Power_Scenario

1. Training course for Engineers and
Supervisors engaged in O&M of Substations
associated with Generating Stations

2. 2
CONTENT
1. World Power Scenario
2. Growth of Power Industry in India
3. Generation Scenario in India
4. Transmission and Distribution scenario in India.
5. Role of Private Power Participants in India
6. Organisation/ Power sector set up
7. Introduction to Indian Standard specification for
wiring
8. Energy Conservation

3. WORLD POWER SCENARIO
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4. WORLD ENERGY TRANSITION
• Until the mid-19th century, traditional biomass – the burning of
solid fuels such as wood, crop waste, or charcoal – was the
dominant source of energy used across the world.
• With the Industrial Revolution came the rise of coal; followed by oil,
gas; and by the turn of the 20th century, hydropower.
• It wasn’t until the 1960s that nuclear energy was added to the mix.
What are often referred to as ‘modern renewables’ – solar and
wind – were only added much later, in the 1980s.
• The speed and scale of the energy transition we need today is
switching from fossil fuels to low-carbon energy is very different
from the past .. A new challenge.
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5. WORLD ENERGY MIX
• The energy demand has grown multifold from 5654 TWh in
Year-1800 to about 175000 TWh in Year-2022.
• The Primary energy is consumed by the three major
sectors as per following proportion:
– Heating : 50%
– Transport:30%
– Electricity:20%
• Globally we get the largest amount of our energy from oil,
followed by coal, gas, then hydroelectric power.
• The global energy mix is still dominated by fossil fuels. They
account for 82% ( Oil:32%,Coal:26% and gas:24%) of
current energy consumption. Nuclear : 4% and Renewable
:14%
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6. Changing Global Energy Mix
• Global energy consumption is not stagnant, but growing. And in the
past years it has been growing too quickly for renewable and
nuclear to keep up.
• Still We continue to produce more energy from fossil fuels –
particularly oil and gas each year. Though Low-carbon energy is
certainly growing across the world – undoubtedly a sign of
progress.
• The changing energy mix over last fifty years :
– Fossil fuel: from 93% to 82%
– Nuclear: from 0.17% to 3.99%
– Renewable: from 6.5% to 14%
• Decarbonization is happening, but not at desired rate.
• To achieve the necessary progress that matters for the climate we
need to see the energy demand growth not only meet our new
energy demands each year, but start displacing existing fossil fuels
in the energy mix at a much faster rate.
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7. World Electricity MIX
• As we already know in a previous slide Electricity is one of three components that
make up total energy production. The other two are transport and heating.
• And Only 20% of the world primary energy is consumed for production of
Electricity.
• The breakdown of sources – coal, oil, gas, nuclear and renewable – is different in
the electricity mix versus the energy mix.
• Generally, low-carbon sources (nuclear and renewables) account for a larger share
in the electricity mix than the total energy mix.
• Globally coal, followed by gas, is the largest source of electricity production. Of the
low-carbon sources, hydropower and nuclear make the largest contribution;
although wind and solar are growing quickly.
• Almost two-thirds (63.3%) of global electricity came from fossil fuels. Of the 36.7%
from low-carbon sources, renewable account for 26.3% and nuclear energy for
10.4%.
• The relative proportionate contribution of fossil fuels and low-carbon electricity
has been pretty stagnant for decades.
• In fact, in the early 2000s, fossil fuels even gained ground. Over this period,
nuclear share declined whilst renewable grew. The progress made in renewable
has been offset by a decline in nuclear energy; nuclear declined by almost as much
as renewable gained.
7

