Rain Water Harvesting Techniques to Augment Ground Water by Su-Raj Foundation

े ेभजल को बढ़ान क िलए वषा जल संचयन कू
तकनीक
Rain Water Harvesting Techniques To
Augment Ground Water
स-राज फाउंडेशनु
www.su-rajfoundation.com
110-111, 1st Floor, Rishabh Ipex Mall, Patparganj,
Delhi - 110092
E-Mail: su-raj@su-rajfoundation.com

S.W.A.R.G.
"Super Water Accelerated Recharge in Ground", An association of national
expertsworkingandadvisingtheGovt.ontheissues ofnationalimportance.
The concept is simple, as we use bore holes to take out the under ground water,
similarly we can use such bore holes to recharge the ground water in rainy seasons, this
canevenhelpindecreasingtheriskofﬂoods.
"सपर वाटर ए सीलेरेटेड रचाज इन ाउंड"ु , सरकार के कामकाज और सलाह
देने वाले रा ीयिवशेष काएकसंघ। रा ीयमह व के म पर।ु
अवधारणा सरल ह,ै य िक हम भजल के नीचे पानी िनकालने के िलए बोर छेद काू
उपयोग करते ह, उसी कार हम बा रश के मौसम म भजल को रचाज करने के िलएू
ऐसे बोर छेद का उपयोग कर सकते ह, इससे बाढ़ के खतरे को कम करने म भी मदद
िमलसकतीह।ै
su-raj@su-rajfoundation.com +91-11-42342479
Figure 1

izLrkouk
izxfr”khy ;qx esa ty dh c<+rh [kir cgqr gh LokHkkfod izfdz;k gSA gekjs ns”k dh
leL;k,a fofo/k ,oa tfVy gS D;ksfd Hkkjro'kZ es ty dh miyC/krk {ks=h; o'kkZ ,oa HkkSxksfyd
ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA blds lkFk c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k] “kgjhdj.k dk c<+rh {ks= viuk
izHkko ty dh miyfC/k ,oa xq.koÙkk ij Mky jgs gSA
bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa d`f=e ty Hkj.k dh izfdz;k ,d vko”;d igyw gS tks fd gj rjg ls
ykHkizn gSA vlls Hkwty ds :i esa o'kkZ ,oa vfrfjDr ty cpk dj j[kk tk ldrk gS ftlls Hkw
ty Lrj dh fxjkoV dh {kh.krk ij jksd yxkuk laHko gSA lkFk gh ;g Ik;kZoj.k ds vuqdwy gSA
dsUnzh; Hkwfe ty cksMZ us vkBoha ;kstuk ls d`f=e ty Hkj.k ij dkQh v/;;u yfd;k gS
,oa fofHkUu rjhdksa dh mi;ksfxrk dk le>k gSA bl laLdj.k es dqN rduhdksa dh tkudkjh nh
xbZ gS tks fofHkUu HkkSxksfyd ,oa tehu ds uhps dh fLFkfr;kas ds fy, mi;qDr gSA ;g LoPN ty
o'kZ „åå… esa d`f=e iquHkZj.k dh xfrfof/k;ksa dks c<+ok nsus esa ykHkizn gqvkA
Introduction
In a progressive society it is natural that demand of water remains on the rise. In
this context the issues are varied and complex in our country, because in India there are
remarkable variation in the availability of water on account of the regional rainfall and
geography, Along with, the increasing population and urbanization are having telling
effectontheavailabilityandqualityof water.
In this situation the activity of artificial recharge to ground water is an
indispensable measure which is substantially beneficial. As this will help store the
surplus rainwater in the form of ground water and in turn arrest the decline of water
levelanddegratinofthequality.Allthesameitiseco-friendly.
Since eight plans the Central Ground Water Board has carried out intensive
studies on the effectiveness of different techniques of artificial recharge to
groundwater. This compilation contains some of the techniques that are suited to
different geographic and geologic condition. This would help boost the activity of
artificialrechargetogroundwater.
- Su-Raj Foundation

Hkwfe ty lalk/kuks es o`f) ty dk lap;u
1‐0 o'kkZ ty lrgh viokg ds :i esa cgdj u'V gks tkus ls igys lrg ij ;k milrgh tyHk`r esa
,df=r ;k lafpr fd;sa tkus dh rduhd dks o'kkZ ty lap;u ¼jsu okVj gkjosfLVax½ dgrs gSA Hkwfe ty dk
d`f=e iquHkZj.k og izfd;k gS ftlls Hkwfe ty tyk”k; dk izkd`frd fLFkfr esa Hk.Mkj.k dh nj ls T;knk
Hk.Mkj.k gksrk gSA
2‐0 vko”;drk
F gekjh ekWx dh iwfrZ ds fy, vi;kZIr lrgh ty dh deh dks iwjk djus gsrwA
F fxjrs Hkwfe ty Lrj dks jksdus gsrwA
F [kkl txg o le; ij Hkwfe ty miyC/krk c<+kus o izksRlkgukRed fodkl ds fy, o'kkZ ty dk
mi;ksx djus gsrwA
F o'kkZ ty }kjk milrgh feêh esa vUr% L;Unu dks c<+kus ds fy, tks “kgjh {ks=ks es fuekZ.k ds dkj.k
vR;f/kd de gks pqdk gSA
F ty feJ.k }kjk Hkwfe ty dh xq.koÙkk dks c<+kus ds fy,A
F d`f'k iSnkokj c+<kus ds fy,A
F ouLifr ds QSyko esa o`f) }kjk {ks= dh ikfjfLFkfrd dks lq/kkjus gsrwA
3‐0 लाभ
F milrgh tyk”; esa iquHkZj.k dh ykxr lrgh tyk”k;ksa ls de gksrh gSA
F tyHk`r forj.k iz.kkyh ds :;I esa Hkh dk;Z djrk gSA
F Hk.Mkj.k ds mís”; ls Hkwfe O;FkZ ugha tkrh vkSj uk gh vkcknh dks gVkus dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA
F Hkwfe ty dk ok'ihdj.k o iznw'k.k lh/ks :I ls ugha gks ikrkA
F Hkwfe ds uhps ¼milrg es½ ty dj Hk.Mkj.k I;kZoj.k ds vuqdwy gSA
F ;g tyHk`r esa mRikndrk dks c<+krk gSA
F ;g ck<+ ds [krjs dks de djrk gSA
F Blls Hkwfe ty Lrj es o`f) gksrh gSA
F Lkw[ks ds [krjs o izHkko dks de djrk gSA
F e`nk vijnu de djrk gSA

