Chemistry investigatory project for class 12 (cbse)

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HEM SHEELA MODEL
SCHOOL
CHEMISTR
Y
2021-2022
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
NAME - SAYAN MANDAL
CLASS - XII
SEC -D
BOARD ROLL NO. - 12621562
TOPIC – ADULTERATION OF FOODSTUFF

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I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been
possible without the kind support and help of many individuals. I would
like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them.
I thank God for providing me with everything that I required in
completing this project.
I am highly indebted to our respected Chemistry Sir Mr. Shouri Banerjee for his
guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing
necessary information regarding the project and also for his support in
completing the project. I also express my deep gratitude to him for giving me
the golden opportunity to work on the Project Report of “Adulteration of Food
Stuff.”.
I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents for their
kind co-operation and encouragement which helped me in the completion
of this project.

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This is to certify that “Sayan Mandal” of Class XII Section-D Roll no –26 of Hem
Sheela Model School, Durgapur has completed the assigned Chemistry
Investigatory project on “Adulteration of Food Stuff”. I have prepared and
submitted the project by following guidelines and instruction given by the
teachers and within speculated time of submission allotted for the partial
fulfilment of AISSCE 2021-22.
Internal Teachers Signature External Teachers Signature
______________ ______________
______________

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S.NO PAGE NO.
1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2
2. CERTIFICATE 3
3. OBJECTIVE 5
4. INTRODUCTION 6
5. THEORY 7
6. EXPERIMENTAL WORK 8 - 10
 AIM
 APPARATUS REQUIRED
 PROCEDURE
 OBSERVATIONS 11 - 13
 RESULT & PRECAUTIONS 13
 CONCLUSION 14
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY 15

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The Objective of this project is to study some of the common food
adulterants present in different food stuffs. Adulteration in food is
normally present in its most crude form; prohibited substances are either
added or partly or wholly substituted. Normally the
contamination/adulteration in food is done either for financial gain or
due to carelessness and lack in proper hygienic condition of processing,
storing, transportation and marketing. This ultimately results that the
consumer is either cheated or often become victim of diseases. Such
types of adulteration are quite common in developing countries or
backward countries. It is equally important for the consumer to know
the common adulterants and their effect on health.

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Food is one of the basic necessities for sustenance of life. Pure, fresh and
healthy diet is most essential for the health of the people. It is no wonder
to say that community health is national wealth.
Adulteration of food-stuffs was so rampant, widespread and persistent
that nothing short of a somewhat drastic remedy in the form of a
comprehensive legislation became the need of the hour.
To check this kind of anti-social evil a concerted and determined
onslaught was launched by the Government by introduction of the
Prevention of Food Adulteration Bill in the Parliament to herald an era of
much needed hope and relief for the consumers at large.
About the middle of the 19th cent. chemical and microscopal knowledge
had reached the stage that food substances could be analyzed, and the
subject of food adulteration began to be studied from the standpoint of
the rights and welfare of the consumer.

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The increasing number of food producers and the outstanding amount of
import foodstuffs enables the producers to mislead and cheat consumers.
To differentiate those who take advantage of legal rules from the ones
who commit food adulteration is very difficult. The consciousness of
consumers would be crucial. Ignorance and unfair market behavior may
endanger consumer health and misleading can lead to poisoning.
So we need simple screening tests for their detection. In the past few
decades, adulteration of food has become one of the serious problems.
Consumption of adulterated food causes serious diseases like cancer,
diarrhoea, asthma, ulcers, etc. Majority of fats, oils and butter are paraffin
wax, castor oil and hydrocarbons. Red chilli powder is mixed with brick
powder and pepper is mixed with dried papaya seeds.
These adulterants can be easily identified by simple chemical tests.
Several agencies have been set up by the Government of India to remove
adulterants from food stuffs.
AGMARK - acronym for agricultural marketing....this organization
certifies food products for their quality. Its objective is to promote the
Grading and Standardization of agricultural and allied commode.

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To detect the presence of adulterants in fat, oil and butter.
:- Test-tube, acetic anhydride, conc.
H2SO4, acetic acid, Conc. HNO3.
Common adulterants present in ghee and oil are
paraffin wax, hydrocarbons, dyes and argemone oil. These are detected
as follows :-
(i) Adulteration of paraffin wax and hydrocarbon in vegetable
ghee Heat small amount of vegetable ghee with acetic
anhydride. Droplets of oil floating on the surface of unused
acetic anhydride indicates the presence of wax or
hydrocarbons.
(ii) Adulteration of dyes in fat Heat 1mL of fat with a mixture of
1mL of conc. sulphuric acid and 4mL of acetic acid.
Appearance of pink or red colour indicates presence of dye in
fat.
(iii) Adulteration of argemone oil in edible oils To small amount
of oil in a test-tube, add few drops of conc. HNO3 and shake.
Appearance of red colour in the acid layer indicates presence
of argemone oil.

