pools and spas and check for leaks around your pumps.
Use the garbage disposal sparingly. Compost vegetable food waste instead and save gallons
every time.
Plant in the fall when conditions are cooler and rainfall is more plentiful.
Use drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation to improve irrigation efficiency and reduce
evaporation.
7. Irrigation is the process by which
water is brought to dry land
through artificial means, such as
pipes, hoses or ditches. The land
that is being irrigated usually
contains crops, grass or vegetation
that would not usually receive
enough water from rainfall or other
natural sources. Sometimes the
reason to irrigate a portion of land
is that it happens to be a dry
season, with less-than-average
amounts of rainfall, or it might be
necessary to do so because that
land never would receive enough
water on its own to be fertile. The
water that is used for irrigation
might be taken from nearby lakes,
8. DRIP IRRIGATION- In this system water falls drop by drop
just at the position of the roots It is the best technique for
watering fruit plants , gardens, trees. The system provides water
to plants drop by drop. Water is not wasted at all. It is a boon in
regions where availability of water is poor
SPRINKLER SYSTEM- This system is more useful on the
uneven land where sufficient amount of water is not available
The perpendicular pipe pipes having rotating nozzles on top,
are joint to the main pipeline at regular intervals. When water is
allowed to flow through the main pipe under pressure with the
help of a pump , it escapes from the rotating nozzles. It gets
sprinkled on the crop as if raining
9.
10. Pump or pressurized water source
Water filter(s) or filtration systems: sand separator such as
Hydro-Cyclone, screen filters, media filters, disc filters
Fertigation systems (Venturi injector) and chemigation
equipment (optional)
Backwash controller (Backflow prevention device)
Pressure Control Valve (pressure regulator)
Main line (larger diameter pipe and pipe fittings)
Hand-operated, electronic, or hydraulic control valves and
safety valves
Smaller diameter polytube (often referred to as "laterals")
Poly fittings and accessories (to make connections)
Emitting devices at plants (emitter or dripper, micro spray
head, inline dripper or inline driptube)
11. Most large drip irrigation systems employ some type of filter to prevent clogging of the small emitter
flow path by small waterborne particles
Last line filters just before the final delivery pipe are strongly recommended in addition to any other
filtration system due to fine particle settlement and accidental insertion of particles in the
intermediate lines.
Drip and subsurface drip irrigation is used almost exclusively when using recycled municipal waste
water. Regulations typically do not permit spraying water through the air that has not been fully
treated to potable water standards
Drip systems often mix liquid fertilizer with the irrigation water. This is called fertigation (application
of pesticides and other chemicals to periodically clean out the system, such as chlorine or sulfuric
acid)
The chemicals may be added constantly whenever the system is irrigating or at intervals
Properly designed, installed, and managed, drip irrigation may help achieve water conservation by
reducing evaporation and deep drainage since water can be more precisely applied to the plant
roots. In addition, drip can eliminate many diseases that are spread through water contact with the
foliage since water can be more precisely applied to the plant roots. In addition, drip can
eliminate many diseases that are spread through water contact with the foliage
Finally, in regions where water supplies are severely limited, there may be no actual water
savings, but rather simply an increase in production while using the same amount of water as
before
12. It is easy to install and simpler to use
You can fertilize your plants directly through drip
system
You will save 20% to80% water and fertilizer
You will control weed growth by supplying water
where required
Soil erosion will be reduced
You will have healthier plants
13. Fertilizer and nutrient loss is minimized due to localized application and reduced leaching.
Water application efficiency is high.
Field levelling is not necessary.
Fields with irregular shapes are easily accommodated.
Recycled non-potable water can be safely used.
Moisture within the root zone can be maintained at field capacity.
Soil type plays less important role in frequency of irrigation.
Soil erosion is minimized.
Weed growth is minimized.
Water distribution is highly uniform, controlled by output of each nozzle.
Labour cost is less than other irrigation methods.
Variation in supply can be regulated by regulating the valves and drippers.
Fertigation can easily be included with minimal waste of fertilizers.
Foliage remains dry, reducing the risk of disease.
Usually operated at lower pressure than other types of pressurised irrigation, reducing energy costs.
14. Expense: initial cost can be more than overhead systems.
Waste: the sun can affect the tubes used for drip irrigation, shortening their usable life.
Clogging: if the water is not properly filtered and the equipment not properly
maintained, it can result in clogging.
Drip irrigation might be unsatisfactory if herbicides or top dressed fertilizers need
sprinkler irrigation for activation.
Drip tape causes extra cleanup costs after harvest. Users need to plan for drip tape
winding, disposal, recycling or reuse.
Waste of water, time and harvest, if not installed properly. These systems require careful
study of all the relevant factors like land topography, soil, water, crop and agro-climatic
conditions, and suitability of drip irrigation system and its components.
Germination problems: in lighter soils subsurface drip may be unable to wet the soil
surface for germination. Requires careful consideration of the installation depth.
Salinity: most drip systems are designed for high efficiency, meaning little or no leaching
fraction. Without sufficient leaching, salts applied with the irrigation water may build up
in the root zone, usually at the edge of the wetting pattern. On the other hand, drip
irrigation avoids the high capillary potential of traditional surface-applied irrigation,
which can draw salt deposits up from deposits below.
15.
16. 1) Rotating head or
revolting
sprinkler system
2) Perforated pipe
system.
