pneumosclerosis

1. PRESENTED BY:
B.BHARGAVI
GROUP:2A,
5th Year

2. PNEUMOSCLEROSIS :
DEFINITION:
 Pneumosclerosis is a pathology in the lungs,
 characterized by the replacement of lung tissue with connective tissue.
 This occurs as a result of inflammation, as well as dystrophy of the lung
tissue,
 which causes the destruction of the elasticity and transport of gases in
the lesions.
 Extracellular matrix, expanding in the main organs of respiration, deforms
the branches of the respiratory throat, while the lung itself becomes
denser and wrinkles.
 The result is airlessness, the lungs decrease in size.

4. ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY:
 Unknown
 Specific etiology may be tuberculosis and syphilis
 Epidemiology:
 The incidence of pneumosclerosis is equally common
among people of any age,
 a strong half of humanity is sick more often.

5. CAUSES :
 Often, pneumosclerosis is an accompaniment and outcome of
lung diseases:
 :Infectious nature caused by the ingress of foreign substances
into the lungs, inflammation of the lung tissue caused by a virus
that is not resolved, pulmonary tuberculosis, fungal infections;
 Bronchitis with chronic course, inflammation of the tissue
surrounding the bronchi, chronic obstructive diseases of the legs
 Pneumoconjecoses that occurred after prolonged inhalation of
dust and gases, by origin - industrial, caused by irradiation
 Fibrozing and alveolitis caused by the action of an allergen;
 Pulmonary form of Beck's disease;

6.  Presence of extraneous thsarcoidosis in the branches of the
pulmonary throat;
 Injuries resulting from injuries, trauma of thorax, lungs.
 Diseases of the lungs, betrayed by inheritance.
 Ineffective and inadequate in volume and duration treatment of
acute and chronic processes in the respiratory system can lead to
the occurrence of pneumosclerosis.
 Defects of blood flow of a small circle due to the erosion of the left
side atrioventricular orifice, lack of the left ventricle of the heart,
pulmonary thrombosis may contribute to the onset of
pneumosclerosis.
 With incomplete resolution of the pulmonary inflammatory
process, the restoration of lung tissue does not occur completely,
connective tissue scars begin to expand, the alveolar lumens
narrow, which can trigger the onset of pneumosclerosis.

7. OTHER CAUSES:
 Unresolved acute pneumonia, chronic pneumonia, bronchoectatic
disease.
 Chronic bronchitis, which is accompanied by peribronchitis and
leads to the development of peribronchial sclerosis.
 Pneumoconiosis of different genesis.
 Stagnation in the lungs with a number of heart diseases and
especially with defects of the mitral valve.
 Atelectasis of the lung.
 Prolonged and difficult exudative pleurisies lead to the
development of pneumosclerosis due to the involvement of
superficial layers of the lungs in the inflammatory process, as well
as due to atelectasis, which occurs with prolonged compression
of the parenchyma with exudate (pleurogenic cirrhosis).

8.  Traumatic injury of the chest and the lung.
 Tuberculosis of the lungs and pleura.
 Treatment with some drugs (Cordarone, Apressin).
 Systemic diseases of connective tissue.
 Idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis.
 The effect of ionizing radiation.
 The defeat of the lungs with chemical warfare
agents.

9. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY:
 The greatest distribution and self-importance
is pneumosclerosis on the grounds of pneumonia,
occurring as a result of peribronchial and periarteritis.
 Along with the development of connective tissue, is
ongoing and chronic inflammatory process, which is
the source of relapse, pneumonic outbreaks.
 Associated lymph and blood vessels violates the
power of the bronchi and the alveoli, causing develops
secondarily bronchitisand emphysema. Primary
bronchitis with peribronchial.

10. PATHOGENESIS:
 The pathogenesis of pneumosclerosis depends on its
etiology.
 However, for all its etiological forms, the most
important pathogenetic mechanisms are violations of
ventilation, drainage of the bronchi, blood and lymph
circulation.
 The proliferation of connective tissue is associated
with a disruption in the structure and destruction of
specialized morphofunctional elements of the lung
parenchyma.
 The disturbances of blood and lymph circulation that
arise during pathological processes in the
bronchopulmonary and vascular systems contribute to
the development of pneumosclerosis.

11. There are diffuse and focal (local) pneumosclerosis, the
latter is large and small-focal.
 Depending on the severity of the proliferation of connective
tissue,
 fibrosis, sclerosis, and cirrhosis are distinguished.
 With pneumofibrosis scar changes in the lungs are
expressed moderately. With pneumosclerosis, a coarser
substitution of the lungs with a connective tissue occurs.
 With cirrhosis, complete replacement of the alveoli, as well
as partial bronchi and vessels with a disorganized
connective tissue, is noted.
 Pneumosclerosis is a symptom or outcome of a number of
diseases.

