Redeveloping Macchabhaudi Area for a Sustainable Future

TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS
DHARAN, SUNSARI
REDEVLOPMENT OF MACCHABHAUDI AREA ZONE 2
Submitted by:
Nirnaya Niraula (28)
Ramesh Majhi (32)
Riwash Upreti (33)
Sabin Katwal (36)
Shailoosh Pokharel (40)
Sunil Shrestha (43)
Design Studio VII (AR752)
Submitted to:
Ar. Kuber Shrestha
Ar. Pradip Pokhrel
Department of Architecture
Purwanchal Campus
Date: 07 Jan 2022

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REDEVELOPMENT OF MACHHABHAUDIAREA (ZONE2)
DECLARATION
We declare that this dissertation has not been previously accepted in substance for any degree
and it is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. We state that this
dissertation is the result of our own independent work/ investigation except otherwise stated. We
hereby give consent for our dissertation, if accepted, to be available for any kind of reproducing
and understand that any reference to or Quotation from our work will receive an
acknowledgement.
…………………………
NIRNAYA NIRAULA, RIWASH UPRETY
RAMESH MAJHI, SABIN KATWAL
SHAILOOSH POKHAREL, SUNIL SHRESTHA
2074 BATCH
B. Arch, IOE Purwanchal Campus.
APRIL, 2022

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our gratitude to all the professors and the teachers for providing us
valuable suggestions and assistance for the design developments in the project. Our special thanks
to our design supervisors Ar. Kuber Shrestha and Ar. Pradip Pokharel for their valuable guidance
throughout the project from initiation till the final presentation.
We would like to extend our sincere gratitude towards Ar. Shashi Kumar Mandal and Ar. Sanjaya
Maharjan for providing valuable suggestions in the design during various sessions.
We would like to thank all those who have helped us during the field visit and the case studies.
We would also like to thank the seniors and friends who have helped us during this period.
And mostly, the greatest thank goes to our family, parents and every other individual that helped
us in providing various information’s regarding this project.
…………………………
NIRNAYA NIRAULA, RIWASH UPRETY
RAMESH MAJHI, SABIN KATWAL
SHAILOOSH POKHAREL, SUNIL SHRESTHA
2074 BATCH
B. Arch, IOE Purwanchal Campus.
APRIL, 2022

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ABSTRACT
With the development of Architecture in the context of our country, there are still many sites
around the country which are still to be given special concern for their development and
promotion.
Due to lack of proper attention by local authority along with concerned community and respective
authorities the development that is going around such sites has been haphazard creating several
problems around the site.
Macchabhaudi beside carrying historical background from very long period have still been
unrecognized and not been able to specify its identity in local level. Due to all this the additional
features required for the development is not carried out and the existing structure are also on the
verge of deterioration.
Macchabhaudi as one of the site have the potential to be developed on different aspects to attract
different personnel. This project tends to carry out the study of the site and develop its overall
master plan including all the necessary infrastructures and services.

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Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................5
2 BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................6-11
3 CONTEXT OF OUR PROJECT ............................................................................11-12
4 PROBLEM STATEMENT..........................................................................................13
5 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT .............................................................................13
6 JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT........................................................................14
7 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................15-18
8 SCOPE AND LIMITATION.......................................................................................19
9 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................20-48
10 CASE STUDIES.....................................................................................................49-56
11 BRIEF CASE STUDY ...........................................................................................57-61
12 SITE ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................62-71
13 PROGRAM FORMULATION ...................................................................................72
14 DESIGN APPROACH ................................................................................................73
15 ZONING......................................................................................................................74
16 DESIGN CONCEPT ..............................................................................................75-76
17 CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION ..............................................................77
18 REFRENCES................................................................................................................78

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1. INTRODUCTION
Redevelopment means re-using and improving real estate in a neighborhood or city by adding or
rehabilitating buildings, making more marketable properties. Often the term is used when
something ugly or outmoded is demolished or at least substantially reconfigured to make way for
the new. Redevelopment is not just constructing buildings; it ensures that residents of a
community are empowered to improve their quality of life and environment as a result of sound
planning practices. Redevelopment is typically perceived as the physical placement and
regulation of land uses and structures. However, redevelopment goals should also incorporate
other aspects of community development such as design, preservation of historic assets, public
spaces, and promotion of environmental justice, environmental remediation and even issues that
enhance the level of social services provided to neighborhood residents.
Urban redevelopment involves the relocation of businesses, the demolition of structures, the
relocation of people, and the use of eminent domain (government purchase of property for public
purpose) as a legal instrument to take private property for city-initiated development projects.
This process is also carried out in rural areas, referred to as village renewal, though it may not be
exactly the same in practice (Chigbu, 2012). In some cases, redevelopment may result in urban
sprawl and less congestion when areas of cities receive freeways and expressways. (Lobbia,
1999). Urban redevelopment has been seen by proponents as an economic engine and a reform
mechanism, and by critics as a mechanism for control. It may enhance existing communities, and
in some case result in the demolition of neighborhoods.
Many cities link the revitalization of the central business district and gentrification of residential
neighborhoods to earlier urban renewal programs. Over time, urban renewal evolved into a policy
based less on destruction and more on renovation and investment, and today is an integral part of
many local governments, often combined with small and big business incentives.

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2. BACKGROUND
Modern attempts at renewal began in the late
19th century in developed nations, and
experienced an intense phase in the late 1940s
under the rubric of reconstruction. The process
has had a major impact on many urban
landscapes and has played an important role in
the history and demographics of cities around
the world.
The concept of urban renewal as a method for social reform emerged in England as a reaction to
the increasingly cramped and unsanitary conditions of the urban poor in the rapidly industrializing
cities of the 19th century. The agenda that emerged was a progressive doctrine that assumed better
housing conditions would reform its residents morally and economically. Another style of reform
– imposed by the state for reasons of aesthetics and efficiency – could be said to have begun in
1853, with the recruitment of Baron Haussmann by Napoleon III for the redevelopment of Paris.
(Wikipedia)
In the 20th and 21st centuries, the practice of urban regeneration is normally completed with one
(or more) of three goals, economic renewal, social/cultural renewal, or environmental
renewal. Many cities link the revitalization of the central business district and gentrification of
residential neighborhoods to earlier urban renewal programs. The goal of urban renewal evolved
into a policy based less on destruction and more on renovation and investment, and today is an
integral part of many local governments, often combined with small and big business incentives.
The aims of which is:
 Tackling barriers to economic growth
 Decreasing the level of unemployment
 Increasing the level of attractiveness for both local residents and investors
 Increasing residents satisfaction in where they live
 Creating opportunities for deprived communities
 Unlocking potential in deprived areas
FIG 1: MelbourneDockland urban renewalproject

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URBAN RENEWAL IN DIFFERENT COUNTIRES
Argentina
A project named Puerto Madero in Buenos Aires, transformed a large disused dock into a
new luxury residential and commercial district.
In Buenos Aires, Argentina, Puerto Madero is a
known example of an urban renewal project. In the
1990s, the Argentine government decided to build
a new residential and commercial district to
replace city's old port and docks. More than 50
skyscrapers have been built in the last 20 years.
Puerto Madero is now Buenos Aires' most
expensive and exclusive neighborhood.
Brazil
In Rio de Janeiro, the Porto Maravilha is a large-scale urban waterfront revitalization project,
which covers a centrally located five million square meter area. The project aims to redevelop the
port area, increasing the city center attractiveness as a whole and enhancing the city's
competitiveness in the global economy. The urban renovation involves 700 km of public
networks for water supply, sanitation, drainage, electricity, gas and telecom; 5 km of tunnels;
70 km of roads; 650 km2 of sidewalks; 17 km of bike path; 15.000 trees; and 3 plants for
sanitation treatment.
United Kingdom
Part of Charles Booth's colour-coded poverty map, showing Westminster in 1889 – a pioneering
social study of poverty that shocked the population.From the 1850s onwards, the terrible
conditions of the urban poor in the slums of London began to attract the attention of social
reformers and philanthropists, who began a movement for social housing. The first area to be
targeted was the notorious slum called the Devil's Acre near Westminster. This new movement
was largely funded by George Peabody and the Peabody Trust and had a lasting impact on the
urban character of Westminster.
Slum clearance began with the Rochester Buildings, on the corner of Old Pye Street and Perkin's
Rent, which were built in 1862 by the merchant William Gibbs. They are one of the earliest large-
scale philanthropic housing developments in London. The Rochester Buildings were sold to the
FIG 2:

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Peabody Trust in 1877 and later become known as Blocks A to D of the Old Perkin's Rents
Estate. Angela Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts funded an experimental social
housing estate, among the first of its kind, on the corner of Columbia Road and Old Pye Street
(now demolished). In 1869, the Peabody Trust built one of its first housing estates at Brewer's
Green, between Victoria Street and St. James's Park. What remained of the Devil's Acre on the
other side of Victoria Street was cleared and further Peabody estates were built after the Cross
Act of 1875.
In 1882, the Peabody Trust built the Abbey Orchard Estate on former marshland at the corner of
Old Pye Street and Abbey Orchard Street. Like many of the social housing estates, the Abbey
Orchard Estate was built following the square plan concept. Blocks of flats were built around a
courtyard, creating a semi-private space within the estate functioning as recreation area. The
courtyards were meant to create a community atmosphere and the blocks of flats were designed
to allow sunlight into the courtyards. The blocks of flats were built using high-quality brickwork
and included architectural features such as lettering, glazing, fixtures and fittings. The estates
built in the area at the time were considered model dwellings and included shared laundry and
sanitary facilities, innovative at the time, and fireplaces in some bedrooms. The design was
subsequently repeated in numerous other housing estates in London. (Wikipedia, 2022)
IN CONTEXT OF NEPAL:
Bhaktapur Development Project, Nepal
Bhaktapur Development Project (BDP) is probably the most famous and referenced urban
renewal project in Nepal as well as in this region. This project had laid the foundation of the trend
and practice of urban renewal and community development program in Nepal which is still
continuing. This project started in 1974 and continued until 1985 and was carried out jointly by
the His Majesty’s Government (HMG) in Nepal and Government of the Federal Republic of
Germany (FRG). Haaland (1982) and Kleinert (1977) provide a brief of the project background
and different aspects of different phases of the project.
The BPD was initiated on the success of a restoration project which was a wedding gift from the
Government of FRG to the wedding ceremony of the Crown Prince (Amatya).The restoration of
the Pujari Math in Bhaktapur which was completed in May, 1972 with assistance of the
Department of Archeology, HMG of Nepal. Following the success of this restoration, the HMG
of Nepal decided to carry out an Urban Renewal and Development Project in Bhaktapur in
cooperation with Government of FRG. Kleinert (1977) describes the objectives of the project as
three folded, such as follows

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 Preservation and development of the city’s rich religious and architectural monuments as
well as its unique character of an almost untouched medieval Newar town. Instead of the
idea of preserving a museum town, preservation of objects with specific value and
simultaneously preparation of the city’s necessary evolution of the economic and social
structure has to be regarded as the only adequate way to balance economic and social
development.
 Improvement of the water supply, sewerage and general hygienic conditions for the
wellbeing of the individuals and households as well as the improvement of the conditions
of general and economic development.
 Promotion of the city’s economic activities.
 The entire project was carried out in three phases, but the aim was always to improve the
living conditions of the people in Bhaktapur.
Different phases are described here very briefly.
The first phase: 1974-76
The first phase concreted on conservation and preservation aiming not only to restore individual
monuments, but also to areas of architectural value such as roads and squares. Beside renovation,
reasonable future use of the restored buildings to safeguard proper maintenance had to be
identified. A large number of public and semi-public buildings have been restored by this project,
such as Chikanpha Math, Pulanchota Math, Jangam Pati, Sithu Math Dattatreya Temple,
Bhimdyo Temple, Tschiba Stupa, Laxmi Narayan Temple etc. (Kleinert, 1977). Besides building
renovation, house plinths, open wells called Hiti and ponds called Pokhari were also renewed to
preserve the uniqueness of the Newar town.
The local people were trained and employed in the restoration works which provided employment
for the city. There was initiative to involve the city people in the decision making process in the
beginning through forming several groups and arranging meetings to discuss how works should
be carried out in certain areas. Haaland (1982) argues that this communications had a positive
effect and afterwards as these meetings discontinued people felt alienated. Consequently, this
lack of involvement of the city people in the planning and decision making process proved to
cause problems in the second phase which had to be addressed.
The second phase: 1976-79
During this phase, infrastructures works continued. The existing water supply and sewerage
system was badly damaged by several earthquakes and the poor hygienic condition of the town
made the urgency clear for restoring the sewerage and water supply system. By the end of this

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phase almost 40% of the town had been covered by sewers, water supply system and paved
streets. In addition, two major planning documents were finalized, the Bhaktapur Town
Development Plan and Land Use Plan. The project trained and employed the locals for the
infrastructure works and those people, being quite practical, did not want the project to end, as it
was set for 1979, with a fear to lose their income. Project proposal and main planning for this
phase was prepared by short termed German consultants, it was increasingly being clear that the
targets they set were unrealistic for the local context. Also an important target of this phase to
transfer the responsibilities to the Nepali experts did not happen for various reasons. The
consequent reluctance from the local population as well as the experts made the BDP to
reformulate the strategy and make adaptation to deal with such problems.
Changes were made to lead a carry-over phase in 1979-80. This phase was primarily aimed to fill
the gap between the BDP and the local people as well as within the BDP. It was done by forming
a task force with BDP staffs and Nepali professionals from various institutions that are involved
in the BDP. A set of sector papers, prepared by the task force laid the foundation of the third
phase and helped the BDP to change its idea according to the local context and requirements.
The third phase: 1980-83 (85)
This phase concentrated in transferring the responsibility to the local experts as well as making
the local community involved in the process and economic promotion. Instead of programmed
goal of physical development, the goal was also concentrated towards developing human
resources for economic promotion as poverty was identified the main problem in Bhaktapur.
Economic promotion was reinforced from six levels,
1. Training local consultants for assisting existing small businesses.
2. Training entrepreneurs to establish new industries.
3. Creating a credit fund for the entrepreneurs.
4. Craft training for artisans.
5. Provision of industrial space.
6. Developing appropriate technologies.
Establishment of a Handicraft Center, encouraging existing tourism by restored restaurants and
promoting business those are attractive for the tourists, supporting the local pottery artisans to

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improve their techniques etc. are direct outcome of this phase. Infrastructure work from the
previous phase continued and completed.
Warlow and Prajapati (2008) conclude that the BDP has paved the way for modern Bhaktapur
while preserving the living historical urban environment with intervention in the following
sectors
• Restoration and preservation of historic and religious monuments • Water supply and sewerage
• Schools
• Basic urban social infrastructure • Health education
• Community development • Economic promotion
• Land development and housing
3. CONTEXT OF OUR PROJECT
Dharan is a sub-metropolitan city in
Sunsari District of Province No. 1,
Nepal, which was established as a
fourth municipality in the Kingdom in
1958. Dharan is the location of the
former Vijayapur, the seat of a historical
Koch kingdom, which was later used by
the Sen Kings of Makwanpur. Dharan is situated on the foothills of the Mahabharat Range in the
north with its southern tip touching the edge of the Terai region at an altitude that varies from
119m to 1,778m. The total area of Dharan is 192.32 km2. The Koshi highway runs through the
heart ofthe city which also connects the major cities like Biratnagar, Itahari as well as
Dhankuta. The population of Dharan is 1, 37,705 and the climate is moderate. Dharan is packed
with major landmarks like Budha Subba, Dantakali temple, Dharan Bhanu square, Chindey
Danda, etc.
Our site lies inside the boundary of ward no.3 which has a total area of 0.131 sq. km. and a
population of 4661. People with a variety of ethnic group live here and the language spoken in
this area consist of Nepali, Newari, and Tamang.
FIG 3: Location Map

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FIG 4: Site Location Map

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4. PROBLEM STATEMENT
The most obvious threat to future confidence and prosperity of the Macchabhaudi area is traffic
congestion. Some of the area in the site have grown up around junction of two or more main
traffic main routes. With the vast increase in commercial road transport and private bikecar
ownership the result is intolerable. The narrow road with high traffic flow has also impacted the
pedestrians and there is obviously lake of footpath. The area cannot survive unless it is rescued
from these conditions and adapted to motor age.
There are some areasstructures which are old and not properly planned which is creating
problems in living condition. These areas need room to grow but they can seldom do so without
far reaching changes in the existing pattern. So degrees of intervention should to done in order to
create good living condition.
There are around 60% open spaces inside site but they are scattered without proper accessibility.
The lack of open spaces is also creating problems in daily activities like absence of playing
grounds for children, gathering areas for adults, insufficient spaces for jatras/festivals. The
activities are mainly seen in road. The connecting paths or gullies are also not planned properly
and are mostly finishing in dead ends.
The site has old shops which become unsuitable for modern retailing methods. The site need
rebuilding of commercial buildings which is essential or at least an economic proposition, long
before the structure itself is worn out.
5. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
 To improve the built environment by replacing old, run-down or under-utilized areas of
site with new developments which are properly planned and, where appropriate,
provided with adequate transport and other infrastructure and community facilities.
 To provide better facilities for living by establishing properly planned open plazas
and open spaces in unmanaged scattered open areas inside site.
 To achieve better utilization of land in the dilapidated areas to meet various
development needs.
 To uplift the economic status of people of the place by providing well facilitated
commercial areas.

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6. JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT
Since the Machhavaudi area has gone from being one of the central business districts to a
transition zone. The site has been in a constant mode in terms of development compared to the
other parts of the city which are rapidly growing. The improper management of infrastructures
has resulted in traffic congestion. Having all kinds of social, historical, religious, and
economic backgrounds in the site leads to rethinking of the urban space into making a more
vibrant and engaging environment, which defines and proves the objectives of the project.
As evidence from Figure (A) we can say that our site has around 60 % open spaces but they are
scattered and are not easily accessible. The decrement of open spaces has led to less and less
availability of social and cultural interactive spaces. So, rethinking in this aspect is necessary in
our site.
The width of must busiest Sadan Road is only 36 ft which is not sufficient in comparison with
traffic flow in that road. Nearly 70 Four wheelers, 195 two-wheeler and 125 temposafari runs
in that road at peak hour. There is also no footpath for pedestrians. The drainage along road is
also not properly managed and is creating sense of unhygienic environment. Other Roads are
also very congested and they need redevelopment.
FIG 5: Open Space Ratio in Site

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7. METHODOLOGY
The process of the redevelopment is started with a discussion of the project. Site visit and data
collection is done side by side where primary data is collected directly from the site using
processes like survey, interview, photographs, etc.whereas secondary data is collected from the
data existing on the internet and some handout copies provided by different authorities who are
directly related to the site area. The objectives from the site study are a reference for the data to
be collected in literature and case studies. The site analysis will be conducted after which the
redevelopment project will go through the process of the conceptual design phase, design
development andat last the final output will be obtained.
Selection of the Topic:
At first the selection of the respected topic must be done. Because its fix up a certain idea of
certain aspect. Be aware that selecting a good topic may not be easy. It must be narrow and
focused enough to be interesting, yet broad enough to find adequate information.
Determination of the Study Area:
After selection of the topic, study area is selected. Because it not only fixes up the
identification but also give a bas map idea of a certain area.
Literature Review:
Literature review means the proper destination, goal and aspect to reach a meaningful
destination. Actually, it formulated the significance of the definite goal and accessibility of a
certain matter. That is why in order to performing a definite plan or framework everyone
should go through o moderate literature review.
Field Investigation:
For the fieldwork of the study some discussions are usually held with concerned teacher
regarding the working procedure. It is also discussed here how to conduct the study. In order to
achieve fruitful results, it is better to conduct any study considering some questions.
This study tries to answer the following questions.
A. What are the land use patterns of this area?
B. What is the socio-economic condition of this area?
C. What are the government development programs in this area?
D. What is the NGO development programs in this area?