8. WORLD ELECTRICITY MIX
• Globally we get just over one-third of our electricity
from low-carbon sources. But some countries get much
more – some nearly all of it – from fossil-free sources.
• Some countries get over 90% of their electricity from
nuclear or renewables – Sweden, Norway, France,
Paraguay, Iceland, and Nepal, among others.
• Solar, wind and other renewable technologies are
growing quickly and will hopefully account for a large
share of electricity production in the future.
• Over last 22 years in the 21st century Renewable
contribution has grown over 8%( from 19% to 27%)
which is a positive trend towards decarbonisation.
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9. World Electricity Demand
• Statistics show that the global electricity
production has been growing steadily at about
5% yearly rate.
• The production which was 14972 TWh in Yr-
2000 has almost doubled and become 28527
TWh in Yr-2022.
• The global average Per capita Electricity
consumption during the corresponding period
has grown from 2435 KWh to 3577 KWh.
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10. WORLD ELECTRICITY DEMAND
• If we see figures from earlier , between 1980
and 2022, electricity consumption more than
tripled, while the global population increased
by roughly 75 percent.
• Growth in industrialization and electricity
access across the globe have further boosted
electricity demand.
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11. WORLD POWER SCENARIO contd..
• Global electricity demand is expected to grow by 2.4% in 2022 after
previous year’s 6% increase, bringing it in line with its average
growth rate over the five years prior to the Covid-19 pandemic as
per latest studies.
• The electricity demand is currently expected to continue on a
similar growth path into 2023.
• Strong capacity additions are set to push up global renewable
power generation by more than 10% in 2023, displacing some fossil
fuel generation.
• Despite nuclear’s 3% decline in generation , low-carbon generation
is set to rise by 7% overall, leading to a 1% drop in total fossil fuel-
based generation.
• As a result, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the global
electricity sector are set to decline in 2023 from the all-time high
they reached in 2021, albeit by less than 1%.
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12. SCENARIO due to Ukraine Invation
• The world is in the midst of the first truly global energy
crisis, triggered by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, and the
electricity sector is one of the most heavily affected.
• “This is especially evident in Europe, which is experiencing
severe energy market turmoil, and in emerging and
developing economies, where supply disruptions and
soaring fuel prices are putting huge strains on fragile power
systems and resulting in blackouts.
• Governments are having to resort to emergency measures
to tackle the immediate challenges, but they also need to
focus on accelerating investment in clean energy transitions
as the most effective lasting response to the current crisis.”
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13. GROWTH OF POWER INDUSTRY IN INDIA
13

14. 14
History of Power Industry in India
1. The first demonstration of an electric light in Calcutta was
conducted on 24 July 1879 by P.W. Fleury & Co.
2. On 7 January 1897, Kilburn & Co secured the Calcutta electric
lighting license as agents of the Indian Electric Co. A month
later, the company was renamed the Calcutta Electric Supply
Corporation.
3. Enthused by the success of electricity in Calcutta, power was
thereafter introduced in Bombay. Mumbai saw electric lighting
demonstration for the first time in 1882 at Crawford Market.
4. Bombay Electric Supply & Tramways Company (BEST) set up
a generating station in 1905 to provide electricity for the
tramway.
5. The first hydroelectric installation in India was installed near a
tea estate at Sidrapong for the Darjeeling Municipality in 1897.

15. Growth of Power Industry in India
a. Power is one of the most critical components of infrastructure
crucial for the economic growth and welfare of nations.
b. India’s power sector is one of the most diversified in the
world. Sources of power generation range from conventional
sources such as coal, lignite, natural gas, oil, hydro and
nuclear power to viable non-conventional sources such as
wind, solar, and agricultural and domestic waste.
e. Electricity demand in the country has increased rapidly and is
expected to rise further in the years to come. In order to
meet the increasing demand for electricity in the country,
massive addition to the installed generating capacity is
required.

16. 16
Growth of Power Industry in India- Contd.
1. Power Sector in India has grown significantly since independence, both in
the installed electricity generating capacity and transmission & distribution
(T&D) system.
2. The total power generating capacity of (utilities & non utilities) has
increased from a meager 1362 MW in 1947 to about 416 GW by March-
2023.
3. India’s total electricity generation has grown at 5.85 percent per annum
since 2010–11. The Generation was 1056 TWh in 2010-11 which grew to
1729 TWh in Yr.2021-22 .
4. During the same period Fossil Fuel generation has grown from 708 TWh
to 1205 TWh at 3.4 % rate and Renewable generation from 51.3 T Wh r
to 203.35 T Wh at 6.25%.
5. The per capita electricity consumption which was a mere 16.3 units in
1947, has increased to 1255 units in 2021-22.
6. Despite this, the growth of electricity demand has been surpassing the
power supply and our country has been facing power shortages during
peak electricity demand, in spite of the manifold growth in Installed
Capacity over the years.
7. In the last 3 years, however, the shortages have reduced substantially.

