its about intraduction,branches,tasks,laws of hygine

1. HYGIENE
1)Intraduction to hygine
2)Branches of hygine
3)Tasks and laws of hygine
presented by:-
s shameer basha.

2. DEFINITION OF ANAEMIA
“Anaemia is present when the
haemoglobin level in the blood is
below the lower extreme of the
normal range for the age and sex of
the individual.”

3. CLASSIFICATION OF ANAEMIA
A. BLOOD LOSS ANAEMIA
1. OVERT BLOOD LOSS
 SURGERY
 ACCIDENT
 EPISTAXIS
 RECTAL BLEEDING
 MENORRHAGIA
 RECURRENT BLEEDING FROM ANY
OTHER SITE
2. OCCULT BLOOD LOSS
 GI BLEEDING
 GENTI-URINARY BLEEDING

4. CLASSIFICATION OF ANAEMIA
B. IMPAIRED RED CELL PRODUCTION
1. INADEQUATE SUPPLY OF NUTRIENTS
ESSENTIAL FOR ERYTHROPOIESIS.
 IRON DEFECIENCY
 VITAMIN B-12 DEFECIENCY
 FOLIC ACID DEFECIENCY
 PROTEIN-CALORI MALNUTRITION
 OTHER LESS COMMON DEFECIENCIES

5. CLASSIFICATION OF ANAEMIA
2. DEPRESSION OF ERYTHROPOEITIC
ACTIVITY
3. ANAEMIAS ASSOCIATED WITH
CHRONIC DISORDERS.
 INFECTION
 CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISORERS
 INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
 DISSEMINATED MALIGNANCY
 RENAL DISEASE
4. APLASTIC ANAEMIA

6. CLASSIFICATION OF ANAEMIA
5. ANAEMIA DUE TO REPLACEMENT OF
THE BONE MARROW BY
 LEUKEMIA
 LYMPHOMA
 MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER
 POLYCYTHEMIA
 ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTHEMIA
 CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA
 MYELOFIBROSIS
 MYELOMA
 MYELODYSPLASTIC DISORDERS
6. ANAEMIA DUE TO INHERITED
DISORDERS
 THALASSAEMIA

7. CLASSIFICATION OF ANAEMIA
C.EXESSIVE RED CELL DESTRUCTION
(HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA)
I.DUE TO INTRINSIC DEFECTS IN
RBCS
a.CONGENITAL
1.MEMBRANE DEFECTS
i. HEREDITARY SPHEROCYTOSIS
ii. HEREDITARY ELLIPTOCYTOSIS
iii.HEREDITARY XEROCYTOSIS
iv.HEREDITARY HYDROCYTOSIS
2.HAEMOGLOBIN DEFECTS
i. HAEMOGLOBINOPATHIES
◊ SICKLE CELL ANAEMIA
◊ OTHER HOMOZYGOUS DISORDERS
◊ Hb D HbC HbE
◊ UNSTABLE HAEMOGLOBIN DISEASE

8. CLASSIFICATION OF ANAEMIA
ii. THALASAEMIA
◊  THALASAEMIA
◊  THALASAEMIA
iii.DOUBLE HETEROZYGOUS DISORDER
◊ SICKLE CELL  THALASAEMIA
3.ENZYME DEFECTS
i. NON SPHEROCYTIC CONGENITAL
HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA
◊ PYRUVATE KINASE DEFECIENCY OR
OTHER ENZYMES OF EMBDEN MAYER HOF
PATHWAY
◊ DUE TO DEFECIENCY OF G6PD OR OTHER
ENZYMES OF PENTOSE PHOSPHATE
PATHWAY
ii. DRUG INDUCED HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA

9. CLASSIFICATION OF ANAEMIA
b. ACQUIRED
1. PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL
HAEMOGLOBINURIA
I. DUE TO EXTRINSIC DEFECTS
a. ACQUIRED
1. IMMUNE MECHANISMS
i. AUTOIMMUNE ACQURIED HAEMOLYTIC
ANAEMIA
◊ WARM ANTIBODY
◊ COLD ANTIBODY
ii. HAEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE NEW BORN
iii. DRUG INDUCED HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA

10. CLASSIFICATION OF ANAEMIA
2. NON IMMUNE MECHANISMS
MECHANICAL HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA
i. CARDIAC HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA
ii. MICROANGIOPATHIC HAEMOLYTIC
ANAEMIA
iii. MARCH HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA
3. MISCELLANEOUS
i. HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA DUE TO DIRECT
ACTIONS OF CHEMICAL AND DRUGS
ii. HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA DUE TO
INFECTION
iii. HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA DUE TO BURNS
iv. LEAD POISINING