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Questionnaire Preparation:
To conduct this survey a questionnaire is prepared in a systematic way. This questionnaire
helps to collect all the required information about the study area.
Questions were set in a manner of socio-economic condition and existing land use pattern of
the study area. The survey questionnaire covered the following aspects:
• General information about dwellers.
• Socio-economic information including household income level, household expenditure,
house type, source of drinking water.
• Information about migration, sanitation, health, religion of the dwellers.
• Information on resources of family, environment of the area, soil quality.
• Finally, information of the existing land use pattern and land use change.
Data collection:
Without data it is impossible to conduct any study, proper data can help to reach the goal and
gain the main objectives of the study. We used two sources of data in this study. We can
classify them as primary data and secondary data.
• Primary data
• Secondary data
Primary Data Collection:
Primary data was the basic elements of the study. Primary data and information are usually
collected by:
• Reconnaissance survey
• Questionnaire survey for property owner of the study area.
• Plot to plot land use survey Case studies.

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Secondary Data Collection:
Secondary data collection means collecting the data not directly rather which was already
gathered by some means. Through secondary data one can have the basic idea of representing
the data in computerized method. For better study we can some secondary sources.
• There are different types of literature has been reviewed that is related with the selected
topics such as- Socio-economic condition survey on ”
• Secondary data includes various books, research works, journals, newspapers, magazines
etc.
• IUDP for Dharan helps us to collect the Socio-Economic data of this village.
• Land use and Land value of Dharan helped us to collect data required.
Data Analysis:
After collecting, the primary and secondary data we have perform the data analysis progress.
Here data analysis means comparing the data that is existing or that is going to be proposed.
The educational prospect, commercial view, residential state, population situation, road
circulation, educational point of view etc. are thoroughly analyzed by having some definite
process or method.
Existing Situation:
Having analyzed the data, lacking and the existing venerable condition must be located. It
actually fixes up which area has to be reformed and redeveloped.
New ideas:
When all of the respected jobs are finished the new ideas of proposed plan must be presented.
But the new ideas should be conceptual and meaningful which can be done without any
hindrance and hesitation.

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INITIAL LITERATURE AND CASE STUDY
SITE VISIT AND ANLYSIS
COLLECTION OF DATA THROUGH
INTERVIEW, QUESTIONAIRE AND
OBSERVATION
DATA ANALYSIS
CONCEPTUALIZATION AND PROGRAM
FORMULATION
PROJECT UNDERSTANDING
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
FINAL DESIGN
LITERATURE AND CASE STUDY
SITE VISIT AND ANLYSIS
FIG 6: Methodology Chart

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8. SCOPE AND LIMITATION
The study will focus on the re-location, revitalization, and regeneration of any elements that will
fall inside the boundary of the site. Necessary changes may also be done to the adjacent structures
like residences, markets, and unmanaged open spaces etc. The study is mainly focused on the
socio-economic, physical, behavioral, environmental, and cultural aspects of the area. Necessary
participation of different kinds of people of the area could be taken into consideration during the
design phase to get a more participatory method of design.
Some of data which are collected are tentative. The upper floor plans of almost all the building
are unknown so our project could not consider those things in design phase. And also, our project
is subjected to finish in and around 6 months’ time, so we could not find all data like floor plan
of each existing building, and also we cannot cover every aspect of this project such as Estimating
&Valuation, DPR etc.

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9. LITERATURE REVIEWS
REDEVELOPMENT
The dictionary meaning of redevelopment is “re-plan or redevelop (an area of the land or
building) in a different way.” Redevelopment is the reconstruction, re-use or change in use of any
developed property including, but not limited to any increase in the intensity of use of already
developed land, such as an increase in the number of dwelling units in a structures or change to
a commercial or industrial use from a less intensive use, enlargement of the structure, addition to
useable interior floor area within residential, commercial and industrial buildings and conversion
of seasonal use or dwelling to year-round use. Here redevelopment means improvement of the
site without destroying its authenticity and addressing various aspects and enhancing the
important ones.
BENEFITS OF REDEVELOPMENT
a) Brings existing properties and new development throughout the community to the highest
and best use.
b) Improves the community’s image and its economic and social conditions.
IMPORTANCE OF URBAN REDEVELOPMENT:
Importance for the Community:
a. Creates new local jobs – temporary and permanent – and keeps earnings local.
b. Establishes an environment that fosters growth in new businesses.
c. Promotes the introduction of new housing products, and offers resources for
reinvestment in established neighborhoods.
d. Eliminates hazards and conditions that undermine the integrity and safety of the
community.
e. Stems the decline of property values and correspondingly the revenues of the
municipality and other taxing entities.
f. Provides upgraded and needed infrastructure for future growth.
g. Supports local historic preservation efforts.
Importance for the Local Government:
a. Increases tax revenues from new businesses, consumer purchases and property taxes.
b. Keeps sales tax dollars local for use within the urban renewal area or community at-large.
c. Only method of financing capital improvements that does not require an increase in taxes.
d. Contains costs associated with the provision of government services by using existing
infrastructure in a more fiscally-responsible way.

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e. Encourages in-fill rather than fringe development, resulting in a more efficient use of land
and lower municipal capital costs.
f. More effectively leverages transit improvements, correspondingly lowers regional
infrastructure cost.
g. Identifies capital improvements needed to stabilize existing areas and encourage
reinvestment.
h. Makes development within municipalities more cost-effective than sprawl development
outside.
NEED OF REDEVELOPMENT
Congestion
The most obvious threat to future confidence and prosperity of a town is traffic congestion.
Most of the area in a town have grown up around junction of two or more main traffic main
routes. This means that all areas traffic crowd into central area. With the vast increase in
commercial road transport and private car ownership the result is intolerable. The area cannot
survive unless it is rescued from these conditions and adapted to motor age.
Constriction
Some areas which are usually the oldest part of the town. These areas need room to grow but
they can seldom do so without far reaching changes in the existing pattern
Obsolescence
Nowadays rebuilding of commercial buildings become essential or at least an economic
proposition, long before the structure itself is worn out. Old shops become unsuitable for
modern retailing methods. Old office building cannot be adopted to modern business methods.
The components of old town center become outgrown and out of date.
(SOURCE: A report on Urban Redevelopment, Md Abdul Kader, 2017,
https://www.academia.edu/32829879/Urban_Redevelopment)

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TYPES OF REDEVELOPMENTS
Construction
When a building is no longer in use or doesn’t add to the strength of the community’s real
estate market, demolishing the existing building and constructing a new one can allow the
community to adapt to a changing market.
Rehabilitation
A current building can be renovated or improved upon in a manner that bolsters the property
value and aligns the building with market trends. The process of returning components of the
built environment to a state of utility through repair or alteration and the replacement of most
existing infrastructure with new infrastructure.
Relocation
To re-build in new and appropriate area of need.
Greenfield
Greenfield advancement addresses the "development" type of metropolitan development. They
are additionally preferred where there is a craving for a noticeable, huge scope "project", as
huge packages of land are ordinarily more straightforward to merge. Great access and public
travel are fundamental, as are local area offices, markets and nearby monetary advancement
openings especially on the side of lower-pay gatherings. Land the board and making
arrangements for Greenfield advancements should choose the most suitable grounds and stay
away from loss of useful agrarian or other esteemed normal legacy resources.
Infill
Infill housing refers to the act of adding properties to a site that currently contains a certain
number of buildings, which improves the value of the community. Infilling on vacant or
underutilized lands within the existing built-up urban areas is an effective approach to
maximizing the use of existing infrastructure (including transport), avoiding urban sprawl,
reducing transportation needs, and of allowing people to reside or remain in close proximity to
employment opportunities and existing social amenities. Infill development supports compact
urban development and can improve accessibility. At the same time, infill development may
encounter more complex land ownership and management issues depending on the situation
and history of the land. At the micro economic level - that of the individual project - a small

23
infill project may appear more expensive due to land costs, no benefits of scale, and perhaps the
need for greater creativity and a higher level of project management. However, at the macro-
economic level - that of the city as a whole and the long-term of a family's residency - it may be
far more affordable due to saved loss of agricultural land, lower daily transportation costs,
savings on infrastructure, increased local market for commerce due to higher density, etc.
Brown Field
There are times when vacant land is available in areas where industrial yards once existed,
which means that the soil may be contaminated. Redevelopment projects are able to clean up
the area before performing new construction that will automatically increase the market value
of the site.
(SOURCE: Defining the redevelopment process, Jason Somers, 2020,
https://www.crestrealestate.com/redevelopment-process)
REDEVELOPMENT TOOLS
LAND POOLING AND RECONSTITUTION (LPR)
Part of land is taken from each plot for provision of infrastructure and public facilities and the
rest returned to the original land owners.
Town Planning Schemes (TPS)
Provides collaborative means of undertaking and financing land development without the need
for compulsory land acquisition, but with the involvement of land owners. At the same time, it
helps to provide serviced plots in orderly layouts to accommodate urban expansion. Cost for
FIG 7: LR Process

