2. 2
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
Outline
Introduction
Preparation of synthetic membranes
Sintering, Stretching, Track-etching, Template leaching, Phase inversion, etc.
Phase inversion membranes
Preparation techniques for immersion precipitation
Phase separation in polymer systems
Influence of various parameters on membrane
morphology
Preparation techniques for composite membranes
3. 3
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
III. 1-2 Introduction
Porous membrane Dense membrane Carrier membranes
Fig. III-1 Three basic types of membranes P71
(microfiltration/ultrafiltration) (gas separation/pervaporation)
4. 4
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
Three basic types of membranes
Porous membranes
Separation depends on pore size and pore size distribution
Nonporous membranes
Separation depends on intrinsic properties of membranes
Thickness of the membrane matters!!!
Carrier mediated transport membranes
Separation depends on affinity and reactivity of membranes
Extremely high selectivity possible
Two types: mobile carrier & fixed site carrier
……………..
……………..
……………..
5. 5
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
Membrane Material & Preparation
e.g. Lungs
Cell membranes
Biological
Glassy Rubbery
Organic
(polymeric)
Ceramic Glass Metallic Zeolitic
Inorganic
Synthetic
Membrane
Materials
hybrid
Polymers: most common
Inorganic: more stable
Sintering Stretching Track-etching
Phase inversion
Sol-gel process
Solution coating
Template leaching
Sintering Stretching Track-etching
Phase inversion
Sol-gel process
Solution coating
Template leaching
Ref: Mulder, Basic principles of separation technology
Symemetric / Asymmetric / composite
6. 6
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
List of most important membrane
preparation techniques
Sintering
Stretching
Track-etching
Template leaching
Sol-gel process
Phase inversion technique
Coating
- Membrane modification
7. 7
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
HEAT
pore
Sintering
Compressing a powder consisting of particles of
given size and sintering at high temperatures.
For both polymeric and inorganic membranes with outstanding
chemical, thermal and mechanical stability
Sintering temperature depends on the material (polymers, metals,
ceramics, carbon, glass)
Pore size & distribution depends on the particle size & distribution
(0.1-10µm)
Porosity 10-20%
8. 8
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
Stretching
Stretch extruded film
perpendicular to the extrusion
& crystallite orientation
Only semicrystalline polymers
(PTFE, PE, PP) used
Rapture to make reproducible
microchannels
Pore size 0.1-3µm
Porosity is very high (up to 90%)
Stretched PTFE membrane
10. 10
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
Track-etched 0.4 µm PCTE membrane
Track-etching
Thin membranes (up to 20µm)
perpendicularly exposed to a high
energy bean of radiation to break
chemical bonds in the polymer
The membrane is then etched in a
bath which selectively attacks the
damaged polymer.
Features
uniform cylindrical pores
Pore size 0.02-10µm
Surface porosity <10%
Narrow pore size distribution
11. 11
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
radiation source
polymer film
etching bath
Membrane with
capillary pores
Track-etching process
t0 t1 t2 t3
12. 12
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
Phase inversion
A polymer transformed in a controlled manner from a liquid to a solid state
Phase inversion covers different techniques
For example: preparing asymmetric membranes:
A dense(r) skin layer integrally bonded in series with a thick porous substructure
Same material in each layer
The solidification initiated by the
transition from one liquid state into
two liquids (liquid-liquid demixing)
By controlling the initial stage of the
phase transition the membrane
morphology can be controlled.
