Computar ppt by shehazad

Topic No-1 Introduction to Computer
Full Form of Computer
C – Commonly
O – Operated
M – Machine
P – Particularly
U – Used for
T – Technology
E – Education &
R – Research
POWERPOINT PRESENTATION CREATED BY SHEHAZAD
MULE VOCATIONAL TRAINING INSTITUTE-9049606503

Introduction-
A computer is a multipurpose
electronic device that can
receive process and store data.
They are used as tools in every
part of society together with the
Internet. There are a lot of
different components inside
them, and they all serve
different purposes. They all need
to work together for the
computer. so a more formal
definition of Computer is —
“Computer is an electronic
device that receives data as input
from input device and process
using processing device and
stores data then give the output.”

Classifications of computers: Computers differ based on their data
processing abilities. They are classified according to purpose, data handling and
functionality.
Computers are classified as:
1.3.1 Analog Computer
An analog computer (spelt analogue in British English) is a form of
computer that uses continuous physical phenomena such as electrical,
mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved.
1.3.2 Digital Computer
A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities
represented as digits, usually in the binary number system
1.3.3 Hybrid Computer (Analog + Digital)
A combination of computers those are capable of inputting and outputting in
both digital and analog signals. A hybrid computer system setup offers a cost
effective method of performing complex simulations

Micro computer also known as “Personal Computer” is a
digital computer
that works on a microprocessor.
• Desktop Computer: a personal or micro-mini computer
sufficient to fit on a desk.
• Laptop Computer: a portable computer complete with an
integrated screen and keyboard. It is generally smaller in
size than a desktop computer and larger than a notebook
computer.
• Palmtop Computer/Digital Diary /Notebook /PDAs: a
hand-sized computer. Palmtops have no keyboard but the
screen serves both as an input and output device.
Benefit – Small Size, Low Cost, Portable
1.3.4 On the basis of Size
1 – Micro Computer –

Mainframe –
A mainframe computer is a very large
Mainframe computer
capable of handling and
processing very large
amounts of data quickly.
They are used by large
institutions, such as
government agencies
and large corporations.
Benefit – Large
Memory

4 – Super Computer –
Super computer is the fastest and most expensive type of computer.
Super Computer Super computer specialize in high speed processing of data
applications that uses large amount of calculations use super computer.

History of Computers
The computer as we see it today is a result of extensive research and development through the decades. The brief
history of its evolution are outlined below. There are totally five computer generations known till date.
First generation: 1946-1959 [Vacuum tube based]: First-generation computers used vacuum tubes and values as their
basic electronic component. They were extremely large in size and electricity consuming. Some of the first-generation
computers are: ENIAC (electronic numerical integrator and calculator) – it was built in 1946 at the university of
PENNSYLVANIA, U S A by JOHN ECKERT and JOHN MAUCHLY.
Second generation: 1959-1965 [Transistor based]: In the generation of computers, transistors were used in place of
vacuum tubes. Transistors are more compact than vacuum tubes as they are made up of semiconductors. They are also
more durable than vacuum tubes. Its size was used smaller as compared to the first-generation computers and it was
used mostly for scientific purpose. IBM 1401- IT was used for was business application. CDC 3600- IT was used for
scientific purpose.
Third generation: 1965-1971 [Integrated Circuit based]: PDP – 8 -Developed by DEC in 1965. IBM- 360-
Developed by IBM in 1964. In the third generation of computers integrated circuits (ICs) began to be used. These ICs
were called chips. These ICs are more compact than a transistor. Single ICs has many transistors, registers and
capacitors. So the computer built of such components became smaller.
Forth generation: 1971-1980 [VLSI microprocessor based]: The computers of fourth generation used Very Large
Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements and their
associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation. Fourth generation
computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. In this generation time sharing, real time,
networks, distributed operating system were used. All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in
this generation. Some CRAY-X-MP (Super Computer) CRAY-1(Super Computer) PDP 11 STAR 1000 of the computers
developed during this period are DEC 10.
Fifth generation: 1980-onwards. [ULSI microprocessor based]: In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology became
ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology. All the high-level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used
in this generation.