24
provision of infrastructure is recovered through contributions from land owners. The
entitlement of the land owners to the profits and benefits of the scheme. Self-financing, local
authority can secure lands free of cost for public purposes and housing.
Ownership dispute over a single land parcel could hold up the entire scheme.
Land readjustment / pooling
Process whereby a public authority assembles numerous small parcels of raw land without
paying compensation to the owners.
Guided Urban Development
Aims to secure a limited availability of urban land for economically weaker sections.
• Ensure provision of serviced plots for low-income families at affordable prices (approximately
75% of total plots to be reserved for EWS / LIG); and
• Provide incentives to the land owner / private developer to participate in the provision of low-
income shelter by guaranteeing fair return on investments (profit of 20-30%).
Joint Development Model
Certain planned areas are designated to allow private developers to assemble parcels of land. It
provides for the licensing of private developers to purchase land directly from land owners and
develop such lands for residential purpose according to the conditions, which include: •
Reservation of 20% of the developed residential plots for EWS and LIG category and their
allotment as per prices and norms. Sale of another 25% plots on no profit no loss basis; and
Remaining 55% plots to be priced and sold directly by the developer. Initially, the model started
with the plotted development, but over time it has shifted to apartments.
(SOURCE: International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 7,
July-2014 ISSN 2229-5518)
Nepal Land Acquisition Act, Town Development Act 1976 and 1988 Land Plotting
NEED FOR CONSERVATION AND REGENERATION
Some of the veteran’s opinions regarding the need of conservation and regeneration are: (Cozen
1966) expresses, the inner city is past which provides the guide to the future. He sees the

25
townscape as the stage upon which society live and works, learning and working within the
frame-work provided by the predecessors.
Historic buildings are as important for the symbolism as for their architectural qualities and these
provide reference for the present and future (Smith, 1947). In his opinion the successful
integration of old and new architecture adds life to the urban environment and is part of the
historic progression, which crested the intended to conserve. (Samuel, 1994) seems to be strongly
supportive of the growth of the conservation and regeneration of heritage. He argues that the
maintenance of the identity of a conservation area makes use of traditional local skill for
craftsman. (Cantle, 1957) explains the conservation areas ass resources. He has tried to establish
a relation with conservation areas to be economy means of tourism.
INTERVENTION
“Intervention” impels any action or operation carried out physically with the help of external
agents to preserve, restore or maintain the original condition of monument. Interventions
practically always involve some loss of “value” in cultural property, but are justified in order to
preserve the objects for the future. (Source: “Introduction to Conservation” by B.M Feilden,
1978) Conservation carries a wider meaning and embraces the various kinds of treatment that are
given to any monument to lengthen its life. They could be prevention of Deterioration,
Preservation, Consolidation, Restoration, Reproduction, Reevaluation, Anastylosis, Renovation
and Integration-Status quo ante as well as conjectural. These are called Intervention and are
known as the prescriptions that are meted out to a certain ailing monuments. The spinal concept
of conservation is to retain the originality of the monument to the greatest possible extent.
Interventions should:
• Be reversible if technically possible or
• At least not prejudice a future intervention whenever this may become necessary
• Allow the maximum amount of existing material to be retained
• Not hinder the possibility of later access to all evidences incorporated in the object
• Be harmonious in color, tone, texture, form and scale, if additions are necessary, but should be
less noticeable than the original material, while at the same time being identifiable.
• Not be undertaken by conservation /restores that are insufficiently trained or experienced,
unless they obtain competent advice. However, it must be recognized that some problems are
unique and have to be solved from first principles on a trial and error basis. (Feilden)
A. Prevention of Deterioration

26
Preservation entails protecting cultural property by controlling its environment, thus preventing
agents of decay and damage from becoming active. Neglect must also be prevented. Prevention
includes control of humidity, temperature and light, as well as measures to prevent fire, arson,
theft and vandalism. In the industrial or urban environment, it includes measures to reduce
atmospheric pollution, traffic vibrations and ground subsidence due to many causes, particularly
abstraction of water.
B. Preservation
Preservation deals directly with cultural property. Its objective is to keep it in the same state.
Damage and destruction caused by humidity, chemical agents, and all types, parts and micro –
organisms must be stopped in order to preserve the object or structure.
C. Consolidation
Consolidation is the physical addition or application of adhesive or supportive materials into the
actual fabric of cultural property in order to ensure its continued durability or structural integrity.
D. Restoration
In general restoration is an operation whereby a cultural property is restored to its normal, static
and functional condition. The objective of restoration is to revive the original concept or legibility
of the object. Replacement of missing or decayed parts must integrate harmoniously with the
“whole”, but must be distinguishable on close inspection from the original so that the restoration
does not falsify artistic or historical evidence.
E. Reproduction
Reproduction entails copying an exact artifact, often in order to replace some missing or decayed,
generally decorative parts to maintain its aesthetic harmony. If valuable cultural property is being
damaged irretrievably or it’s threatened by its environment, it may have to be moved to a more
suitable environment. A reproduction is thus often substituted in order to maintain the unity of a
site or building.
F. Reintegration
This is a special process of restoration whereby the intervention brings about quantitative and
qualities change in the volume of the building. The aim of the operation is to reestablish and
preserve the expressive meaning of the object. It seeks the liberation of true form. In this process
the object has to be approached both critically and creatively. A critical approach is essential to
maintain a respectful attitude towards the work as in its current state. A creative approach is
necessary to seek direct intervention to bring about a positive change in the form and increase the
value of the object. A critical approach to reintegration should base itself on valid documents
(plus photographs and or existing material remains) and stop where hypothesis begins.

27
G. Anastylosis
Anastylosis is the rebuilding of a fragrant monument by reassembling its elements or
reconstruction of buildings by plus together the existing materials in original position.
H. Conjectural Restoration
This is a term which is used to denote restoration of an entire edifices significant part of it without
any authentic basis. Conjectural restoration should be avoided.
I. Visual Analysis
Buildings and other built forms in the environment are the major factors to be considered in
conservation. Preserving the building it is not the key point rather its environment along with
visual correction is also important. Some of important factors to be considered in visual
consideration while setting guidelines for conservation are
• From a distance equal to the height of the building, one can see the detail of the building.
• From twice as far the whole object as a composition comes in to the view along with few details.
• From thrice as far, it is seen as on object against the backdrop of other objects.
• From four times as far the building merely appears as a forward edge.

28
URBAN PLANNING
Urban Planning is a dynamic and multi-faceted process that achieve the‘ correct’ planning
result Urban Planning takes into consideration the combination of environmental ( healthy
water/ sanitation and flexible locales), social (inclusive casing, and social amenities), artistic
(locally respectable), profitable ( close propinquity to formal/ informal employment
openings), fiscal ( public and private coffers), institutional ( programs/ regulations and
capacity) and physical factors ( land and structure). The crucial point is that Urban Planning,
is the frame for affordable casing. It must integrate a wide sampling of sectors to insure a
holistic, flexible and sustainable civic form that will affect in safe, healthy, respectable,
locally applicable and implementable communities
Urban planning component:
NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT:
The neighborhood unit plan in brief is effort to create a residential neighborhood to meet the
needs of family life in a unit related to the larger whole but possessing a distinct entity by
Clarence Perry.
FIG 8: Sustainable Development
Chart

29
Principle:
Size:
A residential unit development should provide housing for
that population for which one elementary school is
ordinarily required, its actual area depending upon
population density
Boundaries:
The unit should be bounded on all sides by arterial streets, sufficiently wide to facilitate
its bypassing by all through traffic
Open spaces:
A system of small parks and recreations spaces should be provided, planned to meet the
needs of the particular neighborhood.
Institution sites:
Sites for the school and other institutions having service spheres coinciding with the
limits of the unit should be suitably grouped about a central point, or common area.
Local shops:
One or more shopping districts, adequate for the population to be served, should be laid
out in the circumference of the unit, preferably at traffic junctions and adjacent to
similar districts of adjoining neighborhoood.
Internal street system:
The unit should be provided with a special street system, each highway being
proportioned to its probable traffic load, and the street net as a whole being designed to
facilitate circulation within the unit and to discourage its use by through traffic.
Characteristics:
 A child need not cross traffic streets on the way to school.
 Centrally located elementary school and commercial shops at peripheral area
which will be within easy walking distance, no more than 1.5 mile.
 Convenient transportation to and from the workplace.
FIG 9: Neighborhood unit plan

30
 Scattered neighborhood parks and playgrounds to comprise about 10% of the
whole area.
 A residential environment with harmonious architecture, careful planting,
centrally located community buildings.
 Special internal street system with deflection of all through traffic preferably
on thorough areas which bound and clearly set off neighborhood.
NEW URBANISM:
New urbanism is an urban design movement which promotes a mixed used development with
environmentally friendly walkable neighborhood. New urbanism simply means tree-lined streets,
porch-front houses, and main street retail.
Characteristics:
 Mixed used building
 Connection between people and places, urban form, nature, built fabric.
 Encourages natural and eco-friendly modes of transportation and technologies
other than gas-guzzling vehicles like public transportation, bicycle unit and
walking.
FIG 10: New Urbanism Plan
FIG 11: Mixed Housing
FIG 12: Urban area with vegetation