13. 13
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
Precipitation by solvent evaporation
Simple evaporation, coating
III.3 Phase inversion techniques
Precipitation from the vapour phase
Vapour phase: nonsolvent + saturatedsolvent
Prepare porous without top layer
Precipitation by controlled evaporation
Polymer dissolved in mixture of solvent and nonsolvent
Prepare membranes with skinned layer
Thermal precipitation
Polymer solution is cooled to enable phase separation
Prepare membranes with skinned layer
Immersion precipitation
14. 14
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
III.4 Immersion precipitation
Polymer solution cast on a support (/or not)
Immersed in a coagulation bath containing a nonsolvent
Precipitation (solidification) occurs because of the exchange of
solvent and nonsolvent
Membrane structure results from a combination of mass transfer
and phase separation
Asymmetric membranes obtained- most commercial membranes
prepared by this technique
15. 15
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
1. Flat membranes
Fig. III-5 Preparation of flat sheet membranes
GKSS
equipment
Preparation parameters:
Polymer concentration (viscosity)
Casting thickness
Evaporation time
Humidity
Temperature
Additives (composition of the
casting solution)
Solvent/solvents & non-solvent
16. 16
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
Factors affect membrane structure
Choice of polymer, choice of solvent/nonsolvent
Composition of casting solution
Composition of coagulation bath
Gelation and crystallization behavior of the polymer
Location of the liquid-liquid demixing gap
Temperature of the casting solution and coagulation bath
Evaporation time
17. 17
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
2. Tubular form membranes
Tubular form membranes
Hollow fiber (d<0.5mm), self-support
Capillary (d: 0.5-5mm), self-support
Tubular (d>5mm), on support
Techniques for preparation of HF and capillary
membranes
Dry-wet spinning (wet spinning)
Melt spinning
Dry spinning
19. 19
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
Spinning of hollow fiber membranes
Preparation parameters
(dry-wet process)
Extrusion rate of the polymer solution
Flow rate of the bore fluid
Tearing rate
Residence time in air gap
Dimensions and types of the spinneret
Composition of polymer solution
Composition and temperature of
coagulation bath
20. 20
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
Membrane SEM images
Fig 31.8 Hollow fiber membrane by phase inversion process, using high elongational draw ratios to
elimiate macrovoids, reduce fiber dimension and increase fiber production
Ref. TAI-SHUNG NEAL CHUNG, Chapter 31, FABRICATION OF HOLLOW-FIBER MEMBRANES BY PHASE INVERSION, in
Advanced membrane technology and application.
24. 24
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
General thermodynamic description of the phase separation
Qualitatively, not quantitatively described!
III.6 Phase separation in polymer system
- A, casting solution;
- B, membrane porosity;
- B’, polymer-lean phase;
- B’’, polymer-rich phase
Ref. H Strathmann, L Giorno and E Drioli,1.05 Basic Aspects in Polymeric Membrane
Preparation in book Comprehensive membrane science and technology
Polymer-solvent-nonsolvent
ternary system
From stable homogeneous
polymer solution to demixing
Solvent and nonsolvent miscible
If the solvent is removed from the
mixture at the same rate as the
nonsolvent enters, the composition of
the mixture will change following the
line A–B.
25. 25
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
Ref. TAI-SHUNG NEAL CHUNG, Chapter 31, FABRICATION OF HOLLOW-FIBER MEMBRANES
BY PHASE INVERSION, in Advanced membrane technology and application.
Relationships among dope composition,
precipitation kinetics, & membrane morphology
Delayed demixing - dense toplayer
Instantaneous demixing – microporous toplayer
26. 26
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
III.7 Influence of parameters on
membrane morphology
Choice of solvent/nonsolvent system
The polymer concentration
The composition of the coagulation bath
The composition of the polymer solution
The use of additives
The temperature of the polymer solution and of the
coagulation bath
27. 27
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
Choice of solvent/nonsolvent system
Figure. Asymmetric membrane with a dense top layer (a) and a porous
top layer (b),
Ref. Braz. J. Chem. Eng. vol.28 no.3 São Paulo July/Sept. 2011
Fig.III-44. Delay time of demixing for 15% cellulose acetate/sovent
solution in water, P127
Delayed demixing - dense toplayer
Instantaneous demixing – microporous toplayer
29. 29
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
Polymer concentration
Higher concentration results in
lower top layer porosity, thicker top layer
P131
P130
Fig.III-46 Calculated composition paths for the system
CA/dioxan/water for varying CA concentrations in the
casting solution