17. Growth of Electric Power by Source
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18. 18
Generation Scenario in India
• Total installed capacity of power stations in India stood at
417.668 Giga watt (GW) as on APRIL, 2023.
• Fuel wise and region wise break up are provided in table below.
• The Ministry of Power has set a target of 1,750 billion units (BU)
of electricity to be generated in the financial year 2023-24,
which is 7% higher than the ACTUAL for 2022-23.
Region Installed Capacity
(GW)
Northern Region 119.00
Western Region 138.60
Southern Region 124.20
Eastern Region 34.92
North east Region 4.94
Fuel Capacity
(GW)
Thermal 237.269
Nuclear 6.78
Hydro 46.850
Renewables 126.769

19. 19
Generation Scenario in India
• Further breakup of installed capacity into State, Central and
Private sector is provided below.
• Both the energy deficit and the demand deficit has been contained to
much less than 1.00 percent over last couple of years.
• India saw the highest year on year growth in renewable energy
additions of 9.83% in 2022.
Sector Installed
capacity in GW
% of
Total
Central 80.78 24
State 103.06 25.3
Private 147.12 50.7

20. Transmission and Distribution
Scenario in India
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21. 220 kV
Power Plant
Generation
Residential
Customer
Commercial/
Industrial
Customer
Residential
Customer
Distribution
Pole
Urban
Customers
Primary Distribution
66 kV
Transmission
Distribution Transformer
(11/0.415 kV)
Secondary Grid
(66/11 kV)
Primary Grid
(220/66 kV)
Secondary Distribution
Underground Cable
To Other
66Kv
Substations
POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Primary Transmission(132/220/400/765KV)
Secondary Transmission(66/132KV)
CB
X’mer
(11/220kV)
Sending end SS Bus-bar
Bus-bar Steel Tower
CB
Dhuvaran
Karamsad
V V Nagar
GCET

22. 22
Transmission and Distribution Scenario in India
Present Transmission System of India
 Electricity is a concurrent subject in India i.e, both the central and state
governments are responsible for the development of the electricity
sector.
 NTPC, NHPC, THDC, NEEPCO, SJVNL, NLC etc. are the central
generation utilities and POWERGRID is the Central Transmission
Utility.
 At the State level, there are Gencos and Transco in the respective States.
 The country has been demarcated into five Regions viz. Northern (NR),
Eastern (ER), Western (WR), Southern(SR) and North Eastern (NER).
 All the regional grids are synchronously interconnected and operating as
single grid – Central Grid.
 By April,2023 the country has total inter-regional transmission capacity
of about 1,12,250 MW.

23. Transmission and Distribution Scenario in India- Contd.
 PGCIL owns and operates about 1,45,640 CKM of transmission lines at
800/765kV, 400kV, 220kV AC & ±800 kV, ±500kV HVDC levels
and 220 kV Sub-stations. Also the transformation capacity of
about 2,94,271 MVA .
 All the regional grids are synchronously interconnected and operating as
single grid – Central Grid. In addition there are asynchronous HVDC
links between the regions.
 The total length of both EHV AC , HVDC lines and transformation capacity of
Sub stations in MVA has been tabulated and presented in the next slide.
 Next level of voltage likely to be adopted are 1200 KV AC and ± 1000 KV DC
 The power transmission network is planned to be expanded from present level
of 4,25,500 circuit km to 454200 circuit km by 2024-25.

24. 2
Progress of Transmission sector
Voltage ± 800 kV
HVDC
±500 KV
HVDC
765 KV AC 400 KV AC 220 KV
AC
Sector
Central Length in
CKM
6,124 5,948 26,893 95,661 11,014
State Length in
CKM
0 1,504 1,512 52,371 1,53,422
JV/
Private
Length in
CKM
0 1,980 4,881 18,678 983
TOTAL Length in
CKM
6,124 9,432 33,286 1,66,710 1,65,419
Central MVA 9,000 9,500 1,44,000 1,22,615 9,156
State MVA 0 2,500 17,500 1,31,962 3,11,700
JV/
Private
MVA 0 1,500 16,000 9,250 1,747
TOTAL MVA 9,000 13,500 1,77,500 2,63,827 3,22,603

25. 2
Private sector Participation in Indian Power Industry and their role
a.The policy of liberalization of the Government of India announced in
1991 and consequent amendments in Electricity (Supply) Act have
opened new vistas to involve private efforts and investments in
electricity industry.
b. Considerable emphasis has been placed on attracting
private investment with major policy changes announced by the
Government in this regard which are enumerated below:
• The Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 was amended in 1991 to provide
for creation of private generating companies for setting up power
generating facilities and selling the power in bulk to the grid or other
persons.
• Financial Environment for private sector units modified to allow
liberal capital structuring and an attractive return on investment. Up
to hundred percent (100%) foreign equity participation can be
permitted.
• Administrative & Legal environment modified to simplify the
procedures for clearances of the projects.