Characteristics of Computer System
• SPEED: In general, no human being can compete to solving the
complex computation, faster than computer.
• ACCURACY: Since Computer is programmed, so whatever input
we give it gives result with accurately.
• STORAGE: Computer can store mass storage of data with
appropriate format.
• DILIGENCE: Computer can work for hours without any break
and creating error.
• VERSATILITY: We can use computer to perform completely
different type of work at the same time.
• POWER OF REMEMBERING: It can remember data for us.
• NO IQ: Computer does not work without instruction.
• NO FEELING: Computer does not have emotions, knowledge,
experience and feeling.

1.4.2 Basic applications of Computer
A computer has high speed of calculation, accuracy, reliability which made it an integrated part of our life
as well as business organizations. Computers are being used almost every walk of life.
Office Management: Almost every organization (business or non-business) are moving towards
making paper-less office so that computers are widely used today.
Internet: It is a network of computers in the world. You can browse through much more information than
you could do in a library. Through E-Mail you can communicate with a person sitting thousands of miles
away in seconds. There is chat software that enables one to chat with another person on a real time basis.
Video conferencing tools are becoming readily available to the common man.
Digital video or audio composition: Audio or video composition and editing have been made much
easier by computers. Graphics engineers can use computers to generate short or full length films.
Desktop publishing: With desktop publishing, you can create page layouts for books on your personal
computer.
Computers in Medicine: You can diagnose diseases. You can learn the cures. Software is used in
magnetic resonance imaging to examine the internal organs of the human body. Software is used for
performing surgery. Computers are used to store patient data.
Mathematical Calculations: Thanks to computers, which have computing speeds of over a million
calculations per second we can perform the biggest of mathematical calculations.
Banks: All financial transactions are done by computer software. They provide security, speed and
convenience.

Travel: One can book air tickets or railway tickets and make hotel reservations online. It
reduced the time wastage and travel time for everyone.
Examinations: We can give online exams and get instant results. You can check your
examination results online.
Telecommunications: Software is widely used here. Also all mobile phones have software
embedded in them for maintaining customer details and also sending message, audio and
video through the mobile software. Now a day’s internet is available in the mobile phone
itself.
Computers in Business: Shops and supermarkets use software, which calculate the bills.
Taxes can be calculated and paid online. Accounting is done using computers. One can
predict future trends of business using artificial intelligence software. Software is used in
major stock markets. One can do trading online. There are fully automated factories running
on software.
Certificates: Different types of certificates can be generated. It is very easy to create and
change layouts.
News: There are many websites through which you can read the latest or old news.
Robotics: Robots are controlled by software.
Aero planes: Pilots train on software, which simulates flying.
Weather analysis: Supercomputers are used to analyze and predict weather.

Examples – Pointing Devices, Light
Pen, Voice/Speech Input, Scanners, Bar
Code Reader, Optical Mark Recognition
(OMR) etc.
1.5.2 Memory Unit
The Memory Unit is the part of the
computer that holds data and
instructions for processing. Computer
memory capacity is expressed in terms
of Bytes. A group of 8 bits is called
byte. A byte is the smallest unit which
can represent a data item or a character.
Higher capacity of computer memory is
expressed as.
➢ 8 bits = 1 Byte
➢ Kilobyte (KB) 1 KB = 1024 Bytes
➢ Megabyte (MB) 1 MB = 1024 KB
➢ GigaByte (GB) 1 GB = 1024 MB
➢ TeraByte (TB) 1 TB = 1024 GB
➢ PetaByte (PB) 1 PB = 1024 TB