RAIN WATER HARVESTING TO AUGMENT GROUND WATER RESOURCES
1.0 Rain Water Harvesting is the techniques of collection and storage of rain water at
surface or in subsurface aquifer, before it is lost as surface run off. The augmented resource
can be harvesting in the time of need.Artificial recharge to ground water is a process by which
the ground water reservation is augmented at a rate exceeding that under natural conditions of
replenishment.
2.0 NEED
F Toovercometheinadequacyofsurfacewatertomeetourdemands.
F Toarrestdeclineingroundwaterlevel.
F To enhance availability of ground water at specific place and time and utilize rain
waterforsustainabledevelopment.
F To increase infiltration of rain water in the subsoil which has decreased drastically in
urbanareastopavingofopenarea?
F Toimprovegroundwaterqualitybydilution.
F Toincreaseagricultureproduction
F Toimproveecologyoftheareabyincreaseinvegetationcoveretc.
3.0 ADVANTAGES
F Thecostofrechargetosub-surfacereservoirislowerthansurfacereservoirs.
F Theaquiferservesasadistributionsystemalso.
F No landiswastedforstoragepurposeandnopopulationdisplacementisinvolved.
F Ground waterisnotdirectlyexposedtoevaporationandpopulation.
F Storingwaterundergroundisenvironmentfriendly.
F Itincreasestheproductivityofaquifer.
F Itreducesflood hazards.
F Effectsriseingroundwaterlevels.
F Mitigateseffectsofdrought.
F Reducessoilerosion.

4‐0 vfHkdYi fopkj
Hkwfe ty lalk/kuksa es o`f) ds fy, o'kkZ lap;u iz.kkyh dh vfHkdYi rS;kj djus ds fy, ftu eq[, ckrksa
dk /;ku j[kk tkuk pkfg, os gSA»
F {ks= dh Hkwtyh; fLFkfr ftlesa tyHk`r dk izdkj o foLrkj] e`nk vkoj.k] Hkw vkd`fr] tyLrj dh xgjkbZ
o Hkwfe ty dh jlk;fud xq.koÙkk vkfn “kfey gSA
F L=ksr ty dh miyC/krk] tks Hkwty iquZHkj.k ds fy, izkFkfed vko”;drk gS] dk vkaDyu eq[; :Ik ls
uku dksfefVM vfrfjDr ekulwu viokg ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
F viokg esa ;ksxnku djus okys {ks= dk vkdyu tSls miyC/k {ks=] Hkwfe mi;ksx dh i)fr] vkS|ksfxd]
vkolh;] gfjr iV~Vh] iDdk {ks= o Nr dk {ks=Qy bR;kfnA
F Tky ekSle foKku ds /kVdks dk vkadyu tSls o'kkZ dh vof/k] lkekU; i)fr o o'kkZ dh rhozrk vkfnA
5‐0 fdz;k”khy {ks=
F Tkgka Hkwfe tyLrj esa yxkrkj fxjkoV vk jgh gksA
F Tkgka tyHk`r dk vf/kdka”k Hkkx valr`Ir dj fn;k x;k gksA
F Tkgka vko”;drk ds eghuksa es Hkwfe ty dh miyC/krk e`nk esa vUr% La;nu dkQh de gks x;k gks rFkk
Hkwty iquHkZj.k es deh vk xbZ gksA
6‐0 iquZHkj.k djus ds rjhds o rduhd
Hkwfety iquZHkj.k eq[;r% fuEufyf[kr rjhdksa }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
F “kgjh {ks=
Nr ls izkIr o'kkZ ty @ o'kkZ ty ls mRiUu viokg lafpr djus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr lajpukvksa dk
iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
¼1½ iquZHkj.k fiV ¼dawVj caM½
¼2½ iquZHkj.k [kkbZ VSªad ¼ijdksys”ku VSªad½
¼3½ uydwi
¼4½ iquHkZj.k dwi
F xzkeh.k {ks=
o'kkZ ty lafpr djus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr lajpukvksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS
¼1½ xyh Iyx
¼2½ ifjjs[kk cka/k ¼daVwj caM½
¼3½ xsfc;u lajpuk
¼4½ ifjL=o.k VSad ¼ijdksys”ku VSad½
¼5½ pSd cka/k@¼lhesUV Iyx@ ukyk caM
¼6½ iquHkZj.k “kk¶V
¼7½ dwi ¼Mx oSy ½ iquHkZj.k
¼8½ Hkwfe ty cka/k@milrgh MkbZd

4.0 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS:
The important aspects to be looked into for designing a rainwater harvesting system to
augmentground waterresourcesare:-
F Hydrogeology of the area including nature and extent aquifer, soil cover, topography, depth
towaterlevelandchemicalqualityof ground water.
F The availability of source water, one of the prime requested of ground water recharge
basicallyassessed intermsof non-committedsurplus monsoon rainfall.
F Area contribution run off like area available, land and pattern, industrial, residential, green
belt,pavedareas,roof topareaetc.
F Hydrometerlogicalcharacterslikerainfallduration,generalpatternandintensityof rainfall.
5.0 POTENTIAL AREAS
F Where ground water levels are declining on regular basis.
F Where substantial amount of aquifer has been de-saturated.
F Where availability of ground water is inadequate in lean months.
F Where due to rapid urbanization, inﬁltration of rain water into subsoil has decreased
drastically and recharging of ground water has diminished.
6.0 METHODS & TECHNIQUES
The methods of ground water recharge mainly are:
F Urban Areas
Roof top rain water / storm runoff harvesting through
I. Recharge Pit
II. Recharge Trench
III. Tubewell
IV. Recharge well
F Rural Areas
Rain water harvesting through
I. Gully Plug
II. Contour Bund
III. Gabion structure
IV. Percolation tank
V. Check dam/ cement plug / Nala Bund
VI. Recharge shaft
VII. Dugwell Recharge
VIII. Groundwater dams/ Subsurface Dyke

