This document outlines a dissertation topic on planning for a self-reliant and sustainable city in terms of water supply. The main aim is to identify solutions to make a city independent and environmentally-friendly for its water needs. The objectives include identifying existing problems, sustainability methods, and a methodology to calculate future demand. The background discusses international and national water concerns like scarcity. Major issues facing cities are identified as increased demand, groundwater depletion, and pollution. Potential solutions proposed include recycling wastewater, rainwater harvesting, and education. Parameters for analyzing solutions include cost, environmental impact, lifetime, area needs, and social acceptance. The document concludes by discussing how to calculate a city's future needs and select sustainable methods to make

1. .
Planning for self-reliant and sustainable city
in terms of water supply
DISSERTATIONTOPIC-
- SHRIKRISHNA KESHARWANI
(181109005)

2. AIM, OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY
The main aim of this
dissertation topic is to plan
for a self-reliant and self-
sustainable city in terms of
water supply.
Objective 1
identify sustainable solutions
Identify existing problems
Identify parameters to do the suitability analysis for the
selection of sustainable methods.
Identify methodology which can help to
calculate future water demand
stating aims and objectives
Literature review
Analysis and assessment
Suggest suitable strategies to make city self reliant
and sustainable in terms of water supply
Takeaways
Need and background study
Enlisting the scope and
limitations
Objective 2
Objective 3
Objective 5
Objective 4
METHODOLOGY

3. • The term sustainability means something
that can be continued for a long period of
time and which involve the use of natural
products or energy in a way that doesn’t
harm the environment.
• And the term self-reliant means ‘not
depending on help from anyone else.
• Therefore the self-reliant and sustainable
city in terms of water supply means that a
city which fulfils its water demand from the
sustainable means and it has enough water
availability that it doesn’t have to depend
upon the other areas for the water.
INTRODUCTION
Understanding self-reliant and sustainability in terms of water supply-

4. • As most of the people living in cities especially in tier 3 or tier 4 cities do not have proper water supply
connection. Therefore they are majorly depended upon the groundwater or surface water to fulfil their
daily water demand.
• During summer season the water demand increases also the evaporation rate of water also increases due
to which the groundwater level decreases which results in the drought and water scarcity problem in the
city. But in the rainy season we have seen a lot of cases of cities in India where in summer there was water
scarcity issue but during monsoon there is urban floods issue. This all happens due to building of
unplanned non- sustainable concrete jungle in the cities which is responsible for stopping the water
percolation capacity of soil, due to which ground water recharge process get affected.
• This all results in decreasing the groundwater level and increasing the water demand in the city. Due to
which cities tends to further exploit nearby water resources from surrounding villages or town which
results in the expansion of the water scarcity issue to even to small town and villages.
• Further, when cities and towns are constructed, the natural landscape is dramatically altered: vegetation
and soil are replaced with hard, impervious surfaces and buildings. This leads to the development of
unique urban climates that are quite different from those of surrounding natural environments. The
common results: an increase in air pollution, modified rainfall patterns, and higher air temperatures.
• Therefore there is a need for sustainable and self-reliant cities in terms of water supply. It can be achieved
by using various kinds of planning and technological interventions.
BACKGROUND

5. International concerns-
• Two main challenges related to water are affecting the sustainability of
human urban settlements: the lack of access to safe water and sanitation, and
increasing water-related disasters such as floods and droughts.
• Importance of the water scarcity issue has been recognized at the global
level and according to the united nation world health organization and UNICEF, by
2025 half of the world’s population will be living in the water stressed areas.
• Those who suffer the most of these water-related challenges are the urban
poor, often living in slum areas or informal settlements following rapid urban
growth, in situations lacking many of life's basic necessities.
• Water scarcity issue has been included in the 2030 SDGs for sustainable
management of water and also in target 6.4 which calls to address water scarcity
issue and reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity
EXISTING ISSUES RELATED TO
WATER

6. National concerns-
EXISTING ISSUES RELATED TO
WATER
• India is one of the most water-challenged countries in the
world, from its deepest aquifers to its largest rivers.
Groundwater levels are falling as farmers, new urban residents,
and industries drain wells and aquifers. What water is available
is often severely polluted, and the future may only be worse,
with the national supply predicted to fall 50 percent below
demand by 2030.
• According to the CPHEEO, 2018 average water supply in urban
local bodies of India is 69.25 LPCD against 135 LPCD as a
service level bench mark.
• India’s per capita water availability, a measure of water scarcity,
has gone down from 1816 cubic metre in 2001 to 1588 cubic
meter in 2011.
• According to the UNs water facts, 2016 “India is expected to
become water stressed by 2025”