17. Small size nozzles are placed on riser pipes fixed at
uniform intervals along the length of the lateral
pipe and the lateral pipes are usually laid on the
ground surface. They may also be mounted on posts
above the crop height and rotated through 90 0, to
irrigate a rectangular strip. In rotating type
sprinklers, the most common device to rotate the
sprinkler heads is with a small hammer activated by
the thrust of water striking against a vane connected
to it.
18. This method consists of drilled holes or nozzles
along their length through which water is sprayed
under pressure. This system is usually designed for
relatively low pressure (1 kg/cm2). The application
rate ranges from 1.25 to 5 cm per hour for various
pressure and spacing.
19. (i) Pumping Unit: Sprinkler irrigation systems distribute water by spraying it over the fields. The water
is pumped under pressure to the fields. The pressure forces the water through sprinklers or through
perforations or nozzles in pipelines and then forms a spray. A high speed centrifugal or turbine pump
can be used for operating sprinkler irrigation for individual fields. Centrifugal pump is used when the
distance from the pump inlet to the water surface is less than eight meters. For pumping water from
deep wells or more than eight meters, a turbine pump is suggested. The driving unit may be either an
electric motor or an internal combustion engine.
(ii) Tubings: Mains/submains and laterals: The tubings consist ofmainline, submanins and laterals.
Main line conveys water from the source and distributes it to the submains. The submains convey
water to the laterals which in turn supply water to the sprinklers. Aluminum or PVC pipes are
generally used for portable systems, while steel pipes are usually used for center-pivot laterals.
Asbestos, cement, PVC and wrapped steel are usually used for buried laterals and main lines.
(iii) Couplers: Couplers are used for connecting two pipes and uncoupling quickly and easily. Essentially
a coupler should provide
(a) a reuse and flexible connection
(b) not leak at the joint
(c) be simple and easy to couple and uncouple
(d) be light, non-corrosive, durable.
20. (iv) Sprinkler Head: Sprinkler head distribute water uniformly over the field without
runoff or excessive loss due to deep percolation. Different types of sprinklers are
available. They are either rotating or fixed type. The rotating type can be adapted for a
wide range of application rates and spacing. They are effective with pressure of about 10
to 70 m head at the sprinkler. Pressures ranging from 16 to 40 m head are considered
the most practical for most farmers.
(v) Fittings and accessories: The following are some of the important fittings and
accessories used in sprinkler system.
(a) Water meters: It is used to measure the volume of water delivered. This is necessary
to operate the system to give the required quantity of water.
(b) Flange, couplings and nipple used for proper connection to the pump, suction and
delivery.
(c) Pressure gauge: It is necessary to know whether the sprinkler system is working
with desired pressure to ensure application uniformity.
(d) Bend, tees, reducers, elbows, hydrants, butterfly valve and plugs.
(e) Fertilizer applicator: Soluble chemical fertilizers can be injected into the sprinkler
system and applied to the crop. The equipment for fertiliser application is relatively
cheap and simple and can be fabricated locally. The fertilizer applicator consists of a
sealed fertilizer tank with necessary tubings and connections. A venturi injector can be
arranged in the main line, which creates the differential pressure suction and allows the
fertilizer solution to flow in the main water line
21. Elimination of the channels for conveyance, therefore no conveyance loss
Suitable to all types of soil except heavy clay
Suitable for irrigating crops where the plant population per unit area is very high.
It is most suitable for oil seeds and other cereal and vegetable crops
Water saving
Closer control of water application convenient for giving light and frequent
irrigation and higher water application efficiency
Increase in yield
Mobility of system
May also be used for undulating area
Saves land as no bunds etc. are required
Influences greater conducive micro-climate
Areas located at a higher elevation than the source can be irrigated
Possibility of using soluble fertilizers and chemicals
Less problem of clogging of sprinkler nozzles due to sediment laden water
22. (i) Uneven water distribution due to high winds
(ii) Evaporation loss when operating under high
temperatures
(iii) Highly impermeable soils are not suitable
(iv) Initial cost is high
(v) Proper design
(vi) Lack of Package of practices
(vii) Lack of awareness
(viii) Lack of social concern to save natural resources
(ix) High water pressure required in sprinkler
(>2.5kg/cm2)
(x) Difficulty in irrigation during wind in sprinkler
23. DRIP IRRIGATION SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
Dripping valves are present spray guns and nozzles are
in drip system used in sprinkler system.
Only the root area is wetted sprinkler wets an area of a
by drip irrigation circle, which covers a
Drip irrigation prevents the number of plants. Therefore,
spreading of diseases that most of the area in a given
caused by contact of water field will be wetted by this
Run off and evaporation is
system
lower in drip irrigation sprinkler system does not.
The effectiveness and Run off and evaporation is
efficiency is higher in drip higher in sprinkler
irrigation The effectiveness and
efficiency is lower in
sprinkler
24. Water-efficient irrigation reduces water use by avoiding
evaporation, and avoiding over-watering.
Avoiding evaporation can be done by delivering water
more directly to the soil, or by delivering larger water
droplets so they will not evaporate so easily, or by timing
irrigation to avoid hot sunny times of day that cause
more evaporation.
Delivering water to the soil can be done by "micro
irrigation" or drip irrigation. Micro irrigation is where
irrigation nozzles are very near to the ground, but more
numerous to make up for the lack of range of each
nozzle. Drip irrigation does not spray water, but drips it
from holes in a pipe that lies on the ground or
underground, to avoid evaporation entirely.