“kgjh {ks=
“kgjh {ks=ksa es bekjrksa dh Nr] iDds o dPps {ks=ksa ls izkIr o'kkZ ty O;FkZ pyk tkrk gSA ;g ty tyHk`rksa esa
iquHkZfjr fd;k tk ldrk gS o t:jr ds le; ykHkdkjh <ax ls iz;ksx es yk;k tk ldrk gSA o'kkZ ty lap;u
dh iz.kkyh dks bl rjhds ls fMtkbZu fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd ;g lap;u @ bdêk djkus dh dqN rduhdksa dk
fooj.k izsf'kr gS
¼I½ iquHkZj.k fiV ¼xM~<+k½ }kjk Nr ls izkIr o'kkZ ty dk lap;u
F Tkyks< {ks= es tgka ikjxE; pêkusa ;k rks tehuh lrg ij ;k cgqr NhNyh xgjkbZ ij gksa ogka Nr ls izkIr
o'kkZ ty dk lap;u iquHkZj.k fiV ds ek/;e ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA
F ;g rduhd yxHkx ƒåå oxZ+ eh0 {ks=Qy okyh Nr ds fy, mi;qDr gS o bldk fuekZ.k NhNys tyHkwrksa
dks iquHkZfjr djus ds fy, gksrk gSA
F iquZHkj.k fiV fdlh Hkh “kDy o vkdkj dk gks ldrk gS vkSj ;g lkekU;r% ƒ ls „ eh0 pkSMk o „ ls … eh0
xgjk cuk;k tkrk gS tks f”kyk[k.M ¼‡ ls ƒå fe0ehå½] ctjh ¼‡ ls ƒ0 feåehå½ o eksVh jsr lcls Åij
Hkjh tkrh gS rkfd viokg ds lkFk vkus okyh xkn jsr dh lrg ds Åij tek gks tk, tks ckn es vklkuh
ls gVkbZ tk ldsA NksVs vkdkj okyh Nr ds fy, fiV dks bZVksa ds VqdMk ;k dadM bR;kfn }kjk Hkjk tk
ldrk gSA
F Nr ls ty fudklh ds LFkku ij tkyh yxkuh pkfg, rkfd iÙks ;k vU; Bksl inkFkZ dks fiV esa tkus ls
jksdk tk lds o tehu ij ,d xkn fuLrkj.k @ bdÎk djus djus ds fy, d{k cuk;k tkuk pkfg, tks
eghus d.k okys inkFkksZ dks iquHkZj.k fiV dh rjQ cgus ls jksd ldsA
F iquHkZj.k xfr dks cuk;s j[kus ds fy, Åijh jsr dh ijr dks le; le; ij lkQ djuk pkfg,A
F ty bdÎk djus okys d{k ls igys izFke o'kkZ d sty dks ckgj tkus nsus ds fy, vyx ls O;oLFkk gksuh
pkfg,A
Hkwty dk leqfpr gks nksguA
o'kkZ ty ls gks bldk iquHkZj.kAA
rHkh lqjf{kr jg ik;sxk HkwtyA
vkSj [kq”kgky gksxk gekjk thouAA

URBAN AREAS
In urban areas, rain water available from roof tops of buildings, paved and unpaved
areas goes waste. This water can b e recharged to aquifer and can be utilized gainfully
at the time of need. The rain water harvesting system needs to be designed in a way
that it does not occupy large space for collection and recharge system. A few
techniquesof roof toprainwaterharvestinginurbanareasaredescribedbelow.
(i) ROOF TOP RAIN WATER HARVESTING THROUGH RECHARGE PIT
F In alluvial areas where permeable rocks are exposed on the land surface or at very
shallowdepth,roof toprainwaterharvestingcanbedonethroughrechargepit.
F The technique is suitable for building having a roof area of 100 sq.m. and are
constructionfor rechargingtheshallowaquifers.
F Recharge Pit may be of any shape and size are generally constructed 1 to 2 m. wide
and 2 to 3 m. deep which are back filled with boulder (5-20 cm), gravel (5-10 mm) and
coarse sand ( 1.5-2 mm) in graded form-Bounders at the bottom , gravels in between
and cross sand at the top so that the coarse sand layer and can easily be remove. For
smallerroof area,pitmaybefiledwithbrokenbricks/cobbles.
F Amesh should be provided at the roof so that leaves or any other solid waste/debris is
prevented from entering the pit and a desalting /collection chamber may also provided
attheground toarresttheflow offinger particlestotherechargepit.
F Thetoplayerof sand should becleanedperiodicallytomaintaintherechargerate.
F By-pas arrangement be provided be provided before the collection chamber to reject
thefirst showers.
Figure 2

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F iquHkZj.k [kkbZ „åå&…åå oxZ eh0 {ks=Qy okyh Nr ds Hkou ds fy, mi;qDr gS rFkk tgka Hks| Lrj
fNNys xgjkbZ esa miyC/k gksrk gksA
F iquHkZj.k djus ;ksX; ty dh miyC/krk ds vk/kkj ij [kkbZ å‐‡ ls eh0 pkSMh] „ fe0 eh0½ ls dzekuqlkj Hkjk
gksrk gS & ry esa f”kyk[k.M] ctjh esa rFkk eksVh jsr lcls Åij Hkjh gksrh gS rkfd viokg ds lkFk vkus
okyh xkn eksVh jsr ij tek gks tk, ftls vklkuh ls gVk;k tk ldsA
F tkyh Nr l sty fudyus okys ikbZi ij yxkbZ tkuh pkfg, rkfd iRrksa ;k vU; Bksl inkFkZ dks [kkbZ esa
tkus ls jksdk tk lds ,oa lw{e inkFkkasZ dks [kkbZ es tkus ls jksdus ds fy, xknfuLrkj.k d{k ;k laxzg.k
d{k tehu ij cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A
F izFke o'kkZ ds ty dks laxzg.k d{k esa tkus ls jksdus ds fy, d{k ls igys ,d miekxZ O;oLFkk dh tkuh
pkfg,A
F iquHkZj.k nj dks cuk, j[kus fy, jsr dh Åijh lrg dh vkof/kd lQkbZ dh tkuh pkfg,A
Hkwty Lrj esa fxjkoV ds dkj.k
Ÿ Hkkjr dh c<+h gqbZ ekax dks iwjk djus ds fy, LFkkuh; Lrj ij @ vFkok O;kid Lrj
ij ty dk vfr nksguA
Ÿ ty ds vU; L=ksrksa dk miyC/k u gksuk ftlls Hkwty ij iw.kZ fuHkZjrk A
Ÿ ty dh mfpr ek=k fuf”pr le; ij izkIr djus ds fy, vius lalk/kuks dh
O;oLFkk djukA
Ÿ izkphu lk/kuksa tSls rkykcksa] ckofM;ksa o VSdks vkfn dk mi;ksx u djuk ftlls
Hkwty fudklh ij vR;kf/kd ncko gksukA

(ii) ROOFTOPRAINWATERHARVESTINGTHROUGH RECHARGE TRENCH
F Recharge trenches are suitable for building having roof area of 200-300 sq. m. and where
permeablestrataareavailableatshallowdepths.
F Trench may be 0.5 to 1 m. wide, 1 to 1.5m.deep and 10 to 20 m. along depending upon
availabilityof watertoberecharge.
F These are back filled with boulders ( 5-20cm), gravels (5-10 mm ) and coarse sand (1.5-2
mm) in graded form- bounders at the bottom, gravel in between and coarse sand at the top so
that the sit contact that will come with runoff will be deposit on the top of the sand layer and
caneasilyberemoved.
F A mesh should be provided at the roof so that leaves or any other solid waste/debris is
prevented from entering the trench and a desilting / collection chamber may be also provided
on ground toarresttheflow ffiner particlestothetrench
F By-pass arrangementbeprovidedbeforethecollectionchambertorejectthefirst showers.
F Thetoplayerof sand should becleanedperiodicallytomaintaintherechargerate.
Figure 3