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URBAN ACUPUNCTURE:
The strategy of urban acupuncture is linked to trends in sustainable development, beginning
from the principle of restructuring a city's energy—environmentally, socially and
economically—through simplest interventions. The aim is to preserve natural resources and
raise the quality of residents' lives in the midst of technological progress and population
expansion that has produced cities suffering from social and environmental problems and
challenges.
Principles of Urban Acupuncture:
 Determination of the sensitive point-as in therapeutic acupuncture, the location of
the sensitive point is the first step in the strategic treatment of the urban skin.
 Scenario-we need a scenario for the city, the state and the country. Good scenarios
will create commitment from the population.
 Quick act -conventional planning processes take a long time, therefore having a
‘spark’, which brings process into motion. It opens the doors for flexibility and
changeability.
 Participation- urban acupuncture challenges the traditional gaze upon the
hierarchical decision making processes. It recognized need for local
understandings and knowledge.
 Educating -there is a need to understand how society perceives the built
environment.
 Holistic approach –problem is solved by creative responses to the challenges of
revitalization. This task for revitalization does not remain to the vision of
architects or urban planners, urban designers or artists.
 Small scale - urban acupuncture aims for a big impact. Scale is not bounded to
size it can also refer to financial input.
 Creating places-the awareness of the meaning of a place has emerged within this
contemporary planning strategy. Projects involving urban acupuncture create
meaningful places.
1. IDENTIFYING WEAK POINT
LANDMARKS AND BUILDING
PROCESS
2. PURPOSED
ACCUPUNTURE POINT FOR
INTERVENTIONS.
3. FINAL PRODUCT
AFTER ACUPUNTURE.

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SMART CITY:
Key principles include:
1. Sustainability and Resilience
2. Accessibility
3. Diversity
4. Open Spaces
5. Compatibility
6. Incentives
7. Adaptability
8. Density
9. Identity – Sense of Place
(Note: Principles’ illustrations from Kriken, 2010)
FIG 13: Smart City Components

33
Figures 1a and 1b illustrate Principle 1 - Sustainability with examples of sustainable and
unsustainable models of urban growth. The Township development approach adopted in Indian
cities must take into consideration sustainability and resilience. In general, a city must have a
vision to grow with maximum use of existing urban land and municipal infrastructure. (A City
Development Vision)
Figure 2 illustrates adequate travel corridors for all models of movement guaranteeing
accessibility – Principle 2. Multi-mode systems allow diversity, efficient use of roads and
mobility for all. Figure 3 illustrates a mixed-use scenario with affordable housing adding diversity
to urban centers – Principle 3.

34
To achieve effective cities, watersheds (rivers, floodplains and drainage corridors) and other open
spaces, must be preserved to guarantee healthy, resilient and sustainable growth. Figure 4
illustrates a combination of living environments while respecting and maintaining open/green
spaces – Principle 4.
Building character along with building scale are some of the key elements of creating urban
compatibility and interest – Principle 5. Architectural character, building materials and heritage
preservation are critical for compatible and locally acceptable urban development of large,
medium and small cities alike as illustrated on Figure 5. Moreover, building character and scale
should reflect beneficiaries’ needs, capacity to pay and cultural preferences.
Figure 6 illustrates a diverse and dynamic urban environment with multi-developer opportunities;
an example of urban development incentives – Principle 6.

35
Effective cities require frameworks that combine easy circulation and open spaces. Figure 7
illustrates this combination of adaptable spaces – Principle 7. Figure 8 illustrates Principle 8 -
Densification – compact cities with appropriate transit and maximum use of infrastructure and
services. Principle 9 is illustrated in Figure 9 - the creation and preservation of a unique and
memorable sense of place through identifiable landmarks.
These planning principles combined allow cities to grow in an efficient, effective and sustainable
manner committing to an environmental ethic; facilitating easy movement; maintaining variety
and choices; regenerating natural systems to make cities more green; maintaining harmony and
balance between the past, present and future (building preservation; scales, etc); renewing
declining cities and rebuilding brownfields; facilitating wholeness and positive changes;
developing a new relationship between technology and participation, designing compact cities
and appropriate transit; creating/preserving a unique and memorable sense of place for all.
(SOURCE: Urban Planning and Land Management for Promoting Inclusive Cities, Giovana
Beltrao, Feb-2013)

36
HOUSING:
Housing, or more generally living spaces, refers to the construction and assigned
usage of houses or buildings collectively, for the purpose of sheltering people — the planning or
provision delivered by an authority, with related meanings. Ensuring that members of society
have a home in which to live, whether this is a house, or some other kind of dwelling, lodging,
or shelter, is a social issue. Many governments have one or more housing authorities, sometimes
also called a housing ministry, or housing department.
Types of Housing:
Cluster Housing:
Dwelling units are clustered into relatively high density
resulted from site planning or units.
Row Housing:
Resulted from site planning or newer zoning. Dwelling units
are clustered into relatively high density
Duplex Housing:
Two or more housing units form a group
and common party walls are jointly owned.
Matrix Housing:
Most interesting application of the attached dwelling
with private court. The dwellings are arranged around
an inner court, and maximum daylight penetration.
RESIDENTIAL UNIT:
Common Subtype: The most prevalent subtype is the
stand-alone house. The structure don’t share common
wall.
Semi Ditched: Single-family attached units come in many forms, including duplexes, the
structure share common wall
FIG 14: Cluster Housing
FIG 15: Row Housing
FIG 16: Duplex Housing
FIG 17: Matrix Housing
FIG 18: Common Subtype
FIG 19: Semi ditched

37
OPEN SPACES
Open space is any open piece of land that is accessible to the public. Open space can include:
Green space (land that is partly or completely covered with grass, trees, shrubs, or other
vegetation). Green space includes parks, community gardens, and cemeteries.
OPEN SPACE FEATURES:
1. LOCATAION:
 Open space in a central, prominent location that relates strongly to surrounding
catchment, land uses and activities.
2. LAND FORM AND ORIENTATION:
 Promote clear visibility in the reserve through good topographic relationship between
the reserve and the street network neighboring properties.
3. ACCESS & CONNECTIVITY:
 Locate open space at the intersection of movement corridors and where a high level
of use is anticipated, locate nearby public transport routes;
 Provide vehicular access & parking as needed but always give pedestrians, cyclists
and public transport priority;

38
4. VISIBILITY:
 Ensure reserves are highly visible from, and have a good proportion of direct
frontage to, the local street network and other public edges.
 Avoid solid fences or planting which limits visibility in to the reserve and/or passive
surveillance.
5. VEGETATION:
 Select trees and other vegetation types that are tolerant of urban and site conditions;
6. PUBLIC USE AND PARTICIPATION:
 Identify all existing and potential user groups and their open space needs
OPEN SPACE SITE SELECTION:
a) Central location/Focal point:
Place public spaces in central and/or strategic locations to the community and/or
neighborhood terminating a vista, on axis to a primary building, street, trail, and/or on a
prominent corner.
b) Mixed use:
Provide complementary and mixed land uses surrounding the central public space to make it
a destination. Concentrating the location of complementary land uses encourages walking,
increases opportunities for human interaction, and encourages synergy and livability of the
public realm.
FIG 20: Central Plaza

39
c) Enclosure:
Ideally, public spaces in urban areas are best located surrounded on four sides by streets, street
trees and sidewalks with high intensity uses and at least one public building facing onto the
park.
d) Minimize development in Greenfields:
Locate projects within developed areas, if possible, where infrastructure already is in place
PARK TYPES HIERARCHY:
a. Within the sector plan:
 Social gathering spaces
 Active recreation destinations
 Contemplative places
 An interconnected network of sidewalks, trails, parks and public spaces
 Civic green, Plaza, Urban greenway, urban recreational park.
b. For buildings and residences:
 Private or communal outdoor spaces.
c. Neighborhoods:
 Neighborhood parks or neighborhood greens
d. Within blocks:
 Pocket greens, or urban recreational Parklets

40
STANDARD REVIEW:
URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURES:
Features:
 Air quality improve
 Microclimate modification
 Strom water management
 Biodiversity
 Recreational opportunities
FIG 21(a,b,c,d): Urban Green

41
STREET:
In an urban context, street design must meet
the needs of people walking, driving, cycling,
and taking transit, all in constrained space.
The best street design also adds to the value of
businesses, offices, and schools located along
the roadway.
DEFINITION OF STREET ELEMENTS:
 Carriageway (or street pavement): the area of street reserve that is provided for
the movement or parking of vehicles measured from kerb to opposite kerb.
 Street reserve: the land set aside for a street carriageway and verge
incorporating the full width from property line to opposite property line.
 Travel-way: the part of the carriageway that is used for vehicle travel and does
not include the area normally used for parking
 Verge: The part of the street reserve between the carriageway and the boundary
of adjacent lots (or other limit to street reserve).
FIG 22: Urban Street
FIG 23: Street Elements

42
STREET FURNITURE:
Street furniture is to be provided at all such locations having high public activity and
pedestrian flow like commercial plazas public buildings, recreational areas, transit
stations, parks and gardens, educational institutes, market areas, shopping malls etc.
Benches or seating should be provided at the building/ frontage edge of the footpath and
ideally with provision of shade. Where seating is oriented parallel to the curb, it should
face toward buildings when located in the furnishings zone, or away from buildings
when located in the frontage zone.
STREET GRAPHICS:
FIG 24: Street Furniture
FIG 25: Street Graphics