12. SYMPTOMS:
 Signs of the underlying disease leading to pneumosclerosis
(chronic bronchitis, chronic pneumonia, bronchiectasis,
etc.).
 Dyspnea with diffuse pneumosclerosis,
 cough with separation of mucopurulent sputum
 marked diffuse cyanosis.Restriction of pulmonary margin
mobility,
 sometimes shortening of percussion sound with
percussion,
 weakened vesicular breathing with a hard shade, scattered
dry,
 sometimes small bubbling rales in auscultation.

13.  Clinical symptoms of cirrhosis of the lung :
 a sharp deformation of the chest, partial atrophy of the pectoral
muscles, wrinkling of the intercostal spaces, displacement of the
trachea, large vessels and heart towards the lesion, blunt sound
with percussion, rapid weakening of breathing, dry and wet
wheezing in auscultation.
 Limited pneumosclerosis most often does not cause the patient
virtually no sensations, except for a mild cough with an
insignificant amount of sputum.
 The main symptom of diffuse-related pneumosclerosis is
shortness of breath:
 skin of patients is cyanotic. The patient's fingers resemble
drumsticks (a symptom of Hippocrates' fingers), which indicates
an increase in respiratory failure.
 soreness of the aching nature in the thoracic area, sharp weight
loss, such patients look weakened, they quickly get tired.
 With diffuse pneumosclerosis, which developed due to a violation of
blood flow in a small bloodstream, symptoms of the pulmonary heart can
be observed.

14. STAGES:
 Pneumosclerosis can occur in different stages, there
are three of them:
 I. Compensated;
 II. Subcompensated;
 |||. Decompensated.

15. FORMS:
 Emphysema of the lungs and pneumosclerosis
 Basal pneumosclerosis
 Local pneumosclerosis
 Focal pneumosclerosis
 Apical pneumosclerosis
 Age-related pneumosclerosis
 Mescaline pneumosclerosis
 Post pneumoniasis pneumosclerosis
 Interstitial pneumosclerosis
 Posttuberculous pneumosclerosis
 Peribronchial pneumosclerosis.

16. COMPLICATIONS:
 bronchi and vessels is observed,
 which can complicate pneumosclerosis by disturbance of
lung ventilation,
 reduction of vascular bed,
 arterial hypoxemia,
 chronic respiratory failure,
 pulmonary heart,
 inflammatory lung diseases,
 pulmonary emphysema.

17. DIAGNOSIS
 Bronchography
 Spirography: reduction of the LIFE, FVC, Tiffno index.
 physical examinations
 . Above the affected area, breathing is weakened
 , dry and wet rales are heard, percussion sound is blunted.
 Radiography
 MRI and CT of the lungs
 Fluorography with pneumosclerosis

20. INVESTIGATION:

21. TREATMENT :
 treatment of pneumosclerosis is the fight against infection in the
respiratory organs,
 improving the function of respiration and pulmonary circulation,
strengthening the immunity of the patient.
 If a patient with pneumosclerosis has a high fever, he is assigned a
bed rest
 Diet for pneumosclerosis should be aimed at increasing
immunobiological
 , as well as oxidative processes in the patient's body, accelerate
repair in the lungs,
 reduce protein loss with sputum, inflammatory exudation, improve
hemopoiesis and cardiovascular system.
 increase the number of foods containing calcium, vitamins A, B,
ascorbic acid, salts potassium, folic acid and copper.
 Eat often, in small portions (up to five times). It is recommended to
limit the amount of table salt

22. MEDICATIONS:
 administration of small doses of glucocorticoids: twenty to thirty mg
per day is prescribed in an acute period
 , then maintenance therapy, whose daily dose is five to ten mg, is
gradually reduced
 Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory therapy
 antimicrobial is metronidazole 0.5-1 intravenously drip for 30-40
minutes after eight hours.
 sulfanilamide preparations are prescribed: sulfapiridazine 2.0 mg on
the first day, further - 1, 0 mg 7-10 days.
 Expectorant and thinning agents bromhexine 0.016 g three to four
times a day, ambroxol one tablet (30 mg) three times a day,
acetylcysteine - 200 milligrams three times a day, carbocysteine 2
capsules three times a day (1 capsule - 0.375 g of carbocysteine)
 Bronchospasmolytic agents are used as inhalants (isadrin, euphyllin,
atropine sulphate)

23.  Vitaminotherapy: tocopherol acetate 100-200 mg once
or twice a day
 , ritinol 700-900 mcg per day, ascorbic acid 250 mg
once or twice a day,
 vitamins B (B1 -1,2 -2,1 mg in day, B6 - 100-200 mg per
day, B12 - 100-200 mg per day)
 Physiotherapy for Pneumosclerosis
 Oxygen therapy
 Surgical treatment of pneumosclerosis
 Physiotherapy

24. PREVENTION:
 prevention of pneumosclerosis it is recommended to be attentive
to the state of the respiratory system
 . During the treatment of colds, bronchitis, SARS and other
pathology of the respiratory system
 .It is also necessary to strengthen the immune system, take
special funds to strengthen it - immunomodulators, temper the
body
 Pneumosclerosis is a serious disease characterized by a
prolonged course, severe complications
 . But almost any disease can be cured with timely treatment.
 Take care of your health, do not suffer the disease "on your feet"