¼iii½ ekStnw uydwi }kjk Nr ls izkIr o'kkZ ty dk lap;u
F ,sls {ks= tgka NhNys tyHk`r lw[k x;s gSA o ekStwnk uydwy xgjs tyHk`r ls ty fudky jgs gksa ogka
xgjs tyHk`r dks iquHkZfjr djus ds fy, ekStwn uydwi }kjk Nr ls izkIr o'kkZ ty ds lap;u dh i)fr
viukbZ tk ldrh gSA
F Ikkuh bdÎk djus ds fy, Nr dh ukyh dks ƒå ls0eh0 O;kl ds ikbZi ls tksM+k tkrk gSA igyh cjlkr ds
viofgr ty dks Nr ls vkus okys ikbZi ds fupys fljs ls ckgj fudky fn;k tkrk gSA blds Ik”pkr
uhps ds ikbZi dks can djds vkxs dh cjlkr dk ikuh ykbZu ij yxs ÞTß ikbZi ds ek/;e ls ihå ohå lhå
fQYVj rd yk;k tkrk gSA ty ds uydwi es tkus ds LFkku ls igys fQYVj rd yk;k tkrk gSA ty ds
uydwi ess tkus ds LFkku ls igys fQYVj yxk;k tkrk gSA fQYVj ƒ ls ƒ‐„ eh0 yEck gksrk gSA o
ih0oh0lh0ty dk ikbZi dk cuk gksrk gSA bl dk O;kl Nr ds vkdkj ds vuqlkj cny ldrk gSA ;fn
Nr dk {ks=Qy ƒ‡å oxZeh0 ls de gks rks ikbZi dk O;kl ƒ‡ ls0eh0 o vf/kd gks rks „å ls0eh0 rd gks
ldrk gSA fQYVj ds nksuksa fljksa ij ˆ‐„‡ ls0eh0 ds fjMwlj yxk, tkrs gSA fQYVj inkFkZ vkil es uk
feys lds blfy, fQYVj dks ih0 oh0 lh0 tkyh }kjk rhu d{kksa es ckaVk tkrk gSA igys d{k esa ctjh¼ˆ
ls0 ƒå eh0eh0 ½] chp okys d{k esa iScy ¼ƒ„&„å fe0 eh0½ Hkjs tkrs gSA
F ;fn Nr dk {ks+=Qy T;knk gks rks fQYVj fiV cuk;k tk ldrk gSA Nr ls izkIr o'kkZ ty dks tehu ij
cus xkn fuLrkj.k d{k ;k laxzg.k d{k esa ys tk;k tkrk gSA ty ,d= djus okys d{k vkil esa tqMsa gksrs
gS lkFk gh ikbZi ds ek/;e ls] ftldk <ky ƒ%ƒ‡ gks] fQYVj fiV rFkk fQYVj inkFkZ }kjk dzeokj okil
Hkj fn;k tkrk gSAry es cksYMj ¼f”kyk[k.M½] chp esa xzSoy ¼ctjh½ o lcls Åij eksVh jsr Hkjh tkrh gSA
bu Lrjksa dh eksVkbZ å‐… ls å‐‡ eh0 rd gks ldrh gS o ;s Lrj vkil es tkyh }kjk vyx& vyx Hkh j[ks
tk ldrs gSA laxzg.k d{k dks nks d{kksa es ckaV fn;k tkrk gSA ,d es fQYVj djus okys inkFkZ o nwljs d{k
es fQYVj gksdj vk;s vfrfjDr ty dks Hkjk tk ldrk gS ftlls ty dh xq.koÙkk dh tkap dh gk ldrh
gSA fQYVj fd;s x;s ty dks iquHkZfjr djus ds fy, bl d{k ds fupys Hkkx ls fudkys x;s ikbZi dks
iquHkZj.k fiV ls tksM fn;k tkrk gSA
Figure 3

(iii) ROOF TOP[ RAIN WATER HARVESTING THROUGH EXISTING TUBEWELLS
F In areas where the shallow aquifer have dried up and existing tubewells are tapping
deeper aquifer , roof top rain water harvesting through existing tubewell can be adopted
to recharge the deeper aquifers,
F PVC pipe of 100 cm dia are connected to roof drain to collected rain water. The first roof
runoff is late off through the bottom of drain pipe. After closing the bottom pipe, the rain
water of subsequent rain showers is taken through a T to an online PVC filter. The filter
may be provided before water enters the tubewell. The filter is 1-1.2m. in length and is
made up of PVC pipe. Its diameter should vary depending in the area of roof, 15 cm if
roof area is less than 150 sq.m and 20 cm on the both side. Filter is divided in to three
chambers by PVC screen so that filter material is not mixed up. The first chamber is filled
up with the gravel(6-10 mm) middle chamber with pebbles (12-20 mm ) and last
chamber with bigger pebbles(20-40 mm)
F If the roof is more a filter pit may be provided. Rain water from roofs is taken to
collection/ desilting chambers located n ground. These collecting chambers are
interconnected as well as connected to the filter pit through pipes having a slop of 1:15.
The filter pit may vary in shape and size depending upon available run off and sand at the
top with varying thickness (0.30-0.50 m.)
F And may be separated by screen. The pit is divided into two chambers, filter material in
one chamber and other chamber is kept empty to accommodate excess filtered water to
monitor the quality of filtered water. A connecting pipe with recharging well is provided
at the bottom on the pit for recharging of filtered water through well.
Figure 4

¼iv½ iquHkZj.k dWqvksa ds lkFk [kkbZ }kjk Nr ls izkIr o'kkZ ty dk lap;u
F ,sls {ks=ksa es tgak lrgh e`nk vikjxE; gS rFkk vf/kd ek=k es Nr ls izkIr o'kkZ ty ;k lrgh viokg
dkQh de le;kUrjky esa Hkkjh o'kkZ ds dkj.k miyC/k gks] ,sls es [kkbZ @ fiV esa cusa fQYVj ek/;e esa
ty lxzg.k fd;k tkrk gSA rFkk fo”ks'k :I ls fufeZr iquHkZj.k dqWvks ds }kjk Hkwfe ty dk yxkrkj
iquHkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA
F ;g rduhd ml {ks= ds fy, vkn”kZr% mi;qDr gSa tgkW ikjxE; Lrj Hkwfe lrg ds … eh0 ds vUnj ekStnw
gSA
F ƒåå ls …åå fe0eh0 O;kl dk iquHkZj.k dWqvk ftldh de ls de xgjkbZ ty Lrj ls … ls ‡ eh0 uhps rd
gks cuk;k tkrk gSA {ks= dh fyFkksyksth ds vuqlkj dwi lajpuk dk fMtkbZu rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSa ftles
NhNys o xgjs tyHk`r ds lkeus fNnz;qDr ikbZi Mkyk tkrk gSA
F iquHkjZ.k dqW, dks e/; es j[krs gq, ty dh miyC/krk ij vk/kkfjr ƒ‐‡ ls … ls ‡ eh0 pkSMh rFkk ƒå ls …å
eh0 yEch ikf”oZd [kkbZ dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA
F [kkbZ es dqWvksa dh la[;k ty dh miyC/krk o {ks= fo”ks'k es pV~Vkuksa dh m)oZ ikjxE;rk ds vuqlkj
fu/kkZfjr dh tk ldrh gSA
F iquHkZj.k dqWvksa ds fy, fQYVj ek/;e ds :Ik esa dk;Z djus ds fy, [kkbZ dks cksYMj] xSzoy o eksVh jsr ls
Hkj fn;k tkrk gSA
F ;fn tyHk`r dkWQh xgjkbZ] „å eh0 ls T;knk ij miyC/k gks rc viofgr ty dh miyC/krk ds vk/kkj
ij „ ls ‡ eh0 xgjh fNNyh “kk¶V ds vUnj ƒåå ls …åå fe0 eh0 O;kl dk iquHkZj.k dqWvk cuk;k tkrk
gSA iquHkZj.k dqWvksa dks tke gksus ls cpkus ds fy, “kk¶V ds ry es fQYVj inkFkZ Hkj fn;k tkrk gSA
Figure 5