26. 2
Private sector Participation in Indian Power Industry and their role
• Polcy guidelines for private sector participation in the renovation &
modernisation of power plants issued in 1995.
c. The Public Private Partnership (PPP) Model in the distribution of
electricity encompasses all functions and obligations relating to
distribution of electricity in a license area. The agency, selected
through competitive bidding, would be responsible for maintenance,
operation and upgradation of the distribution network and for the
supply of electricity to the regulated consumers. Reduction of AT&C
losses, improvement in the quality of power supply, strengthening of
the distribution network, improved customer satisfaction and
introduction of competition through open access are some of the
salient features of the proposed model.
d. Governments face critical decisions in reforming their power sectors.
They must decide the relative roles of public and private sectors in
providing power services; the governance and reform of public
enterprises operating in the sector.

27. Institutional
• Federal Structure
• ‘Power’ a concurrent subject
• RLDCs (Regional System Operator) : Apex
bodies in regional grid operation. Supervise and
control inter-regional and inter-state transmission
systems.
• RLDCs can give directions to intra-state utilities
for security of the grid
• SLDCs (State-level System Operator) : to
supervise and control state power systems
Structure of Electricity Industry in India

28. Organisational Hierarchy
Central Government
Ministry of power
a.Public Sector Enterprises
• NTPC, NHPC, NPC- Generating Companies.
• PTC- Trading Company
• POWERGRID- Transmission company.
b.Undertakings owned by Central Government
• DVC, BBMB,
• Educational institutions NPTI, CPRI etc.
c.Regulators : Autonomous.
• Appellate Tribunal for Electricity
• Central Electricity Regulatory Commission

29. Organisational Hierarchy..contd
State Government :
State Electricity Board
A. Unbundled Utilities
– Minimum Generating Co, Transmission Co and Distribution Co
– For example,
AP has 4 DISCOMs, TRANSCO and GENCO
Rajasthan has 3 DISCOMs, TRANSCO and
GENCO MP unbundled in 3 DISCOMs, TRANSCO
and GENCO
B. State Electricity Regulatory Commissions
– Members are appointed by state government. Autonomous
working.
C. Independent Power Producers (IPPs)
– IPPs operate under Build-Own-Operate mode. No IPPs under
central government.

30. Organisations under Central
Government
CEA (Central Electricity Authority)
• Advises the ministry on technical, financial, and economic matters.
Concurrence for hydro stations
National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC)
• plans, promotes, and integrates the development of hydroelectric, tidal
and wind power in India.
National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC)
• Operates and sets up thermal and gas-based power projects.
Rural Electrification Corporation
• provides financial assistance for rural electrification programmes.
Power Finance Corporation
• Mobilizes capital from non-budgetary sources to provide term
finance for power generation projects.
Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
• Setting and operating EHV transmission network in the country.
Responsible for all the existing and future transmission projects in the
central sector and for the formation of the National power grid. It also
functions as the central transmission utility and is currently responsible
for regional grid operations as well.

31. CERC (Central Electricity Regulatory Commission)
• Set up under the Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act, 1998 as
an independent statutory body with quasi-judicial powers.
• CERC regulates tariff-related matters and inter-state bulk sale of
power, aids and advises the central government on the formulation of
a tariff policy, frames the guidelines pertaining to tariff, and promotes
competition and efficiency in the electricity sector.
Other organizations
North-Eastern Electric Power Corporation, The Nathpa Jhakri Power
Corporation, The Tehri Hydro Development Corporation, and two
statutory bodies- the Damodar Valley Corporation and the Bhakra
Beas Management Board
Organisations under Central Government..contd

32. Generation Central
Gen.Cos
Inter State/
PTC
IPPs Others /
PTC
SEBs
POWERGRID & Other Licensees
Transmission
State Power
Utilities
Licensees
(Discos)
Transcos
C
E
R
C
Structure at Central Level

33. State-level Organizations
State Electricity Boards -Vertically Integrated utilities
• SEBs constituted by the state government, were responsible for ensuring
generation, transmission , and distribution of electricity in the most economical
and efficient manner. For this they are required to co-ordinate with the
generating companies, if any, operating in the state and with the central
government or any other boards or agency that has control over a power
system.
• Still 5 State are unbundled (HP, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Chhattisgarh, Punjab)
State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (23 Nos)
• regulating the purchase, distribution, supply and utilization of electricity, the
quality of service, the tariff and charges payable considering the interests of
both the consumer and the electricity industry in the state. Responsible for
promoting competition, efficiency, and economy in the activities of the industry,
the SERCs also aid and advise on matters concerning generation,
transmission, distribution, and supply of electricity in the state.
• Electricity Act,2003 mandates compulsory establishment of SERCs.