43
SAFETY ELEMENTS:
ZEBRA CROSSING:
Distance between stop line and edge of zebra crossing should be 2m.
Pedestrian crossings should be provided at every 150m distance depending
On the surrounding land use and pedestrian footfall
STREET LIGHTS:
Lighting should be designed to ensure that both the vehicular carriageway and
Pedestrian/cycle path are sufficiently illuminated
FIG 26: Zebra Crossing
FIG 27: Street Lighting

44
STREET RAILINGS:
The height of railing to be a maximum 1.1m. Railing on the footpath are generally
avoided but may be considered in the vicinity of the junction to ensure that pedestrians
can cross only at the designated crossing.
BOLLARDS:
Bollards are also used to demarcate and safeguard any
space for pedestrians.
LOCATION OF STREET
LIGHTS
GAP/SPACING HEIGHT
ON CENTRAL MEDIANS 25-30 9-15
IN BETWEEN BRT LANE
AND MV LANE
25-30 9-15
IN BETWEEN FOOTPATH
AND MV LANE
25-30 9-15
IN BETWEEN FOOTPATH
AND CYCLE TRACK
12-16 4.5-6
LOCAL/NEIGHBOURHOOD
STREET
25-27 8-10
FIG 28: Bollards

45
TYPE OF MARKET OR STREET VENDING AREA:
The type of market or street vending area, and the space requirements, also depends on its
function within the city retailing hierarchy, the type of goods sold - whether general or
specialist, and the times of operation. Each market or Street vending area has its own
characteristics. Types of market are as follow:
 Neighborhood market - Selling day-to-day goods, such as vegetables, meat, or bread;
 Street market - Serving passing trade, e.g.: with cooked food, vegetables, etc.
 Hub market - At busy pedestrian locations, e.g.: a transport node, religious place, or
hospital;
FIG 29: Type of Market

46
SPACES FOR STREET VENDERING:
FIG 30: Street Venders

47
PARKING LAYOUT:
Parallel car parking is only recommended on streets where parking is permitted. On street
parking should be permissible only in designated spaces and in multi-utility Zones.
Parking bays at road side need not be continuous. They should be interrupted at Max. 22
m to provide bulb out spaces. Vending spaces should be placed in a bulb out in the parking
bay leaving clear space for pedestrian movement.
Recommended min. dimensions:
Car park = 2.5m x 5m
Wheeler parking = 1m x2m
Cycle parking = 1m x 2m
STANDARDS FOR ROAD ACCESS:
There should be provision of road network for every incoming or outgoing vehicular as
well as for pedestrian unit to be linked with plot or land.
The road network which is created for vehicular & pedestrian access
should not be encroached or affected by construction of buildings.
The road network leading from arterial which is linked to construction
site should have following width:
Having no drainage - 4.25 m
Having drainage - 6.25 m
If cul-de-sac is needed then the length should be minimum of 60 m.
similarly, minimum area needed for cul-de-sac is 50 SQ.M for the
construction of office or special buildings then the minimum width of
the road should be 6.25 m.
FIG 31: Road with Parking

48
RIGHT OF WAY:
Right of way of different wards of the Dharan municipality is according to the land use
plan of the municipality. New roads in Dharan municipality should have minimum row
of 6m.Row is not applicable for those structures which are built before the existing bye-
laws. If those structures are to be re-built or re-constructed then row is applicable. If
road width is more than the required row then set back is required from the edge of the
road.
SET BACK:
For construction of buildings minimum setback should be 1 m after the right of way.
But the municipality can change the setback according to its needs. If the plot is attached
with government land then the minimum setback should be have 1m from it side. For the
provision of windows, doors minimum setback should be of 1 construction of balcony,
open staircase ahead of outer wall are strictly prohibited inside the setback. Commercial
buildings with less width can be small. If the building have proper emergency exit &
hammering effect for future extension then concession in setback can be given in the sides
of the buildings.
FIG 32: ROW
FIG 33: Ground Coverage

49
10. CASE STUDIES:
CASE 1:
MANEK CHOWK, AHMEDABAD, INDIA:
SITE INFORMATION:
 Location: Ahmedabad, India
 Area:-
 Population:-6.35 million
 Landmarks: - Jama masjid, Manek baba temple, raja-n0-
hajiro, rani-no Hajaro
Manek Chowk lies between the king’s tomb and queen’s tomb.
Either side of the central space is flanked by jewelry shops,
with the central area used for parking by the shopkeepers.
SITE ACTIVITIES:
Cows and buffalos wander in this area and feed on the organic
waste and grass. Either side of the central space is flanked by jewelry shops, with the central area
used for parking by the shopkeepers. The area is cleaned early in the morning the area is cleaned
early in the morning around 6:00 am.
SITE PROBLEMS:
Parking:
Occupies 25% of the precinct area. This percentage is a significant amount when compared with
other uses in the chowk during the day. Haphazard parking serves as obstruction for pedestrians.
Traffic:
Bottlenecks and illegal two way streets slow down the traffic leading to queuing of vehicles.
Jaywalking increases conflict areas between vehicles and pedestrians.
Public Open Space:
No continuous pedestrian walkways. Streets remain unknown to visitors due to obstructions and
lack of signage. Noprovision of shaded spaces, seating areas, amenities such as toilets & drinking
water.
Vending:
Haphazard organization of informal vendors creates chaos when pedestrians, vehicles and
vendors compete for the same right of way. Residual spaces created could be used more
efficiently.
FIG 34: Location Map of Manek chowk

50
Heritage Structure:
The presence of heritage elements cannot be felt. The condition of heritage structures is
deteriorating.
NEED FOR REDEVELOPMENT:
 Manek chowk is an example of a traditional public space that constantly adapts to
changes for its effective usage as urban public place.
 Vehicles dominate the public space, pedestrians are given the least importance.
 Unorganized Street vending and spill over from shops occupying space.
 Heritage resources are in a state of neglect.
 Infrastructural deficit leads to unhygienic conditions,
 Cultural aspects are given less importance and the space is less accessible for vulnerable
population.
 The Ahmedabad municipality has taken up the project of manek chowk, as part of
improvement of public spaces and safe walking network in historical walled city.
PEDESTERIAN AND TRAFFIC ROUTE:
 Visitors at Manek chowk- 100,000
 Visitors at central space- 30,000
 70% of traffic passing through central space of Manek chowk does not
contribute to any social or economic activity.
FIG 35: Traffic & pedesterian Map of Manek chowk

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REDEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES:
NORTHERN ENTRANCE
OF JAME MASJID
AT FURWARA JUNCTION PARKING
LOT ENTRANCE TO MANEK CHOWK
WAS PROPOSED AMPHITHEATRE.
HIGHLIGHTING SOUTHERN
ENTRANCE OF JAME
MASJID BY DESIGNING
FRONTAGE SPACE
CENTRAL SPACE OF MANEK
CHOWK MANAGED FOR
DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES.
OPEN SPACE WAS
PURPOSED AS FRONTAL
SPACE OF STOCK
EXCHANGE BUILDING.

52
STREETS:
MANEK CHOWK STREET (EXISTING & PROPOSED):
GANDHI STREET (EXISTING & PORPOSED):
FIG 36: Existing & Proposed Road of Manek chowk

53
CASE 2:
AMBAWADI, AHMEDABAD, INDIA
SITE:
The site is located in the western fringe of
Ahmedabad an old and central residential locality-
Ambawadi. Ambawadi has become a hotspot for
residential and commercial developments.
Ahmedabad is transferring rapidly with a huge
influx of population, leading to the expansion of cities boundaries. The city is experiencing
paralyzing traffic congestion. So there is an increased demand of amenities, garden, open space
and many more.
SITE AREA: 520 ACRES
ACCESS AND CONNECTIVITY:
The city is well connected part of ring of Ahmedabad. It provides inter-city connectivity to the
east sides of city.
Improve street connectivity and walkability by identification of potential street corridors. Design
pedestrian Friendly Street by providing equitable space for all modes of transport with the help
of street widening.
FIG 37: Location Map of Ambawadi
FIG 38: Access and Connectivity of Ambawadi

54
NEED OF TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT:
If a city is to grow as a livable and sustainable place, there is a need to TOD, a compact mixed
use development with thriving residential, commercial, entertainment activities within
comfortable walking distance from transit stations.
BUILT FORM OPEN SPACES
However green spaces are available
in only institutional area. But lack
public accessibility
FIG 39: Built form of Ambawadi
FIG 40: Open Space of Ambawadi
FIG 41: Total Open Space of Ambawadi
FIG 42: Vending Space under flyover of Ambawadi

55
STRETAGIES:
ACCESS AND CONNECTIVITY:
Improve street connectivity and walkability by identification of potential street corridors.
Design pedestrian Friendly Street by providing equitable space for all modes of transport with
the help of street widening.
PUBLIC REALM:
Integrate institutional assets for leveraging their socio-cultural character into urban environment
by proposing connection with the institutional land activating the dead edges by making them
porous, giving visual and physical accessibility.
Increase the green space with efficient use of underutilized open space and street design.
Create active and safe public spaces along the BRT corridor with connected edges.
FIG 43: Proposed Access & Connectivity of Ambawadi
FIG 44: Public Realm of Ambawadi

56
BUILT FORM:
Identification of zones which have potential to form high density development on the basis of
street widths. Varieties typologies are recommended as affordable housing with commercial
frontage around institutional. Around major nodes podium mixed use typology and near the metro
mixed –used arcades in front.
LAP FRAMEWORK:
Identification of zones which have potential to form high density development on the basis of
street widths.
Creating a connected development by integration of assets with improved livability.
FIG 45: Proposed Built Form of Ambawadi
FIG 46: LAP Framework of Ambawadi

57
11. SOME OTHER BRIEF CASE STUDIES:
The River District, Portland, Oregon
“Potentially, this is an enormous benefit to our city and particularly people who want to live
downtown. In my view, this will enhance the whole district, but particularly people priced out of
The market in the district.” ~Nick Fish, City Commissioner in charge of the Portland Housing
Bureau
History:
The Oregon State Constitution gives each city and county the ability to create agencies to
implement plans and projects to address blight. The City of Portland recognizes several Urban
Renewal Areas (URA’s). Plans were made for an array of neighborhood parks, new roads and
parking facilities, affordable housing, and other innovative projects in downtown Portland.
Impact:
As of June, 2012, almost $500 million of debt was allocated and over $250 million was issued
by the Portland Development Commission for a number of key improvements. This included
$350 million for infrastructure and parking at the Brewery Blocks, development of three public
parks and beautification of Oldtown/Chinatown. Also, Portland partnered with a local major
land owner to finance 3000 new affordable housing units, which transformed an old warehouse
into the North
American headquarters of a major corporation. According to the Tax Supervising Conservation
Commission, property within the River District is now worth over $2.2 billion.