Computer system is made up of a number of components. These
are –
• Input unit
• Memory unit
• Central Processing unit
• Output unit
1.5.1 Input unit
Computer needs input to perform a particular task. Information or
data that is entered into the computer using input device is called
as input. Input device is the computer unit that sends data and set
of instructions to the computer system.
Examples – Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone, Camera
etc.
Other Input Devices
Components of Computer System

1.5.3. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
CPU stands for Central processing unit. It is also known as microprocessor or processor. A CPU is brain
of a computer. It is responsible for all functions and processes. Regarding computing power, the CPU is
the most important element of a computer system. The CPU is consisted of thin layers of thousands of
transistors. Each transistor receives a set of inputs and produces output.
The two typical components of a CPU include the following: Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
There is electronic circuitry in arithmetic logic unit which executes all arithmetic and logical operations.
Its function is obvious from its name. It performs arithmetic calculations like as addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division as well as comparisons. The unit can compare numbers, letters, or special
characters.
Control Unit(CU) There is circuitry in the control unit which uses electrical signals to instruct the
whole computer system for carrying out or executing, already stored program instructions. Its name
clearly shows that it controls and co-ordinates computer components.
1.5.4 Output Unit
The output unit is used to present soft and hardcopy of information. The VDU (Visual Display Unit or
Monitor), printer and speaker are common output units.
Keyboard, Mouse and VDU
To solve a problem it is necessary to give data and instructions to the Computer. This can be done
through input device. The keyboard is an example of an input device that accepts data and translates it
into electronic signals. Instructions and data can be entered in through it. Approx all commands to
software can be given from the keyboard.
a) Types of Keyboard

Thereare several types of keyboards that are
in use today.
1.101-KeyEnhancedKeyboard
2.102-KeyEnhancedKeyboard
3.104-KeyWindows Keyboard
4.Multimedia Keyboard
b) Keyboard Interface –
1.Wired
2.Wireless
c) Wired Interface–
Incase of wired interface, keyboards areconnected to a PC using the following connectors:
1.PS/2
2.USB
➢ Mouse-
Mouse is a pointing device which can be moved on a smooth surface to simulate the movement of cursorthat is desired on the
display screen. Themouseis not an alternative to t he keyboardfor entering data. Textand numbers still haveto bekeyedin,
but selection frommenus and drawings areeasier with a mouse. Thereare 2keys,3 keysand scrolling facilities available in
mouse.

a) Types ofMouse –
1.Mechanical Mouse
2.OpticalMouse
3.LaserBasedOpticalMouse
b) Mouse Interface–
1.Wired
2.Wireles
c) WiredInterface– 1. PS/2
2.USB
Incaseofwiredinterface,keyboardsareconnectedtoaPCusingthefollowingconnectors:
➢ VDU (VisualDisplayUnit)-
A VDUisa VisualDisplayUnit.Amonitorislikea televisionthatdisplaystextandgraphicson thescreen.Themonitoris anoutputdevice
thatdisplaysonthescreentheinformationthatisrequestedbytheuserfromthesystem.
Types of Monitors –Monitorsareclassifiedbasedon thetechnologythattheyuse todisplayimagessuch as:
1.CRT(CathodeRayTube)
2.LCD(LiquidCrystalDisplay)
3.TFT(Thin FilmTransistor)
4.Plasma

5. LED (Light Emitting Diode)
Other Output Devices- Output device receives information from the CPU and presents it to the user
in the desired from.Theoutput is usually produced in one of the two ways – on the display device, or on
paper (hard copy).Examples – Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), Printers, Plotters, Speakers etc..
1.5.5 Computer Memory
Computer memory is any physical device capable of storing information temporarily or permanently.
Computer memory is used for storing your files on the computer. Without computer memory, you
wouldn’t be able to save any files.
Types of Memory –
Memory can be divided into two types –
1. Volatile memory (Primary Memory) –
Volatile memory temporarily stores the data. It loses data as soon as the system supply is turned off.
2. Non-volatile memory (Secondary Memory).
Non-volatile memory stores data permanently. It does not lose the data even if the system supply is
turned off. There are several types of Secondary storage devices for computers.
These storage devices offer a wide range of storage options –