(iv) ROOF TOP RAIN WATER HARVESTING THROUGH TRENCH WITH
RECHARGE WELL
F In areas where the surface soil is impervious and large quantities of roof water or
surface runoff is available within a very short period of heavy rainfall.The use of
trench/pit is made to store water in a filter media and subsequently recharge to
groundwaterthroughspeciallyconstructedrechargewells.
F This technique is ideally suitable for area where permeable horizon is within 3m
belowgroundlevel.
F Recharge well of 100-300 diameter is constructed to a depth of at least 3 to 5 m
below the water level. Based on the litho logy of the area well assembly is
designedwithslottedpipeagainsttheshallowanddeeperaquifer.
F A lateral trench of 1.5 to 3 m width and 10 to 30 m length, depending upon the
availabilityofwaterisconstructedwiththerechargewellinthecenter.
F The number of recharge well in the trench can be decided on the basics of water
availabilityandlocalverticalpermeabilityof therocks.
F The trench is backfilled with boulders, gravels and coarse sand to act as a filter
mediafortherechargewells.
F If aquifer is available at greater depth say more than 20 m, a shallow shaft of 2 to
5 m diameter and 3-5 meters deep may be constructed depending upon
availability of runoff. Inside the shaft a recharge well of 100-300 mm dia is
constructed for recharging the available water to the deeper aquifer. At the
bottomoftheshaftafiltermediaisprovidedtoavoidchokingofrechargewell.
Figure 6

xzeh.k {ks=
F xzkeh.k {ks= esa o'kkZ ty dk lap;u okVj “ksM dks ,d bdkbZ ds :Ik ysdj djrs gSA vkerkSj ij lrgh
QSyko dh rduhd viukbZ tkrh gSA D;ksfd ,slh iz.kkyh ds fy, txg izpqjrk esa miyC/k gksrh gS rFkk
iquHkZfjr ty dh ek=k Hkh vf/kd gksrh gSA <yku] ufn;ksa o ukyksa ds ek/;e ls O;FkZ tk jgs ty dks cpkus
ds fy, fuEufyf[kr rduhdksa dks viuk;k tk ldrk gSA
F ¼i½ xyh Iyx }kjk o'kkZ ty lap;u
F Xyh Iyx dk fuekZ.k LFkkuh; iRFkj] fpduh feVV~h o >kfM+;ksa dk mi;ksx dj o'kkZ _rq esa igkM+ksa ds
<+yku ls NksVs dSpesUV es cgrs gq;s ukyksa o ty/kkjkvksa ds vkj ikj fd;k tkrk gSA
F Xkyh IyXk feV~Vh o ueh ds laj{k.k es enn djrk gSA
F Xyh Iyx ds fy, LFkku dk p;u ,slh txg djrs gSA tgka LFkkuh; :I ls <yku lekIr gksrk gks rkfd
caM ds ihNs Ik;kZIr ek=k e sty ,df=r jg ldsA
F ¼ii½ ifjjs[kk ¼dUVwj½ ckW/k ds }kjk o'kkZ ty lap;u
F Ikfjjs[kk cka/k okVj “ksM es yEcs le; rd e`nk ueh dks lajf{kr j[kus dh izHkkoh i)fr gSA
F ;g de o'kkZ okys {ks=ksa ds fy, mi;qDr gksrh gS tgkW ekulwu dk viofgr ty leku ÅWpkbZZ okys dUVwj
ds pkjksa rjQ <+yku okyh Hkwfe ij cka/k cuk dj jksdk tk ldrk gSA
F Ckgrs gq, ty dks dVko osx izkIr djus ls igys caM ds chp es mfpr nwjh j[k dj jksd fn;k tkrk gSA
F Nks dUVwj caM ds chp dh nwjh {ks= ds <yku o e`nk dh ikjxE;rk ij fuHkZj gksrh gSA e`nk dh ikjxE;rk
ftruh de gksxh dUVwj caM ds chp nwjh mruh de gksxhA
F dUVwj caM lk/kkj.k <yku okyh tehu ds fy, mi;qDr gksrs gSa buesa lhf<;k cuk;k tkuk “kkfey ugha
gksrhA
जमीन के ढाल के अनसार बंड के बीच क दरु ू
जमीन का ढाल ितशत बंड क ऊँ चाई (मीटर म) बंड के बीच क दरी (मीटर म)ू
0 - 1 1.05 150
1 - 1.5 1.20 96
1.5 - 2.0 1.35 77
2 - 3 1.50 60
3 - 4 1.60 48
4 - 5 1.80 40
5 - 6 1.95 35

RURAL AREAS
In rural areas, rain water harvesting is taken up considering water shed as a unit. Surface
spreading techniques are common since space for such system is available in plenty and quality
of recharged water is also large. Following techniques may be adopted to save water going waste
throughslopes, rivers,rivuletsandnalas
(i) RAIN WATER HARVESTING THROUGH GULLY PLUG
F Gully plugs are built using local stones, clay and bushes across small gullies and streams
runningdown thehillslopes carryingtotinycatchmentsduringrainyseason.
F Gullyplugs helpinconservationof soilandmoisture.
F The sites for gully plugs may be chosen whenever there is a local break in slop to permit
accumulationof adequatewaterbehindthebunds.
(ii) RAIN WATER HARVESTING THROUGH CONTOUR BUND
F Counter Bunds are effective method to conserve soil moisture in watershed for long
duration.
F There are suitable in low rain fall areas where monsoon run off can be impounded by
constructingon theslopingground allalongthecontourof equalelevation.
F Flowing water is intercepted before it attains the erosive velocity by keeping suitable
spacingbetweenbunds.
F Contourboundingis suitableonlandwithmoderateslopewithoutinvolvingterracing.
Figure 7