58
El Paso, Texas
City of El Paso:
“This is more than a redevelopment plan for downtown. It’s really an economic and
community development plan for the entire city that includes a comprehensive focus on
downtown.” ~Joyce Wilson, El Paso City Manager
History:
In November of 2012, the citizens of El Paso voted nearly 3-to-1 in favor of authorizing $473
million in bonds to finance nearly 100 public improvement projects. Supporters are hoping that
the myriad improvements to the city will lure employers and jobs.
Impact:
A breakdown of the types of projects shows that $216.25 million will go towards museums and
the cultural arts, $195 million will go towards parks, $50 million will go towards the zoo, and
$12 million will go to fund improvements in the city’s libraries.
Even though it wasn’t part of the original bond issue, voters also gave their approval to a 2%
increase in the hotel occupancy tax of the city, and use the revenue to finance the construction
of a new $72 million baseball stadium for the new AAA minor-league baseball team, the El Paso
Chihuahuas. The 9,500-capacity facility opened on April 28, 2014.

59
Brooklyn Developments, Jacksonville, Florida
Downtown Investment Authority, along with several private investments and development
companies:
“The 220 Riverside Project will breathe life into the Brooklyn community, bringing needed
housing, economic opportunities, and public amenities to this community. Hallmark Partners and
220 Riverside are part of a group of pioneers working toward the redevelopment of Brooklyn. In
conjunction with community leaders and area businesses, this group is leading the way for a
better quality of life for downtown residents and visitors and inspiring future growth.” ~
Jacksonville City Councilman Warren Jones
History:
Once upon a time, the Brooklyn neighborhood was one of the most densely populated areas in
the city, but in recent years it has become a stereotypical example of urban abandonment. Three
projects are changing that – 220 Riverside, Union Plaza, and Riverside Place. The result will be
a mixed-use redevelopment featuring residential units, retail stores, restaurants, and an urban
public park.
Impact:
Upon completion, these projects will provide the Brooklyn neighborhood with over 600
multifamily residential units, 80,000 square feet of commercial space for retail and restaurant
establishments. It will include a community park to serve as a central gathering place for
residents.
Union Plaza will be roughly the size of a football field, able to accommodate more than one
thousand people, and host special events and programs approximately 250 days a year.

60
Discovery Green, Houston, Texas
The City of Houston, the Houston First Corporation, and Discovery Green Conservancy:
“When people come here to visit, their vision and image of Houston is now changed because of
this park.”
~Houston City Council member Sue Lovell
History:
The site that would eventually become Discovery Green was originally a high-end residential
neighborhood back in the late 19th century, but by the end of the 20th century, it is become
nothing more than two large parking lots.
It cost the city of Houston approximately $57 million to acquire the 12 acres of land and another
$125 million to build and landscape the project. The park opened to the public in 2008.
Impact:
Discovery Green has transformed downtown Euston into a place to play, as well as work.
Original attendance projections were ambitiously hopeful at 500,000 visitors a year, but
Discovery Green was able to meet that goal in its first six months, and now draws more than 1.2
million visitors to over 600 annual free events.
Economically, the park has spurred downtown development to the tune of $625 million
with another $1 billion in future projects such as offices, hotels, and residential units. When
a contest was held to name the park, over 6,200 entries were received.

61
South Works/Chicago Lakeside Project, Chicago, Illinois
City of Chicago, US Steel Corporation, and McCaffery Interests of Chicago:
“South Works is very unique for us. No. 1 is the duration. It’s very long term. No. 2 is it’s a
true partnership with the city of Chicago to help transform an area of a city.” ~George A.
Manos, President of US Steel Real Estate
History:
The original facility of the eventual South Works began in 1857 and at its peak, employed
Approximately 20,000 people. In the 1970’s, the steel market took a downturn and the plant
closed for good in 1992. Since then, the site has stood mostly vacant.
Impact:
The development will expand over the next three decades and will have a total estimated cost of
$4 billion. The project will bring in almost 14,000 housing units and 20 million square feet of
retail space across the 600 acres of the former steel plant. There are also plans for a marina and
125 acres of parks.
Dating back to its time as a steel mill, part of the land at South Works was reclaimed from Lake
Michigan with molten slag.

62
12. SITE ANALYSIS
FIG 47: Location Map of Macchabhaudi Site

63
GENERAL INTRODUCTION:
Dharan is a sub-metropolitan city in Sunsari District of Province No. 1, Nepal, which was
established as a fourth municipality in the Kingdom in 1958. Dharan is the location of the former
Vijayapur, the seat of a historical Koch kingdom, which was later used by the Sen Kings of
Makwanpur. Dharan is situated on the foothills of the Mahabharat Range in the north with its
southern tip touching the edge of the Terai region at an altitude that varies from 119m to 1,778m.
The total area of Dharan is 192.32 km2. The Koshi highway runs through the heart ofthe city
which also connects the major cities like Biratnagar, Itahari as well as Dhankuta. The population
of Dharan is 1, 37,705 and the climate is moderate. Dharan is packed with major landmarks like
Budha Subba, Dantakali temple, Dharan Bhanu square, Chindey Danda, etc.
Our site lies inside the boundary of ward no.3 which has a total area of 0.131 sq. km. and a
population of 4661. People with a variety of ethnic group live here and the language spoken in
this area consist of Nepali, Newari, and Tamang.
Going back to history, the development of Dharan started from the reign of then Prime Minister
Chandra Shumsher when the deforestation caused by the exportation of woods to Accham of
India made the land barren and empty. The land was thenfilled by the influx of the number of
people invited by Chandra Shumsher. People started using the locally available resources to
construct their new homes which resulted in the growth of new settlements in the area. People
used farming as the major source of their income. With the growth of settlements, the market
from Fushre bazaar eventually shifted tothe new area and the initial settlement was called
Chandrapur bazaar which is called Purano Bazaar as of now. Later on, using the same principles
Juddha Shumsher established the settlement name juddhanagar on the adjacent side of the
present Koshi highway, which later on due to better services managed to replace Purano Bazaar
as the major commercial center of Dharan. The development of the whole Dharan was triggered
by the events like British- Gurkha recruitment. Dharan was also known to be the zonal
headquarter. The development ofSadan road is believed to be triggered by Sadan Mid school
at first and with time with various influencing factors like Purano bazaar and linkage to another
major part of cities wereresponsible for later development. Similarly, around 2010 B.S. Dharan
was full of wooden houses and stone-paved streets along the Sadan road. With no proper
facility of drainage, all the surface water from Fushre and Bijaypur would now collect into the
Khahare Khola washing away all the loose topsoil. Later on, along the edge of Khahare Khola
fish selling business was established with the goods coming from Koshi as well as India. So,
the major axis that would influence the site area would be Sadan road, Purano Bazaar as well

64
as Macchavaudi area. Later on, after the recruitment center of Gurkhas was shifted to Pokhara
and the headquarters was shifted to Biratnagar. This caused a major setback in the rapid
development of Dharan but to the individual level, the economic condition of people was raised
due to the Ghopa camp, and eventually, the living standard was raised. The modernization of
Dharan seemed to start from here which was reflected in changing form of building from
traditional to modern. Also, the transformation of the traditional way of housing to modern
form was also triggered by the devastating earthquake event that took place in 2045 B.S. Since
then, the façade of the street has inclined towards having more and more modern materials like
plaster, metals, and so on. Also, the land to open space ratio has reduced over time. In the past,
social and cultural activities like singing, dancing, dramas, etc.in different nodes and junctions
have been known to be performed.
(Dharan Municipal Swarna Mahotsab Beseshankhya, 2019)
SITE INFORMATIONS
The chosen site for the redevelopment of the Machhavaudi area is around 21873.5 m2 in area.
Major landmarks for locating our site are Bhanu Chowk on the west. Similarly, there is a
Rudraksh Park and squatter settlement attached with the site on the western part, Sadan School
and Bhanu-smriti school can be located on the eastern part of the site. The site is located inside the
boundary set by the intersection of four roads i.e., Sadan road, Milan Path,Shanti path, and Bhanu-
smriti Marga.
SITE DESCRIPTIONS:
 Total Site Area: 21873.5 Sq.m.
 Latitude: 26.81 N
 Longitude: 87.28 E
 Altitude: 310 M
 Slope Difference: 11 M
 Shape: Regular
 Topography: Downward slope from Sadan Road towards Milan Path