34. Generation State
Gen. Cos. IPPs
Central
Gen.Cos Others
Transmission State Transmission Utility
Distribution Dist
Co.-1
Dist
Co.-2
Dist
Co.-3
Dist
Co.-4
Private
Utilities
S
E
R
C
Structure at State Level

35. Private Sector in Power
Private Distribution Licensees
– Mostly old-legacy
– Tata Power Company, Reliance Infrastructure, and
BEST in Maharashtra, CESC in West Bengal and
Torrent Power in Gujarat.
– NDPL, BRPL and BYPL in Delhi
Private Trading Licensees
– Through regulations, CERC have issued terms and
conditions for trading licesees. 42 Trading
Licensees.
Private Transmission Licensees
– Many private JVs with CTU and private transmission
licensees.

36. Energy Conservation
Introduction to Indian Standard
Specification for wiring

37. Standard Practices in House wiring
• In construction of a house/ building house owner
should focus on electric works also; which need a lot
of attention while laying wiring as well as quality of
wiring, specification of electric appliances and
cables/wires.
• Due to carelessness or lack of knowledge by
electrician fatal accidents might occur sometimes
and take up more money in repair. Thus every care
should be taken while doing electrical wiring and
installation of fittings.
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38. Standard Practices for House wiring..contd
Here are given some tips on how to lay wiring.
• Electrical cables/wires are laid inside walls and RCC slab which may
require dismantling if any problem/defect arises later. Dismantling
is very costly as compared to getting it rightly fixed first time.
• A professional or good electrician should be hired for electric works.
All electric works and installations should comply with latest Indian
Electricity Acts and Rules in all respects.
• All materials used in electrical fittings should be of approved and
from a reputed manufacturer as per ISI specifications.
• Make sure that electrician has calculated total load from various
items that would be used in the house. Whether he lays wires that
are capable of taking total load.
• It is seen that a lot of times electricians are careless while putting
right load bearing wires for a purpose and these wires get burnt at
the movement when entire load is put on wires.
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39. House Wiring as per IS Specification
• The wiring should be carried out on distribution systems with main and
branch distribution boards to convenient centers and is without isolated
fuses.
• All conductors should run, as far as possible along walls and ceilings, so as
to be easily accessible and capable of being thoroughly inspected.
• In any case wiring should not run above ceiling.
• Circuit on opposite side of three wires system or on different phases of
three phases’ system is kept as far apart as possible in all cases; the
minimum distance should be 7 feet.
• Medium pressure wiring and all associated apparatus should comply with
specification.
• The numbers of points in light circuits should not exceed 10 or the total
load on circuit should not exceed 800 watts.
• One circuit can be explained as one connection from electrical meter or
main fuse circuit.
• For power wiring circuit the numbers of points in a circuit should not be
more than 2 and the size of wire is 1.5 mm square for copper and 2.5 mm
square for aluminum.
• Switch boards should be fitted at a height of 1.5 meter.
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40. House Wiring as per IS Specification
• Horizontal run of wiring should be at a height of 3 meter.
• Earth wire should be 14 SWG in case of copper and 4 mm
square in case of aluminum.
• Fuse wire should be connected to phase wire only.
• Connect a neutral link in neutral wire.
• Connect all switches in phase wire.
• All conductors should be of copper and have a cross section
less than 0.0020 sq. inches, nominal area (3/0.029 inches)
and every such conductor should be stranded.
• Minimum size of earth wire for light circuit is 1 mm square
for copper and 1.5 mm square for aluminum.
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41. ENERGY CONSERVATION
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42. 42
• Man’s efforts to master the nature are largely
based on his ability to control and develop
various sources of energy.
• Since dawn of civilization man has been
growing more and more energy hungry.
• Imagine the trend from thousands years ago
to present time to next 10 years: things are
mind blowing.
Human Energy Requirement:
Yesterday,Today & Tomorrow...

43. 43
Energy: Vehicle of Civilization
Per Capita Energy consumption
is the index
of growth of the civilization.

44. 44
GROWING CRISIS
• More coal has been mined during last 30
years than in previous 300 years.
• Petroleum mined in last 25 years is greater
than that in previous 75 years.