¼iii½ xSfc;u lajpuk }kjk o'kkZ ty lap;u
F ;g ,d izdkj dk pSd MSe gksrk gS ftldk fuekZ.k lkekU;r% NksVh ty/kkjkvksa ij ty/kkjkvksa ds cgko
dks lajf{kr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA lkFk gh ty/kkjk ds ckgj fcYdqy Hkh Iykou ugha gks ikrkA
F Tky/kkjk ij NksVs cka/k dk fuekZ.k LFkkuh; :i ls miyC/k f”kyk[k.Mksa dks yksgs ds rkjksa dh tkfy;ksa esa
Mkydj rFkk mls ty/kkjk ds fdukjksa ij cka/k dj fd;k tkrk gSA
F bl izdkj dh lajpukvksa dh mpkWbZ å‐‡ eh0 gksrh gS o ;s lk/kkj.r;k ƒå eh0 ls de pkSMkbZ okyh
ty/kkjkvksa es iz;ksx gksrh gSA
F dqN ty iquHkZj.k ds L+=ksr es tek NksM+ dj “ks'k vf/kd ty bl lajpuk ds Åij ls cg tkrk gsA
ty/kkjk dh xkn f”kyk[k.Mksa ds chp te tkrh gS vkSj fQj mlesa ouLifr ds mxus ls cka/k vikjxE; cu
tkrk gS vkSj cjlkr ds viofgr lrgh ty dks vf/kd le; rd jksd dj Hkwfe ty esa iquHkZfjr gksus es
enn djrk gSA
Figure 8

(iii) RAIN WATER HARVESTING THROUGH GABION STRUCTURE
F This is a kind of check dam commonly constructed across small stream to conserve stream
flow withpracticallyno submergencebeyondstreamcourse.
F A small bund across the stream is made by putting locally available bounders in a mesh of
steelwiresandanchoredtothestreambank.
F The height of such structures is around 0.5 m and is normally used in the streams with width
of less than10m.
F The excess water over flow this structure storing some water to serve as source of recharge.
The site content of stream water induce course is deposit in the interstices of the boulders in
due course and with growth of vegetation, the bund becomes quit impermeable and helps in
retaining surface water runoff for sufficient time after rains to recharge the ground water
body.
Figure 9

¼iv½ ifjL=o.k VSd ¼ijdksys”ku VSd ½ }kjk o'kkZ ty dk lap;u
F ifjL=o.k VSd d`f=e :I ls l`ftr lrgh ty lajpuk gSA blds tyk”k; esa vR;r ikjxE; Hkwfe
tyIyfor gks tkrha gS ftlls lrgh viokg ifjL=for gksdj Hkwfe ty Hk.Mkj dk iquHkZj.k djrk gSA
F ifjL=o.k VSad dk fuekZ.k] ;FkklaHko ¼preferably½] f}rh; ls r`rh; pj.k dh ty/kkjk ij fd;k tkuk
pkfg,] ;g vR;f/kd njkj okyh dPph pV~Vkuks ¼fractured and weatherad rockes ½ tks lh/ks es
uhps cgus okyh ty/kkjk ¼downstream½ QSyh gksa] ij fLFkr gksuk pkfg,A
F fupyh ty/kkjk ds iquHkZj.k {ks= esa iquHkZfjr ty fodflr djus ds fy, Ik;kZIr la[;k es dqW, o d`f'k Hkwfe
gksuh pkfg, rkfd lafpr ty dk ykHk mBk;k tk ldsA
F प र वन टक का आकार टक तल से सं तर क प र वन मता के अनसार नधा रत कयाु
जाना चा हए | सामा यता प र वन टक का डजाईन ०.१ से ०.४ एम. सी. एम क भ डारण
मता के लए होता ह | यह आव यक है क टक का डजाईन इस तरह का हो िजसम
सामा यता ३ से ४.५ मी. का टक म जमा जल के शीष (column) रहे |
F ifjL=.k VSd vf/kdka”krk tehuh cka/k ¼earthendam½gh gksrs gS ftues dsoy mRIyo ekxZ ¼spilway
½ ds fy, fpukbZ dh xbZ lajpuk gksrh gSA ifjL=o.k VSad dk mís”; Hkwfe ty Hk.Mkj.k dk iquHkZj.k djuk
gksrk gS blfy, laLrj ds uhps fjlko gksus fn;k tkrk gSA †‐‡ eh0 rd dh ÅWpkbZ okys ckW/k ds fy,
[kkbZ;ksa dk dkVk tkuk vfuok;Z ugh gksrk o izkd~frd Hkwfe o ckW/k ry ds chp ck/kkvksa dk fuekZ.k gh
Ik;kZIr gksrk gSA
Figure 10

(iv) RAIN WATER HARVESTING THROUGH PERCOLATION TANK
F Percolation tank is an artificially created surface water body, submerging in its reservoir a
highly permeable land so that so that surface runoff is made to percolate and recharge the
ground waterstorage.
F Percolation tank should be constructed preferably on second to third order streams, located on
highlyfracturedandweatheredrocks whichhavelateralcontinuitydownstream.
F The recharged area downstream should have sufficient number of well and cultivable land to
benefitfromtheaugmentedground water.
F The size of percolation tank should be governed by percolation capacity of strata in the tank
bed. Normally percolation tank are designed from the storage capacity of 0.1 to 0.5 MCM. It
is necessary to design the tank to provide a pounded water column generally between 3 & 4.5
m.
F The percolation tanks are mostly earthen dams with masonry structure only for spillway. The
purpose of the percolation tank is to recharge the ground water storage and hence seepage
below the seat of the bed is permissible. For dams up to 4.5 m height. Cut off trenches are not
necessaryandkeyingandbenchingbetweenthedamseatandnaturalground issufficient.
Figure 11

¼iv½ pSd MSe @ lhesUV Iyx @ ukyk caM ds }kjk o'kkZ ty lap;u
F pSd MSe dk fuekZ.k vfrlkekU; <yku okyh NksVh ty/kkjkvks ij fd;k tkrk gSA p;fur tXkg ij
ijxE; Lrj ;k oSnjM Lrj dh i;kZIr eksVkbZ gksuh pkfg, rkfd ,df=r ty de le;kUrjky esa
iquHkZfjr gks ldsA
F bu lajpukvksa esa lafpr ty vf/kdrj ukyksa ds izokg {ks= esa lhfer jgrk gSA rFkk bldh ÅWpkbZ
lkekU;r% „ eh0 ls de gksrh gS o vfrfjDr ty dks lajpuk dh nhokj ds Åij ls cg dj tkus fn;k
tkrk gS vR;f/kd ty }kjk xM~<s u cus o dVko uk gks blfy, Mkmu LVªhe dh rjQ ty dq”ku
¼watercushion½cuk, tkrs gSA
F ty/kkjk ds vf/kdka”k viokg dk mi;ksx djus ds fy, bl rjg ds pSd MSe dh J`a[kyk dk fuekZ.k fd;k
tk ldrk gSA rkfd {ks=h; iSekus ij iquHkZj.k gks ldsA
F fpduh feV~Vh ls Hkjs lhesUV cSxksa dks nhokj dh rjg yxkdj NksVs ukyksa ij vijks/k ds :Ike s
lQyrkiwoZd bLrseky gks jgk gSA dbZ LFkkuksa ij ukys ds vkjikj mFkyh [kkbZ [kksnh tkrh gS o nksuks
rjQ ,LlcsLVl dh “khV yxk nh tkrh gSA ukys ij ,LcsLVl “khV dh nksuksa J`a[kykvksa ds chp dk LFkku
fpduh feV~Vh }kjk Hkj fn;k tkrk gSA bl rjg de ykxr okys pSd MSe dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA
lajpuk dks etcwrh iznku djus ds fy, ty/kkjk ds Åijh Hkkx dh rjQ fpduh feV~Vh ls Hkjs lhesUV
cSxksa dks <yok de es yxk fn;k tkrk gSA
Figure 12

