Bio-informatics is one of the most popular topic today. here we make a presentation in pptx about Evolution Phylogenetic. I think it maybe helpful to others.

1. Evolution
Phylogenetic

2. Submitted to:
Farhana Sharmin
Dept. of CSE , DIU
Submitted by:
Ashik-E-Rabbani(161-15-7093)
Samsil Arefin(161-15-7197)
Arman Fajlur Rahman(161-15-6991)
Hasnain Habib Rakin(161-15-7379)
Md. Mazharul Islam(151-15-4793)

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▰In biology, evolution is the change in the
characteristics of a species over several generations
and relies on the process of natural selection.
Evolution

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Darwin's theory of evolution

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Moath Bug Evolution

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▰Perhaps the world's most famous early human ancestor, the 3.2-
million-year-old ape "Lucy" was the first Australopithecus afarensis
skeleton ever found, though her remains are only about 40 percent
complete
▰Lucy's size gives her away as a female. Later fossil discoveries
established that A. afarensis males were quite a bit larger than
females.
▰when taken together, suggest that she was a young, but fully
mature, adult when she died.
Lucy

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▰Understanding a phylogeny is a lot like
reading a family tree. The root of the tree
represents the ancestral lineage, and the tips
of the branches represent the descendants of
that ancestor. As you move from the root to
the tips, you are moving forward in time.
Phylogenetic

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▰Phylogenetic is important because it enriches our
understanding of how genes, genomes, species (and
molecular sequences more generally) evolve. Through
phylogenetic, we learn not only how the sequences
came to be the way they are today, but also general
principles that enable us to predict how they will change
in the future. This is not only of fundamental importance
but also extremely useful for numerous applications
Why is phylogenetic important?

10. Aim
▰To construct a visual representation (a tree) to describe the
assumed evolution occurring between and among different
groups (individuals, populations, species, etc.) and to study the
reliability of the consensus tree.
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Phylogenetic methods can be used for many purposes, including analysis of
morphological and several kinds of molecular data. We concentrate here on the
analysis of DNA and protein sequences.
▰Comparisons of more than two sequences
▰Analysis of gene families, including functional predictions
▰Estimation of evolutionary relationships among organisms
Phylogenetic methods

12. Assumptions
▰Evolution produces dichotomous branching.
▰Evolution is simple – The best explanation assumes
least mutations.
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Which species are the closest living relatives of modern
humans?

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Tree structure
▰A tree can be also presented in a text format: (A(B(C,D)))
▰The graphic structure can be difficult to interpret (2-dimentional)

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Phylogenetic Trees
▰A diagram used to show the evolutionary relationships between
different organisms
• Also Includes:
– The common ancestor.
– The order organisms evolved in.
• Based off of Evidence:
– Fossils + Comparative Anatomy
– DNA
– Geology

17. Parts of a phylogenetic tree
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18. Computational methods for finding optimal trees
▰Exact algorithms:
"Guarantee" to find the optimal
or "best" tree for the method of
choice. Two types used in tree
building:
▰Heuristic algorithms: Approximate or
“quick-and-dirty” methods that attempt
to find the optimal tree for the method of
choice, but cannot guarantee to do so.
Heuristic searches often operate by “hill-
climbing” methods.
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How to Read an Evolutionary Tree
Information on patterns of evolutionary decent is the same
regardless of the lengths of branches

20. Equivalent relationships, even though internal
branches rotated
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21. Some Figures of Analyzing
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22. Finally Chromas Output Using BioEdit
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1.'Edward Hitchcock’s Pre-Darwinian (1840) 'Tree of Life.
2.Auyang, Sunny Y. (1998). Narratives and Theories in Natural History.
3.Farris, J.S. (1970). Methods of computing Wagner trees.
4. Goloboff, P. A. 1993. Estimating character weights during tree search.
5.Wilkinson, Mark. 1995. More on reduced consensus methods
References on Phylogenetics

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