8. MAJOR CAUSES FOR WATER CRISIS IN
CITIES
 Increase in water demand due to population growth and
urbanization.
 Over population and depilation of ground water resources
 Climate change and irregular rainfall patterns
 Surface water pollution by contamination of rivers and lakes
 Loss of traditional modes of water capturing in wetlands,
ponds and watersheds in cities owing to rampant urbanization.
 Unwanted use of fertilizers and other harmful substances can
cause groundwater pollution, which ultimately leads to
scarcity of water.
 Global warming is one of the major reasons behind water
scarcity, it is a condition where average air temperature
becomes warmer, water from rivers and lakes evaporates
faster, which may lead to the drying up of water bodies.

9. SOLUTIONS FOR THE WATER RELATED ISSUES IN THE
CITIES-
Educate to change consumption and lifestyles
Invent new water conservation technologies
Recycle wastewater
Improve irrigation and agricultural practices
Improve water catchment and harvesting
Develop and enact better policies and regulations
Holistically manage ecosystems
Improve distribution infrastructure
Population growth control
Climate change mitigation

10. PARAMETERS TO DO THE SUITABILITY ANALYSIS
1. Cost - it will be easy for the govt. to implement those sustainable methods which are less
expensive and also have less operation and maintenance cost.
2. Impact on environment- the sustainable method has to have zero or less negative impact on
environment.
3. Lifetime- those methods are more suitable which can be implemented for a long period of
time.
4. Area coverage – those sustainable water supply methods which requires less area coverage
will be given more priority over those methods which requires more area coverage.
5. Social acceptance – it is important that the sustainable means for water supply which is being
used has to be socially accepted. For eg, of the water is supplied to a city which is coming by
recycling waste water then even if the recycled waste water has no impurity but most of the
people will never use it for drinking or bathing purpose.

11. Forecasting future water demand of a city
The simplest and most traditional means of forecasting future water
demand has been to estimate current per-capita water consumption,
usually measured as gallons per capita per day (gpcd) or lpcd , and
multiply this by expected future population.
Population estimates may be based on simple linear growth, a percent
annual increase (exponential growth), or more detailed analyses by
demographers or forecasters

12. SCOPE AND LIMITATION-
This study has included some of the major methods providing sustainable water supply to a city to meet
its future demands.
The self-resiliency of a city in terms of water supply through sustainable means cannot be achieved
completely for infinite time interval for a city, it can only be achieved for a limited period of time in the
future. As there are various types of factors like climate change, new technology and inventions,
population growth, etc. which can directly affect the sustainability of the methods for water supply to
make city self-reliant which I will be mentioning in my dissertation.
Also this study is all dependent on the literature review which will not going to be enough to act as an
individual guideline to provide measures to make city self-sustainable and self-reliant in terms of water
supply.

13. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTCOMES
The small towns and cities in India are facing water scarcity issue and as the population will going to increase this
problem will grow bigger. The major issue related to water these small cities or towns are facing are – decreasing
groundwater level, poor quality of water, more demand than supply etc, which results in the water scarcity issue and
the causes for those problems are overuse of water, pollution of water, drought, global warming, groundwater
contamination, climate change and irregular rainfall etc.
The sustainable solutions that can help a city to become sustainable and self-reliant in terms of water are recycling
waste water with the help of Nano technology or by constructed wetland method, educating people to change
consumption and lifestyles, improve irrigation practices with the help of drip irrigation technique, improve water
catchment areas by applying the sponge city model to the city, providing ecosystem services, for example featuring
green space and infrastructure and restoration of environment flows, promote rainwater harvesting etc.
To provide sustainable solutions for a small city or town to make it self reliant in terms of water first we have to
calculate its future water demand by multiplying its future projected population with the average water demand . Or
through any other method. Then the sustainable methods can be selected on the basis on various factors like its cost,
impact on environment, area coverage, operational period, and social acceptance etc. and then they can be
implemented to a city to make it self reliant.

14. Thank
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