30. 30
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
Factors promotes the formation
of porous membrane
Low polymer concentration
High mutual affinity between solvent and nonsolvent
Addition of nonsolvent to the polymer solution
Vapour phase instead of coagulation bath
Addition of a sencond polymer
31. 31
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
Formation of integrally skinned
membranes
Toplayer: thin & defect-free
By delayed demixing
Sublayer: open with negligible
resistance
By instantaneous demixing
Generate a polymer concentration
profile (as Fig III-51):
By introducing an evaporation step
before immersion
Immersion in a nonsolvent with a low
mutual affinity
Fig.III-51 Volume fraction of polymer in the casting
solution after a short period of time
P135
32. 32
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
Formation of macrovoids
Porous sublayer - part of an asymmetric
membrane
Factors that favours the formation of porous
membranes also favours the formation of
macrovoids
Instantaneous demixing
A high affinity between the solvent-nonsolvent
Polymer poor phase - macrovoids
Weak spot for membranes for high pressures
Ref. http://www.polyu.edu.hk/riipt/tech-platforms/biosensing.html
33. 33
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
Effects of tear rate
Fig 31.8 Hollow fiber membrane by phase inversion process, using high elongational draw ratios to
eliminate macrovoids, reduce fiber dimension and increase fiber production
Ref. TAI-SHUNG NEAL CHUNG, Chapter 31, FABRICATION OF HOLLOW-FIBER MEMBRANES BY PHASE INVERSION, in
Advanced membrane technology and application.
35. 35
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
Sample dip-coating membrane
porous
support
Top layer
Porous
support
non-woven
support
36. 36
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
III.5 Preparation techniques for
composite membranes
Composite membrane
Dense layer on porous
substrate of different materials
Each layer can be optimized
Materials for selective layer
are not limited
(mechanical, chemical, thermal
stability, processibility, etc.)
Applications: RO, GS, PV
Preparation techniques
Dip-coating
Spray coating
Spin coating
Interfacial polymerization
In-situ polymerization
Plasma polymerization
Grafting
37. 37
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
Dip-coating
Dip & controlled evaporate
Post-treatment
Cross-linking
Heat treatment
Main effects on coating
thickness
Coating velocity, viscosity, types of
polymers, types of solvent and
concentration of polymers
Equilibrium thickness:
(III-1)
2
3
h
g
p85
38. 38
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
Dip-coating considerations
State of polymers
Glassy: coating may rupture during
evaporation (Tg passed)
Rubbery: mostly defect-free coating
Solvent
Good solvent-larger coil
Poor solvent-polymer aggregate
Entanglement during evaporation
Hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic support
surface
39. 39
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
Dip-coating considerations
Pore penetration
Capillary force may cause pore
penetration of solution
Resistance increases due to the blocked
pores
Methods to avoid pore
penetration
Pre-filling the pores
Chose polymer of higher MW
Chose support of smaller pores
Narrow pore size distribution
Match surface tension of the solution to
the support membranes
40. 40
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
Spray coating
An example
Also for polymeric membranes in solution
42. 42
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
Interfacial polymerization
Fig. III-10 The formation of a composite membrane via interfaciaol polymerisation P82
Thickness<50nm
43. 43
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
Plasma polymerization:
Plasma (physics & chemistry)
Plasma: a state of matter similar
to gas, in which a certain portion
of the particles is ionized
Charged particles: equal positive
ions and negative ions/electrons
Ionization is generally
accompanied by the dissociation
of molecular bonds
Ionization methods:
Heating
Applying strong electromagnetic field
with a laser or microwave generator
Glow Discharge
44. 44
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
Plasma polymerization setup
Inducti
vel
y coupl
ed
M atching N etw ork
R F generator and
Pul
se generator
To vacuum pum p G as inlet
Sam pl
e
Pl
asm a zone
45. 45
TKP8 Membrane Technology, 2016 Fall, IKP, NTNU
Plasma polymerization
Plasma polymerization refers to formation of polymeric materials
under the influence of plasma (also termed as Glow Discharge
Polymerization)
Plasma polymer films can be easily
formed with thickness of 0.05m.
These films are highly coherent and
adherent to variety of substrates like
conventional polymers, glass, metals.
Films are highly dense & pinhole free.
Multilayer films or films with grading
of chemical and physical
characteristics can be easily prepared .
One step process .