65
SOCIO- CULTURAL:
 Religion: Hindu, Buddhist
 Caste Majority: Rai, Limbu, Newar
 Caste Minority: Brahmin, Chhetri, Tamang,
Madhesi
DEMOGRAPHY
 No: of household: 85 houses inside the site,
177 houses with neighborhood
 Population of site: 815 people approx.
LANDUSE:
Around 48% of the total area inside site is open but they are scattered. Around 40 % of the area
is covered by structures/ buildings. The remaining 12% of the land area is covered by roads and
gullies.
FIG 48: Pie chart Showing Caste Distribution
FIG 49: Pie chart Showing Population Distribution
FIG 50: Pie chart Showing Landuse Distribution
FIG 51: Land use plan of Machhabhaudi

66
SITE AND SURROUNDINGS:
SITE AND BOUNDRY:
FIG 52: Site Boundary and Pathways

67
 South: Shanti Path
 East: Milan paths and Bhanu marga
 North: Sadan road
 West: Bhanu path
INFRASTRUCTURES:
 Transportation: Easily Accessible to the site via. Public/Private transportation.
 Water supply: ADB and Khanepani Sasthan provides water for household.
 Communication: Proper facility for communication around the site.
 Electricity: NEA provides electricity facility.
CLIMATIC DATA:
 Average temperature : 21.6oC
 Average Annual rainfall : 1799mm
 Average humidity : 57.5%
 Average cloud : 33.58%
SOCIO- CULTURAL ACTIVITIES:
LAKHE DANCE
CYCLE VENDOR SUNBASKING BY WOMEN
PEOPLE GATHERING IN
TEA SHOP
FIG 53: Temperature and Precipitation Chart

68
BUILT SPACE AND OPEN SPACES:
Around 48% of the total area inside site is open but they are scattered. Around 40 % of the area
is covered by structures/ buildings. The remaining 12% of the land area is covered by roads and
gullies.
FIG 54: Activity Plan of the Site
FIG 55: Built Space & Open Space

69
STREET NETWORK:
The maps shows the occupancy of private land, open path ways, gullies and government land.
Here we can see that the occupancy of open private land is more and is unmanaged which show
that redevelopment should be done without hindering the private property of individual.
OPEN SPACE ASPECT RATIO:
The standard d/h ratio for public squares as per lynch is between 2/1 to 3/1, here we assume that
for residential purpose it should be greater than 1. Similarly, there are various possible open sub
spaces which could be possible squares and public space in future.
FIG 56: Street Network
FIG 57: Open Space Ratio

70
LIGHT AND VENTILATION:
As the settlement is compact in the site,
so there is problem in proper cross
ventilation. The pocket open spaces
inside the site also provides the spaces
for ventilation.
FIG 58: Sadan Road Section
FIG 59: Bhanu Smriti Road Section
FIG 60: Milan Path Road Section
FIG 61: Ventilation Plan

71
SWOT ANALYSIS:
2. STRENGTH
 Natural vegetationandgood
micro-climate.
 Good accessibility.
 Sufficientservicesand
infrastructures
3. OPPURTUNITY
 Developlocal market.
 UpliftSocio-economic
condition
 Developbetterhousing
1. WEAKNESS
 Lack of properplanning.
 Despite the richhistoryitis
still notverywell known.
4. THREATS
 Security.
 Haphazard urbanization.
 Riskof social instability.

72
13. PROGRAME FORMULATION:
PROGRAM IDENTIFICATION AND INTERVENTION ZONE:
1 OUTER ROADS AND LANDSCAPE
• DRAINAGE -
• CYCLE LANE - 8202.4 Sq.Ft.
• PARKING - 7168 Sq.Ft.
• SITTING SPACE - 1536 Sq.Ft.
• WALKING LANE - 12548 Sq.Ft.
2 FAÇADE DESIGN SADAN ROAD
• FRONTAGE AREA - 10548 Sq.Ft
• NUMBER OF HOUSE INTERVENTED – 38
Nos
3. ENTRY LANDSCAPE DESIGN
• DIALOUGE PLATFORM - 61.5 Sq.Ft
• PAVEMENTS - 8000 Sq.Ft.
• FERN GARDEN - 155 Sq.Ft.
• PLAYING GROUND - 620 Sq.Ft
4. 1
ST
SQUARE
• DIALOUGE PLATFORM - 61.5 Sq.Ft.
• PAVEMENTS - 1450 Sq.Ft
• FERN GARDEN - 160 Sq.Ft
• LIBRARY - 1845 Sq.Ft
4.2 BULDING SPACE
• 1
ST
FLOOR - COMMERCIAL - 9600 Sq.Ft.
• 2
ND
FLOOR- RESIDENTIAL - 9600 Sq.Ft.
5. 2
ND
SQUARE
• SITTING SPACE - 1585 Sq.Ft
• EXIBHITION CENTER - 5975 Sq.Ft
• COMMERCIAL OUTLETS - 6500 Sq.Ft
5.2 BULDING SPACE
• 1
ST
FLOOR - COMMERCIAL - 11285 Sq.Ft
• 2
ND
FLOOR- RESIDENTIAL - 11285 Sq.Ft
6. 3
RD
SQUARE
• DIALOUGE PLATFORM - 1100 Sq.Ft
• PAVEMENTS -1650 Sq.ft
• LILY GARDEN - 1780 Sq.Ft
6.2 BULDING SPACE & HOUSES
• 1
ST
FLOOR - RESIDENTIAL- 23258 Sq.Ft
• 2
ND
FLOOR- RESIDENTIAL - 23258 Sq.Ft
7. 4
TH
SQAURE
• GRADEN LANE - 1410 Sq.Ft
• VIEWING DECK - 302 Sq.Ft
• VENDORS OUTLET - 280 Sq.Ft
• COMMERCIAL OUTLET - 2520 Sq.Ft
8. TOWN HALL
• SEMINAR HALL - 801.3 Sq.Ft.
• PHARMECY - 166.3 Sq.Ft
• GENERAL CHECK UP - 400 Sq.Ft
• STORE - 127 Sq.Ft
9. HOUSING
• TYPE A - 1562 Sq.Ft
• TYPE B - 1546 Sq.Ft
• TYPE C - 1550 Sq.Ft

73
14. DESIGN APPROCHES:
Gordon Cullen describes primary ways in which our environment produces an emotional
reaction key to the planner or architect.
Optics — how we see the environment: — how the town reveals itself in ‘a series of jerks or
revelations’, always negotiating the existing view and the emerging view. I love how he
cinematically pieces the city together as we move through it.
FIG 62:

74
15. ZOINING:
Mapping out the various sensitive points such as Node, Unused backyard, unmanaged open space,
continuous street without breathing space, unused and unmanaged open space, unused backyard
space respectively. We observe the potential of that respective points which are well managed
node with sufficient features also have a possibilities as a sense of entrance, backyard space
cleaned out and can be us as for small commercial outlets. A small square could help for gathering
as well as social life, a pause point acts as a breathing spaces, a heterogeneity square with mix
use building with commercial as well as community facilities.
To propose a heterogeneity paths and spaces of various urban features and interventions that
enhances the relationship between public ,private and collective spaces and increase the inner
core life of the Macchavaudi people by acting as a thread that holds the settlement together and
promise to generate urban coherence and active use.
FIG 63: Zoning In Site
FIG 63: Zoning In Site

75
16. DESIGN CONCEPT:
FIG 64: Concept Development Sketches

76
The shape of the square and its built form is finalized in response to the people movements
similarly a town hall is proposed at the heart of the site which can be possible used by the
community member.
The community park is given for the multi-use so that different kind of activities could be done
as per the people living in there...
The major landscape is given with an off scale pillars so that it can give the path a focus pint and
a joy full with bold statement , similar a water park , and different heterogeneous program are
given that makes the path joy more memorial and meaning full.
FIG 64: Master Plan of Macchabhaudi Area Zone 2

77
17. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION:
We have always been keen to learn and experiment new things. So, this project was an
opportunity for us to explore the things that we have least knowledge in and thus widen our
knowledge. Macchabhaudi Redevelopment Project has taught us a new approach in architecture
practices.
This project has provided us an opportunity to create a community level project so that they can
be benefitted from the architectural practices during academic year.
This project will help to provide one of the options regarding the development of the site in our
own perspectives and ideas.
This type of topic however has a lot of opportunities as well as lots of restriction in designing and
planning phase but can create a wonderful field of vision. Despite the academic calendar and
different processes these topics are wonderful to explore and can help in creating wonderful
experiences.

78
18. REFERENCES
 (Chigbu, 2012), Md. Abdul Kader,
https://www.academia.edu/32829879/Urban_Redevelopment
 (Lobbia, 1999), Md. Abdul Kader,
https://www.academia.edu/32829879/Urban_Redevelopment
 International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 7, July-
2014 ISSN 2229-5518)
 Nepal Land Acquisition Act, Town Development Act 1976 and 1988 Land Plotting
 Urban Planning and Land Management for Promoting Inclusive Cities, Giovana
Beltrao, Feb-2013)
 Jason Somers,2020, (https://www.crestrealestate.com/redevelopment-process)
 Libguides,2022(https://ggu.libguides.com/)
 https://en.climate-data.org
 Parajuli, Yogeshwor,1986, Bhaktapur, BDP Board
 Feilden, Bernard M,1982, Conservation of Historic Buildings
 Dharan Municipal Swarna Mahotsab Beseshankhya, 2019

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