(v) RAIN WATER HARVESTING THROUGH CHECK DAMS / CEMENT PLUGS / NALA
BUNDS
F Check dams are constructed across small having gentle slope The Site selected should have
sufficient thickness of with formation to facilitate recharge of stored water within short span
of time.
F The water stored in this structure is mostly confined to stream course and the height is
normally less than 2 m and excess water is allowed to flow over the wall. In order to avoid
scouringfromexcessrun off,watercushions areprovidedatdownstreamside.
F To harness the maximum run off in the stream, series of such check dams can be constructed to
haverechargeon regionalscale.
F Clay filled cement bags arranged as a wall is also being successfully used as a barrier across
small nalas. At place, shallow trench is excavated across the nala and asbestos sheets are put
on two sides. The space between the rows of asbestos sheets across the nala is backfilled with
clay. Thus low cost check dam is created. On the upstream side clay filled cement bags can be
stackedinaslopetoprovidestabilitytothestructure.
Figure 13

¼vi½ iquHkZj.k “kk¶V }kjk o o'kkZ ty lap;u
F vifj:)tyHk`r ftlds Åij de ikjxE; Lrj gks ds iquHkZj.k ds fy, lcls mIk;qDr o de ykxr
okyh rduhd gSA
F vxj Lrj ugha <gus okyh izo`fr dk gks rks iquHkZj.k “kk¶V dk fuekZ.k gkFkksa ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA “kk¶V
dk O;kl lkekU;r% „eh0 ls vf/kd gksrk gsSA
F “kk¶V dk vfre fljk Åijh vikjxE; Lrj ds uhps vf/kd ikjxE; Lrj esa gksuk pkfg,A ;g vko”;d
ugh dh “kk¶V tyLrj dks Nwrk gksA
F viafDRkc) ¼vuykbZUM½ “kk¶V esa igys cksYMj @ iScy fQj ctjh o vUr es eksVh jsr Hkjh tkuh pkfg,A
F ;fn “kk¶V ykbZUM gks rks iquHkZfjr ty dks fQYVj rd igWqpus okys ,d NksVs pkyd ikbZi ¼dUMDVj
ikbZi ½ ds ek/;e ls “kk¶V es Mkyk tkrk gSA
F bl rjg dh iquHkZj.k ljapuk,s xzkeh.k VSdks ds fy, dkQh ykHkizn gksrh gSA tgka NhNyh fpduh feV~Vh
dh ijr ty ds tyHk`r es fjlko gksus es ck/kd gksrh gSA
F ,dlk ns[kk x;k gS fd cjlkr ds ekSle esa xkWoksa ds VSad iwjh rjg ls Hkjs gksrs gS ysfdu xkn Hkjus ds
dkj.k bu VSadks l sty dk uhps fjlko ugha gks ikrk rFkk lkFk gh cus uydwi o dqW,as lw[ks jg tkrs gSA
xkWoksa ds rkykcksa ld sty ok'ihd`r gks tkrk gSA rFkk ykHkdkjh mi;ksx ds fy, miyC/k ugh gks ikrA
F Rkykcksa esa iquHkZj.k “kk¶V ds fuekZ.k ls vfrfjDr miyC/krk ¼ljIyl ½ ty dks Hkwty esa iquHkZfjr fd;k
tk ldrk gSA ty dh miyC/rk ds vuqlkj iquHkZj.k “kk¶V … ls ‡ eh0 O;kl o ƒå&ƒ‡ eh0 xgjkbZ rd
cukbZ tkrh gSA “kk¶V dk Åijh fljk VSad ds ry Lrj ¼bed level½ ds Åij] iw.kZ vkiwfr Lrj ds vk/ks
rd j[kk tkrk gS ;g cksYMj] xzSoy o eksVh jsr }kjk iqu% Hkj fn;k tkrk gSA
F Lakjpuk dh etcwrh ds fy, Åijh ,d ;k nks ehVj dh xgjkbZ okys Hkkx dh bZVksa o lhesaV fefJr elkys
ls fpukbZ dh tkrh gSA
F bl rduhd ds ek/;e ls xzkeh.k rkykc ¼VSd ½ esa bdV~Bs gq, lEiw.kZ ty esa ls iw.kZ vkiwfrZ Lrj ds ‡å
izfr”kr ls vf/kd dks Hkwty esa iquHkZfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA iquHkZj.k ds Ik”pkr fuLrkj ds fy, i;kZIr
ty VS des cpk jg tkrk gSA
Figure 14

(vi) RAIN WATER HARVESTING THROUGH RECHARGE SHAFT
F This is the most efficient and cost effective technique to recharge unconfined aquifer
overlain by poorly permeable strata.
F Recharge shaft may be dug manually if the strata are of non-caving natural. The diameter
of shaft is normally more than 2 m.
F The shaft should end in more permeable strata below the top impermeable strata. It may
not touch water table.
F The unlined shaft should be backfilled, initially with boulders/ cobbles followed by gravel
and coarse sand.
F In case of lined shaft the recharge water may be fed through a smaller conductor pipe
recharge up to the filter pack.
F These recharge structure are very useful for village ponds where shallow clay layer
impedes the infiltration of water to the aquifer.
F By constructing recharge shaft in tanks, surplus water can be recharge to ground water.
Recharge shafts of 0.5 to 3 m. diameter and 10 m to 15 m. deep are constructed depending
upon availability of quantum of water .The top of shaft is kept above the take bed level
preferably at half of full supply level. These are backfilled with boulders, gravels AND
COARSE SAND.
F In upper portion of 1 or 2 m depth, the brick masonary work is carried out for the stability
of the structure.
F Through this technique all the accumulated water in village tank above 50 % full supply
level would be recharge to groundwater. Sufficient water will continue to remain in thank
for domestic use after recharge.
Figure 15

