notes

1. SHIVA SHRESTHA
Lecturer
Hetauda School Of Management
Hetauda, Makawanpur
Shiva Shrestha, HSM, Hetauda 12 September 2014 1

2.  Definition
 Some viewpoints about critical Thinking
 Critical Thinking process, connections and skills
 Importance of critical thinking
 Inquiry skills used in critical thinking
 Checklist of observable behaviors
 Costs of fallacious reasoning
 Relationship between critical thinking & decision
making
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3. What is Critical thinking?
The word Critical comes from two words ‘Skeri’
and ‘Kriterion’ which means to cut and
standard of judging.
“Critical thinking is skilled and active
interpretation evaluation of observation and
communications, information. It is the formation of
logical inferences. It includes important activities
such as Sensation, Biological, Psychological,
Cognitive and Communications.”
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10. 1. It is learned ability that must be taught
2. It is higher order thinking
3. It is based on standards
4. It is a kind of scientific method applied by
ordinary people to ordinary world.
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11.  Critical thinking is the ability to think clearly and
rationally. It includes the ability to engage in
reflective and independent thinking. Someone
with critical thinking skills is able to do the
following :
 understand the logical connections between ideas
 identify, construct and evaluate arguments
 detect inconsistencies and common mistakes in
reasoning
 solve problems systematically
 identify the relevance and importance of ideas
 reflect on the justification of one's own beliefs and
values etc.
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14.  Critical thinking in the classroom or the student
 Critical thinking in the workplace or to the workers
 Critical thinking in real life
 Critical thinking in the organizational decision
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15.  Unwanted Assumptions
 Wishful thinking
 Lack of relevant background information
 Prejudice etc
 Egocentrism
 Relativistic Thinking
 Sociocentrism
 Others
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16. Steps in Inquiry skills used in critical thinking
 Careful observation
 Analytical Description
 Mature Comparison
 Identification of the fact
 Effective conclusion
 Prediction
 Application
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17.  Are the investigation or fact finding process that
a critical thinker should apply
 What and how an investigator should behave to
identify the fact?
 What are the factors or steps that are to be
followed and to analyze and solve the problem?
 Observe and describe the problem or situation or
behavior of others carefully and completely.
 Continued…………….

18.  Check for business assumptions ‘if any’ on the
basis of available information and critically
examines the problem.
 Match the existing problem or situation
observing ones personal belief.
 Consider the importance of the problem or
situation on the basis of size and type of
impact.
 understand perception emotion and feeling of
others and identify the influence.
 ask themselves about potential results or
solutions about the problem.

19.  Think for developing different alternatives
way of solution considering their personal
potential.
 Compare and contrast the different
alternative way of solution on the basis of
their individual advantages and
disadvantages.
 Decides or select the best way of solution .
 look for overall
aspects(Positive,negative,short term and long
term effect) .
 Consider the planning for negative events.
 Check once more even if you feel that is
correct.

20.  “A fallacy is a type of argument that may
seem to be correct ,but that proves ,an
examination, not to be so.”
 Mistakes/errors in reasoning
Definition
“A fallacy is a type of argument that may
seem to be correct but that proves, on
examination, not to be so “.

21.  Fallacies of Relevance
 Fallacies of Defect Induction
 Fallacies of Presumption
 Fallacies of ambiguity

22.  These are mistakes in reasoning that occur
because the premises or arguments are
logically irrelevant to the conclusion.
 Example: Student after failing the
examination appeal to the teacher saying that
he was ill or his mother was on hospital bed
and so on.

23.  It occurs when the connection between
premises and conclusion is not strong
enough to support the conclusion.
 Example: I have met two Indians and both
were dishonest ,so all Indians are dishonest.

24.  In the fallacies of presumption, too much is
assumed in the premises.
 Example: if you are not agreeing with me ,
then you must be my enemy.

25.  It occurs due to the equivocal use of word or
phrases.
 It arises from that occurrence of some form
of ambiguity in either the premises or the
conclusion or both.
 Example: sodium and chlorine , the atomic
components of salts, are both deadly
poisons. Therefore ,salt is a deadly poison.

26. i) Appeals to pity(Appeal for emotion)
ii) The appeal to the force
iii) Arguments against the person
iv) Appeal to common practice
v) False or wrong analogy
vi) Arguments from ignorance etc
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27.  “Critical thinking is skilled and active
interpretation ad evaluation of observations
and communications, information and
argumentation.”
 Decision making is the process of selecting
best alternative.
 Critical thinking is necessary for sound
decision making.
 Process, Technique and tools are common in
both .
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29.  Creativity can be defined as the
reorganization of the experience into new
configurations.
 Creativity thinking process can be defined as
process of the relating of the things or ideas
which were previously unrelated.
 According to a Webster's Dictionary,”
Creativity is marked by the ability of power to
create to bring into existence, to invest with
new form, to produce through imaginative
skill, to make or bring into existence
something new.’
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30.  Intelligence
 Knowledge
 Intellectual styles
 Personality
 Motivation
 Environment
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31. i. Fluency: the ability to generate a number of ideas so
teat there is an increase of eth possible solution of
related products.
ii. Flexibility: The ability to produce different categories of
perceptions whereby there are a variety of different
ideas about the same problem of thing.
iii. Elaboration : The ability to add to embellish, or build of
an idea or product.
iv. Originality: the ability to create fresh, unique, unusual,
totally new, or extremely different ideas or products
v. Complexity: the ability to conceptualize difficult,
intricate, many layered or multifaceted ideas or
products.
vi. Risk taking: the willingness to be courageous
adventuresome, daring trying new things or taking
risks in order to stand apart.
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35. THANK YOU!
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