Nanoparticles are particles between 1 and 100 nanometres in size with a surrounding interfacial layer. The interfacial layer is an integral part of nanoscale matter, fundamentally affecting all of its properties. The interfacial layer typically consists of ions, inorganic and organic molecules.

1. NANOPARTICLES
Mr. RAJENDRA SINGH Jr.
Biotechnology Network

2. SYNOPSIS:-
1. Introduction
2. History of Nanotechnology
3. Classification of Nano-particles
I. Carbon- based NPs
II. Metal NPs
III. Ceramics NPs
IV. Semiconductor NPs
V. Polymeric NPs
VI. Lipid-based NPs
4. Methods of Nanoparticle Synthesis
I. Top-down Syntheses
II. Bottom-up Syntheses
5. Physicochemical properties of NPs
6. Application of NPs
7. Conclusion
8. References

3. 1. INTRODUCTION:-
 Nanotechnology is the science that deals with matter at the
scale of 1 billionth of a meter (i.e., 10 − 9 m = 1 nm).
 Is also the study of manipulating matter at the atomic and
molecular scale.
 In general, the size of a nanoparticle spans the range
between 1 and 100 nm.
 There have been made various revolutionary materials of
developments in the field of nanotechnology

4. FATHER OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
Richard Feynman
“There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”
December 29, 1959
Nobel Prize in Physics 1965
HISTORY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

5. 4. CLASSIFICATION OF NPs:-
I. Carbon- based NPs -
 Fullerenes and carbon nanotube (CNTs) represented two major classes of
carbon-based NPs.
 Fullerenes contain nanomaterial that are made of globular hollow cage
such as allotropic forms of carbon.
Figure :- Different form of Fullerenes/buck balls (A) C60 and (B) C70.

6. Figure :- Rolling of graphite layer into single – walled and multi-walled CNTs.

7. II. Metal NPs –
 Metal NPs are purely made of the metals precursors.
 Due to well-known localized surface plasmon
resonance (LSPR) characteristics, these NPs possess
unique optoelectrical properties.
 NPs of the alkali and noble metals i.e. Cu, Ag and Au
have a broad absorption band in the visible zone of the
electromagnetic solar spectrum.
 The facet, size and shape controlled synthesis of
metal NPs is important in present day cutting –edge
materials.
Fig :- Color dependence of Au NPs on size and shape .

8. III. Ceramics NPs –
• Ceramics NPs are inorganic nonmetallic solids, synthesized via heat and successive cooling.
• They can be found in amorphous, polycrystalline, dense, porous or hollow forms.
IV. Semiconductor NPs –
• Semiconductor materials possess properties between metals and nonmetals and therefore they
found various applications in the literature due to this property.
• They are very important materials in photocatalysis, photo optics and electronic devices.
V. Polymeric NPs –
• These are normally organic based NPs and in the literature a special term polymer nanoparticle
(PNP) collective used for it.
• They are mostly nanospheres or nanocapsular shaped.

9. VI. Lipid- based NPs –
• These NPs contain lipid moieties and effectively using in many biomedical
applications.
• Generally, a lipid NP is characteristically spherical with diameter ranging
from 10 to 1000 nm.
• Like polymeric NPs, lipid NPs possess a solid core made of lipid and a
matrix contains soluble lipophilic molecules.
5. METHODS OF NANO PARTICLE SYNTHESIS –
Various methods can be employed for the synthesis of NPs, but these methods
are broadly divided into two main classes-

10. Nanoparticle (NPs)
Preparation Methods
Bottom-Up
Syntheses
Top-Down
Syntheses
1. Spinning
2. Template support
synthesis
3. Plasma or flame
spraying synthesis
4. Laser pyrolysis
5. CVD
6. Atomic or
molecular
condensation
Biological
Synthesis via
Bacteria,
yeasts, fungi,
algae, plants
ect.
1. Mechanical
Milling
2. Chemical etching
3. Sputtering
4. Laser ablation
5. Electro- explosion

11. I. Top-down syntheses :-
In this method, destructive approach is employed. Starting
from larger molecule,
which decomposed into smaller units and then these units are
converted into suitable NPs.
Examples of this method are grinding/milling, CVD, physical
vapor deposition (PVD) and other decomposition techniques.

12. II. Bottom-up syntheses:-
This approach is employed in reverse as NPs are formed from relatively simpler
substances, therefore this approach is also called building up approach.
Examples of this case are sedimentation and reduction techniques. It includes sol gel,
green synthesis, spinning, and biochemical synthesis.
Fig :- (A) Bottom-up approach, (B) Top-down approach.

13. 6. PHYSIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NPs –
various physicochemical properties such as large surface area,
mechanically strong, optically active and chemically reactive make NPs unique and
suitable applicants for various applications.
Fig :- Graphical illustration exemplifying the localized surface plasmon (LSPR) on
nanoparticle outer surface.

14. 7. APPLICATION OF NPs –
i. Applications in drugs and medications-
• Nano-sized inorganic particles of either simple or complex nature, display unique,
physical and chemical properties.
• Represent an increasingly important material in the development of novel nanodevices
which can be used in numerous physical, biological, biomedical and pharmaceutical
applications
• Researchers are testing the use of chemotherapy drugs attached to nanodiamonds to
treat brain tumors.
ii. Applications in manufacturing and materials-
• Ceramic silicon carbide nanoparticles dispersed in magnesium produce a strong,
lightweight material.
• Silicate nanoparticles can be used to provide a barrier to gasses (for example oxygen), or
moisture in a plastic film used for packaging. This could slow down the process of
spoiling or drying out in food.

15. iii. Applications in the environment –
• Researchers are using photocatalytic copper tungsten oxide
nanoparticles to break down oil into biodegradable compounds.
• Iron nanoparticles are being used to clean up carbon tetrachloride
pollution in ground water.
iv. Applications in energy and electronics –
• Researchers have used nanoparticles called nanotetrapods studded
with nanoparticles of carbon to develop low cost electrodes for fuel
cells.
• This electrode may be able to replace the expensive platinum needed
for fuel cell catalysts.
• The "solar steam device" is intended to be used in areas of
developing countries without electricity for applications such as
purifying water or disinfecting dental instruments.

16. OLAY MOISTURIZERS
(Proctor and Gamble)
ABRAXANE
(American Biosciences, Inc.)
Rapamune
(Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories)
EMEND
(Merck & Co. Inc)

17. 8. CONCLUSION –
Nanoparticles are one of the novel drug delivery systems, which can
be of potential use in controlling and targeting drug delivery as well as in cosmetics
textiles and paints. Judging by the current interest and previous successes,
nanoparticulate drug delivery systems seems to be a viable and promising strategy
for the biopharmaceutical industry.
9. REFERENCES –
• www.pharmainfo.net/reviews/nanoparticles-and-itsapplications- field-pharmacy
• Nanoparticles –A Review by VJ Mohanraj & Chen Y, Tropical Journal of
Pharmaceutical Research 2006; 5(1): 561-573
• Google.com(images)
• Jain N. K., Controlled and novel Drug Delivery, 1st edition 2001, CBS
Publication; 292 - 301.