¼vi½ पनभरण कं ओं वारा वषा जल संचयनु ु
F चाल व् बंद पड़े कं ओं को सफाई व् गाद न तारण के प चात पनभरण संरचना के प मू ुु
योग म लाया जा सकता है |
F पनभ रत कये जाने वाले गाद जल को गाद न तारण क से एक पाइप के मा यम से कएंु ु
के तल या जल तर के नचे ले जाया जाता है ता क कएं के तल म गडढ होने व् जल त मु
हवा के बलबल को फसने से रोका जा सके |ु ु
F पनभरण जल गाद म त होना चा हए तथा गाद को हटाने के लए अपवा हत जल को या तोु ु
गाद न तारण क या फ़ टर क से गजारा जाना चा हए |ु
F जीवाण संदषक को नयं त रखने के लए लोर न आव धक प से डाल जानी चा हए |ु ू
Figure 16

(vi) RAIN WATER HARVESTING THROUGH DUG WELL RECHARGE
F Existing and abandoned dug wells well may be utilized a recharge structure after cleaning and
desaltingthesame.
F The recharge water is guided thought a pipe from distillation chamber to the bottom of well or
belowthewaterleveltoavoidsouring ofbottomandentrapmentof airbubblesintheaquifer.
F Recharge eater should be silt free and fro removing the slit contents, the runoff water should
pass eitherthroughadesiltingchamberor ﬁlterchamber.
F Periodicchlorinationshould bedonefor controllingthebacteriologicalcontaminations.
Figure 17

¼vii½ Hkwfexr tycka/k ;k milrgh MkbZd
F Hkwfexr tycka/k ;k milrgh MkbZd unh ds vkj ikj ,d izdkj dk vojks/kd gksrk gSA tks cgko dh xfr
dks de djrk gSA bl rjg ls Hkwty cka/k ds Åij {ks= es tyLrj tyHk`r ds lw[ks Hkkx dks lar`Ir djds
c<+rk gSA
F milrgh MkbZd ds fuekZ.k ds fy, LFky dk p;u ,slh txg fd;k tkrk gSA tgkW vikjxE; Lrj NhNyh
xgjkbZ esa gks vkSj ldMs+ fudkl okyh pkSMh [kkbZ gksA
F mi;qDr LFky pquko ds i”pkr ukys dh iw.kZ pkSMkbZ esa ƒ&„ eh0 pkSMh rFkk dM+h pV~Vkuksa@ vHks| lrg
rd ,d [kkbZ [kksnh tkrh gSA [kkbZ dks fpduh feV~Vh ;k bZVksa @ dadzhV dh nhokj l sty Lrj ds vk/kk
ehVj uhps rd Hkj fn;k tkrk gSA
F iw.kZ :Ik ls vizos”;rk lqfuf”pr djus dsf fy, …ååå ih0 ,l0 vkbZ0 dh ih0 lh0 pknj ftldh fV;fjax
“kfDR †ååls ‡åå xst gks vFkok de /kUkRo okyh „åå xst dh iksyhFkhu fQYe dk iz;ksx Hkh MkbZd l;gksa
dks <dus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA
F pwafd ty dk lap;u tyHk`r esa gksrk gSA blfy, tehu dk tyIykou jksdk tk ldrk gSA rFkk tyk”;
ds Åij dh tehu dks cka/k cuus ds i”pkr iz;ksx es yk;k tk ldrk gSA blls tyk”k; ls ok'ihdj.k
}kjk uqdlku ugha gksrk vkSj uk gh tyk”; esa xkn tek gks ikrh gSA cka/k ds cSB tkus ¼VwV tkus½ tSls
Hka;dj [krjs dks Hkh Vkyk tk ldrk gSA
ty laj{k.k /;s; gekjkA
rHkh lqjf{kr Hkfo'; gekjkAA
iquHkZj.k esa jf[k;s] rhu ckr dk /;kuA
vkod] laxzg vkSj fjlu] lQy djsa vfHk;kuAA
cgrs ty dks ckW/kdj] djksa lcdk midkjA

(vii) GROUND WATER DAMS OR SUB- SURFACE DYKES
F Sub surface dyke or underground dam is a subsurface barrier across stream which
retards the base flow and stores up streams below ground surface. By doing so, the
water level in upstream part of ground water dam rises satura ng otherwise dry part of
aquifer.
F The site where sub-surface dyke is proposed should have shallow impervious layer with
wide valley and narrow out let.
F A er selec on of suitable site, a trench of 1-2 m. wide is dung across the breadth of
steam down to impermeable bed .The trench may be filled with clay or brick/ concrete
wall up to 0.5 m. below the ground level.
F For ensuring total is imperviousness, PVC sheets of 3000 PSI tearing at 400 to 600 gauge
or low density polythene film of 200 gauge can also be used to cover the cut out dyke
faces.
F Since the water is stored within the, submergence of land can be avoided and land above
the reservoir can be u lize even a er the construc on of the dam. No evapora on loss
from the reservoir and no silta on in the reservoir taken place, the poten al disaster like
collapse of the dams can also be avoided.
Figure 18

TOTAL WATER ON EARTH
3 % (37.5) mill. cu. kms.)
Freshwater
97% (1320 mill. cu. kms.)
in Oceans (Saline Water)
of the total water on earth only 3% constitutes freshwater.
Rest is saline water in the oceans.
DISTRIBUTION OF FRESH WATER ON EARTH
11% of the total freshwater on earth is ground water available upto a depth of 800m which can be
extractedfor use.
Mindless extraction and over exploitation of very small quantity of this precious nature resources
hascausedarapiddepletionanddeteriorationinitsquantityandqualityboth.
11% groundwater upto 800 m
11% groundwater below 800 m
1% in lakes, rivers and
streams etc.
77% in glaciers & ice caps.

AVAILABILITYOFRAINWATERTHROUGHROOFTOPRAINWATERHARVESTING
Rainfall(mm)100200300400500600800100012001400160018002000
Rooftoparea(sqm)HarvestedWaterfromRooftop(cum)
201.63.24.86.489.612.81619.222.425.628.832
302.44.87.29.61214.419.22428.833.638.443.248
403.26.49.612.81619.225.63238.444.851.257.664
50481216202432404856647280
604.89.614.419.22428.838.44857.667.276.886.496
705.611.216.822.42833.644.85667.278.489.6100.8112
806.412.819.225.63238.451.26476.889.6102.4115.2128
907.214.421.628.83643.257.67286.4100.8115.2129.6144
10081624324048648096112128144160
15012243648648096120144168192216240
200163248648096128160192224256288320
25020406080100120160200240280320360400
30024487296120144192240288336384432480
400326496128160192256320384448512576640
5004080120160200240320400480560640720800
1000801602403204004806408009601120128014401600
20001603204806408009601280160019202240256028803200
3000240480720960120014401920240028803360384043204800
Ofﬁce:
Su-RajFoundation
110-111,1stFloor,RishabhIpexMall,
Patparganj,Delhi
110092
FORMOREDETAILSCONTACT:
Webstie:www.su-rajfoundation.com
E-Mail:su-raj@su-rajfoundation.com
Ph.No.:+91-11-42342479

Rain Water Harvesting Techniques to Augment Ground Water by Su-Raj Foundation

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