Floppy Disk – 1.44 MB
• CD (Compaqt Disk)- 700 MB
• DVD (Digital Video/Versatile Disk) – 4.7 GB
• BD (Blue-Ray-Disk) – 25 GB
• Hard Disk
• Pen Drive
• Memory Card
Further, memory is classified into physical memory.
• Physical Memory – Physical memory is the total amount of memory installed in the
computer. For example, if the computer has two 1GB Memory modules installed, it has a
total of 2GB of physical memory.
The different types of physical memory are:
• RAM – Stands for Random Access Memory. It temporarily stores the data and it is a volatile
memory. Once the system turns off, it loses the data. RAM is used as a temporary data
storage area.
Types of RAM- RAM is the main memory of the computer. It holds the data until the system
is turned off. Once the system is switched off, the data is lost. As a result, it is known as the
temporary data storage area. There are two types of RAM, Static RAM and Dynamic RAM.

1. SRAM – Static Random Access Memory
2. DRAM – Dynamic Random Access Memory o SDRAM –
Synchronous Dynamic RAM.
o RD RAM – Rambus Dynamic RAM
o DDR1 RAM – Double Data Rate 1st RAM
o DDR2 RAM – Double Data Rate 2nd RAM
o DDR3 RAM – Double Data Rate 3rd RAM

ROM – Stands for Read Only Memory. It stores the
data permanently and it is a non-volatile memory. It
does not lose the data even after the system turns off.
As a result, ROM is a permanent data storage area.
The different types of ROM are:
1. PROM – Programmable Read-Only Memory
2. EPROM – Erasable Programmable Read-Only
Memory
3. EEPROM/Flash ROM – Electrically Erasable
Programmable Read-Only Memory
4. Flash Memory –Flash memory is the high-density
device. It is a non-volatile memory. It is fast in reading
and writing data.

1.6 Concept of Hardware
and Software-
When we think of a computer, we
generally picture computer
hardware: the monitor, the
keyboard, and the electronic
circuitry contained within the
rectangular case. There is more to a
computer than this, however. The
missing element is software–the
instructions that tell the computer
how to operate the hardware. All
computers must have these two
components to function.
Flash ROM

1.6.1 Hardware
Hardware refers to the physical elements of a computer. This is also sometime called
the machinery or the equipment of the computer. Examples of hardware in a computer
are the keyboard, the monitor, the mouse and the processing unit.
However, most of a computer’s hardware cannot be seen; in other words, it is not an
external element of the computer, but rather an internal one, surrounded by the
computer’s casing.
A computer’s hardware is comprised of many different parts, but perhaps the most
important of these is the motherboard. The motherboard is made up of even more
parts that power and control the computer.
1.6.2 Software
Computer software is a set of instructions and documentation that tells a computer
what to do or how to perform a task that’s called Software. There are different types
of software depending on the requirement of user or Computers.
Software mainly falls into two general categories:
1.6.2.1 Application software
Applications software (also called end-user programs) include such things as
database programs, Word processors, Web Browsers and spread sheets.

Controls and adjust the Computer operations, and unifies all of the Computer
components into a functional and smooth running system. System software also
provides the Computer users with a means of gaining access to the system and its
resources. Operating system prepares the computer for use and also controls the
different devices attached to the computer. Operating system is the example of
system software.
A programming language is a set of commands, instructions, and other syntax use to
create a software program. Languages that programmers use to write code are called
“high-level languages.” This code can be compiled into a “low-level language.”
Symbols like <, >, ==, and != are common operators.
Examples –
• high-level languages include C++, Java, Perl, and PHP.
• Low-level languages include H.T.M.L., C etc.

THANKS FOR
WATCHING

THE BEGINNING IS THE MOST IMPORTANTPART
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Computar ppt by shehazad

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