45. 45
Conventional Energy Scenario.
• Conventional energy sources are depleting at such a
breath-taking speed that they are fast coming to an
end.
• Coal will last for another 140 years.
• Natural gas will last for another 60 years.
• Petroleum products will last for another 45 years
only.

46. 46
Energy distribution
• 20% of population (Developed
Countries)consume 60% of energy
• Balance 80% of population (Developing
Countries) use only 40% of energy

47. 47
18 August 2023 47
GROWING ELECTRICITY DEMAND
Installed Capacity
• INDEPENDENCE (1947) 1,370 MW
• 2009 1,48,265 MW
• 2012 2,30,000 MW
• 2022 4,17,000 MW

48. 48
Energy Strategy for the Future
Energy Strategies-Immediate
• Rationalizing tariff structure of various energy products
• Efficiency in production, reduction in distribution losses
• Promoting R&D and use of energy efficient technologies and practices
• Promoting energy efficiency standards
Energy Strategies-Medium
• Demand management
• Optimum fuel mix
• Increased dependence on rail than road for goods/passenger
• Recycling
• Shift to energy such as solar, wind and biomass energy
Energy Strategies-Long
• Increased utilization of domestic fuel sources
• Improved energy infrastructure
• Enhancing energy efficiency
• Deregulation and privatization of energy sector
• Legislation to attract foreign investment

49. 49
SUPPLY VS DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES :
• Supply side management:
1. Produce more fuel.
2. Import fuel as per requirement.
3. Install more generating plants.
4. Explore the non-conventional sources.
• Demand side management:
1. Curb all loses and improve efficiency .
2. Employ energy efficient technologies.
3. Distribution side reforms.

50. 50
 Meeting the increasing demand only through
increases in supply may lead to:
Reduced energy security due to volatility in
availability and prices of imported fuels
Adverse environmental impacts
Strain on balance of payments
 ENERGY CONSERVATION,ENERGY-EFFICIENCY
ENHANCEMENT AND TAPPING MORE AND MORE
RES ARE THE BEST STRATEGIES.
BEST STRATEGY

51. 51
Limitations of Alternative sources :
• Technologies not matured
• Not very cost effective
• High level of safety requirement
• Diluted : take up large amounts of land
• Incapable of generating a large net amount of energy.
• Far from load centers: may require higher T & D networks.
• Intermittent nature of availability.
• Low efficiency levels.
• High initial investments.

52. 52
LEAST COST IMMEDIATE STRATEGY
• To augment the gap between the demand and supply
,the least cost strategy is to promote energy
efficiency and its conservation.
• Nearly 25000MW of capacity creation through the
efficiency measures has been estimated.
• Energy conservation potential has been assessed to
be 23% with maximum potential in industrial and
agriculture sector.

53. 53
ONE Unit Saved = TWO Units Generated
T & D LOSS
17 %
NETWORK
LOSS
5 %
MOTOR
LOSS
10 %
MECHANICAL
SYSTEM LOSS
30%
= 0.83 X 0.95 X 0.90 X 0.70
= 50 %

54. 54
ENERGY EFFICIENCY BENEFITS

55. 55
Energy and Environment
Inputs Process Outputs
Energy
Water
Raw
Material
Industrial
Process
Solid/
Liquid
waste
Direct/Indirect
Energy waste
Products
Emission
from
combustion
Emission
from
process
Chemical

56. 56
Principal pollutants
sulphur dioxide,
nitrogen oxides
 particulate matter
carbon monoxide
 ozone
hydrocarbons
benzene, 1,3-butadiene,
toxic organic micro pollutants,
lead and heavy metals.

57. 57
Evidence & Effects of Climatic Change
• Increase in Global Temperature
• Severe Storms and Flooding
• Food shortages
• Dwindling Freshwater supply
• Loss of biodiversity
• Increased diseases

58. 58
Energy Conservation
Energy conservation is the practice of
decreasing the quantity of energy used. It may
be achieved through efficient energy use, in
which case energy use is decreased while
achieving a similar outcome, or by reduced
consumption of energy services.

59. 59
Energy Conservation Vs Energy Efficiency
Incandescent Lamp
60 W
Compact fluorescent Lamp
15 W
Energy Efficient Equipment uses less energy
for same output and reduces CO2 emissions
CO2 Emission – 65 g/hr CO2 Emission – 16 g/hr
Figure 1.14

60. Energy Conservation
• “We do not inherit the
earth from our parents,
we borrow it from our
children” –
Chief Seattle

61. • The earth’s inhabitants
must take a serious
look at energy
resources, use and
conservation.

62. 62