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To detect the presence of adulterants in sugar.
:-Test-tubes, dil. HCl.
Sugar is usually contaminated with washing soda and
other insoluble substances which are detected as follows :
(i) Adulteration of various insoluble substances in sugar Take small
amount of sugar in a test-tube and shake it with little water. Pure
sugar dissolves in water but insoluble impurities do not dissolve.
(ii) Adulteration of chalk powder, washing soda in sugar.To small
amount of sugar in a test-tube, add few drops of HCl.
(iii) Brisk effervescence of CO2 shows the presence of chalk powder
or washing soda in the given sample of sugar.

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To detect the presence of adulterants in samples of chilli powder,
turmeric powder and pepper.
:- Test-tubes, conc. HCl, dil. HNO3, KI
solution.
Common adulterants present in chilli powder, turmeric
powder and pepper are red coloured lead salts, yellow lead salts and dried
papaya seeds respectively. They are detected as follows :
(i) Adulteration of red lead salts in chilli powder To a sample of
chilli powder, add dil. HNO3. Filter the dil solution and add 2
drops of potassium iodide solution to the filtrate. Yellow ppt.
indicates the presence of lead salts in chilli powder.
(ii) Adulteration of yellow lead salts to turmeric powder To a sample
of turmeric powder add conc. HCl. Appearance of magenta
colour shows the presence of yellow oxides of lead in turmeric
powder.
(iii) Adulteration of brick powder in red chilli powder Add small
amount of given red chilli powder in beaker containing water.

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Brick powder settles at the bottom while pure chilli powder floats
over water.
(iv) Adulteration of dried papaya seeds in pepper Add small amount
of sample of pepper to a beaker containing water and stir with a
glass rod. Dried papaya seeds being lighter float over water while
pure pepper settles at the bottom.
Expt No. Experiment Procedure Observation
1. Adulteration
of
paraffin
wax and
hydrocarbon in
vegetable
ghee.
Heat small
amount of
vegetable
ghee with
acetic
anhydride.
Droplets of
oil floating
on the
surface of
unused
acetic
anhydride
indicate the
presence of
wax or
hydrocarbon.
Appearance
of oil
floating on
the surface.
2. Adulteration of
dyes in
fat
Heat 1mL
of fat with a
mixture of
1mL of conc.
H2SO4 and
4mL of
Appearance
of pink
colour

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acetic acid.
3 Adulteration of
Argemone oil in
edible oils
To small
amount of
oil in a test
tube, add
few drops of
conc. HNO3
& shake.
No red
colour
observed
4. Adulteration of
various
insoluble
substances
in sugar
Take small
amount of
sugar in a
test tube
and shake
it with little
water.
Pure sugar
dissolves in
water but
insoluble
impurities
do not dissolve.
5. Adulteration of
chalk powder,
washing soda in
sugar
To small
amount of
sugar in a
test tube,
add a few drops
of dil. HCL
No brisk
effervescence
observed.
6. Adulteration of
yellow lead salts
to turmeric
powder
To sample
of turmeric
powder,
add conc.
HCl.
Appearance
of magenta
colour
7. Adulteration of
red lead salts in
chilli powder
To a sample
of chilli
powder,
add dil.
HNO3. Filter
the solution
and add 2
No yellow
precipitate.

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drops of KI
solution to
the filtrate.
8. Adulteration of
brick powder in
Chilli powder
Add small
amount of
given red
chilli powder in
a beaker
containing
water
Brick powder
settles at
the bottom
while pure
chilli powder
floats over
water.
9. Adulteration of
papaya seeds in
pepper
Add sample of
pepper to
beaker
containing
water and stir
with a glass
rod.
Dried Papaya
seeds being
lighter float
over water
while pure
pepper settles
at the bottom.
The required analyses for adulterants in food stuffs has been made.
By taking a few precautions,we can escape from consumingadulterated
products.
1. Take only packed items of well-known companies.
2.Buy items from reliable retail shops and recognized outlets.

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3. Check the ISI mark or AGMARK.
4. Buy products of only air tight popular brands.
5. Avoid craziness for artificially coloured sweets and buy only from
reputed shops.
6. Do not buys sweets or snacks kept in open.
7. Avoid buying things from street side vendors.
Selection of wholesome and non-adulterated food is essential for daily
life to make sure that such foods do not cause any health hazard. It is
notpossibleto ensure wholesomefood only onvisual examinationwhen
the toxic contaminants are present in ppm level. However, visual
examination of the food before purchase makes sure to ensure absence
of insects, visualfungus, foreign matters, etc. Therefore, due care taken
by the consumer at the time of purchase of food after thoroughly
examining can be of great help. Secondly, label declaration on packed
food isvery importantfor knowingthe ingredientsandnutritionalvalue.
It also helpsin checking the freshness of the food and the period of best
before use. The consumer should avoid taking food from an unhygienic
place and food being prepared under unhygienic conditions.Such types
of foodmay cause variousdiseases. Consumptionof cut fruitsbeing sold
in unhygienic conditions should be avoided. It is always better to buy
certified food from reputed shops.

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 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adulterated_food
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272492507_A_PROJECT_
WORK_on_DETECTION_OF_ADULTERANTS_IN_SOME_COMMON_FO
OD-STUFF
 https://www.icbse.com/projects/chemistry-project-to-study-the-
adulterants-in-food-013
 https://www.slideshare.net/munesw/adulterants-in-food-stuff
 https://byjus.com/biology/food-adulteration/