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Nanotechnology in cancer and its synthesis
- 1. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN CANCER CYTXON BIOSOLUTIONS PVT LTD
- 2. CONTENTS 1 What are nanomaterials? 2 Types of nanomaterials 3 Characterization of nanoparticles 4 Green synthesis of nanoparticles 5 Biosynthesis of nanoparticles
- 3. 1. WHAT ARE NANOMATERIALS â—¼ Nanomaterials are chemical substances or materials that are manufactured and used at a very small scale. â—¼ Any material having at least one of its dimensions in the range of 1-100nm. â—¼ These materials can be occurred naturally or be created as the by-products of combustion reactions. â—¼ These are developed to exhibit novel characteristics compared to same material without nanoscale features such as increased strength, chemical reactivity or conductivity.
- 4. 2. TYPES OF NANOMATERIALS â—¼ Naturally Occuring ; forest fires, sea spray, mineral composites, volcanic ash, viruses. â—¼ Human Origin (incidental) ; cooking smoke, diesel exhaust,welding fumes, industrial effluents, sand blasting. â—¼ Human Origin (Engineered); metals, Quantum dots, bulky balls, Nanotubes sunscreen pigments, Nano - capsules.
- 5. â—¼ (i) Carbon based materials: composed of carbons in the form of hollow spheres, ellipsoids and these have applications in electronics. â—¼ (ii) metal based nanomaterials: includes quantum dots , nanosilver, nanogold & metal oxides such as titanium oxide. â—¼ (iii) Dendrimers : these nanomaterials are nano sized polymers built from branched units.radiallysymetric molecules. has inner shell , core and outer shell. these has applications in drug delivery. â—¼ (iv) Nano - composites : they are the materials that incorporate nano sized particles into the matrix of standard material. these have applications in drug delivery, cellular therapies, tissue engineering.
- 6. CHARACTERISATION OF NANOPARTICLES: â—¼ 1. UV Visible Spectroscopy: this is a valuable tool to identify,characterise,study the nanoparticles. metallic nanoparticles like gold and silver have optical properties that are sensitive to size, shape, concentration,agglomeration state, and refractive index near the nanoparticle surface which makes uv visible spectroscopy a valuable tool. â—¼ 2. Transmission electron Microscopy: it is a high magnification measurement technique that images the beam of electrons through a sample. these use electrons rather than light to illuminate the sample. successful imaging of nanoparticles can be achieved by this technique.eg: gold, silver, copper,aluminium,titanium.
- 7. â—¼ 3. Dynamic light Scattering(DLS): Important tool to characterise nanoparticle typically in the submicron region and with latest technology, lower than 1nm. this technique gives accuracy, reliability and repeat particle size analysis in two minutes. â—¼ 4. inductively coupled plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): Analytical technique to identify and quantify the elemental composition of samples trace the elements that are toxic including metallic nanoparticles has applications in forensics.
- 8. â—¼ scanning electron microscopy(SEM): it scans a focussed electron beam over a surface to create an image. the electrons in the beam interact with sample, producing various signals that can be used to obtain information about surface topography and composition.it gives high resolution images useful for evaluating various materials for surface fractures, flaws. in nano science it is widely used because the beam diameters considerably less than 100 nm are easily attained at low beam energies.
- 9. GREEN SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES â—¼ why is green synthesis of nanoparticles? Green synthesis of nanoparticles aims at minimizing generated waste and implementing sustainable processes and provides environmental sustainability. â—¼ Green nanotechnology has two goals i) producing nanomaterials and products without harming the environment or human health. ii) producing nanoparticles that provide solution to environmental problems uses existing principle of green chemistry and green engineering to make nanomaterials and nano products without toxic ingredients at low temperature using less energy and renewable inputs. â—¼ How are green nanoparticles synthesized? researchers have employed green synthesis process for preparation of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles via plant leaf extract for further application. plants have biomolecule like carbohydrate, proteins and co- enzyme with exemplary potential to reduce metal salt into nanoparticles.
- 11. â—¼ Green synthesis are required to avoid the production of unwanted or harmful byproducts through the build-up of reliable, sustainable and eco-friendly synthesis procedures. â—¼ The use of ideal solvent systems and natural resources is essential. â—¼ Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles has been adopted to accommodate various biological materials(bacteria, fungi, algae and plant extracts). â—¼ Among these green methods of synthesis for metal oxide nanoparticles plant extracts is rather simple and easy process. these products are known collectively as biogenic nanoparticles.
- 12. MERITS OF GREEN SYNTHESIS 1. Biological component itself act as reducing and capping agent therefore reduction the overall cost of synthesis process. 2. Eco-friendly approach as toxic chemicals are not used. 3. Can be used at large scale production of nanoparticles. 4. External experimental conditions are not required to energy saving process.
- 13. BIOSYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES BACTERIA: â—¼ These species have been widely utilized for commercial biotechnological application such as bioremediation, genetic engineering and bioleaching. â—¼ possess ability to reduce metal ions. â—¼ for preparation of metallic and novel nanoparticles a variety of bacterial species are utilized. â—¼ prokaryotic bacteria and actinomycetes have been broadly employed for synthesizing metal oxide. â—¼ example of bacteria used for synthesis of bio-reduced silver nanoparticles Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus casei, Aeromonas p. FUNGI: â—¼ This is efficient process for the generation of monodispersed nanoparticles with well defined morphologies, act as better biological agents. â—¼ compared to bacteria competent fungi can synthesize larger nanoparticles. â—¼ Fungi have many merits over other organism due to presence of enzymes/proteins/reducing components on their cell surface. â—¼ Mechanism is enzymatic reduction in the cell wall or inside the fungal cell.
- 14. PLANTS: â—¼ Biosynthesis is technique employing plant extracts have gained increased consideration as a simple efficient cost effective and feasible method. â—¼ Various plants can be utilized to reduce and stabilize the metallic nanoparticles in one-pot synthesis process. â—¼ Plant have biomolecule like carbohydrates, proteins, and coenzyme. â—¼ Biosynthesis process gold and silver metal nanoparticles were first investigated in plant extract assisted synthesis plants including aloe vera, Oat, alfalfa, tulsi, lemon, neem, coriander, mustard and lemon grass have been utilized to synthesize silver nanoparticles and gold nanoparticles.
- 15. THANK YOU!