Research Methodology, Research Terminologies and Techniques. These slides are based on the lectures delivered in Research Academy Karachi. These are useful for the researchers and academicians.

1. Research
Methodology
(Part-2)
Samiuddin
PhD Scholar (I. Banking & Finance)
sami.uddin@riphah.edu.pk

2. Introduction to
Research Terminologies

3. 1. Hypothesis
• Quantitative Research starts from Hypothesis
• Qualitative Research starts from Research Questions
• A Mixed Research may contains Hypothesis and Research
Questions.
• How we arrive on Hypothesis in Research?
• Concept conceptualization of Concept (Need clear Concept)
like meal….
• Construct of Concept like Education System of Pakistan is
a concept Examination System further conceptualization
similarly Evaluation Technique through MCQs is more
conceptualization of the concept of Education System of
Pakistan. Pinpoint focusing …..

4. Definition of Hypothesis
• Hypothesis is a tentative statement between two or more
variables.
• Hypothesis is a concept that tells us relationship
between two or more variables.

5. 2. Construct
Step.1
• 1- Examination System of Pakistan
• 2- University Level Examination System of Pak
Step.2
• 3- Undergrad Level Examination System of Pak
• 4- Evaluation Techniques at Undergrad Level Examination System of
Pakistan
Step.3
• 5- MCQs Evaluation Techniques at Undergrad Level
• 6- Behavioral Personality Changes Through MCQs Evaluation
Techniques at Undergrad Level University Examination System of Pak
Step.4
•7- MCQs Evaluation Techniques at Undergrad Level
•8- Behavioral Personality Changes Through MCQs Evaluation
Techniques at Undergrad Level University Examination System of
Pak

6. 3. Variables
• Every variable is a concept but every concept is not a
variable.
• When a concept is related to a Hypothesis then it
becomes a variable.
Variable
Concept
Hypothesis

7. 4. Objective/s of Research
• It explains the impact of one or more than one
(Independent)variables on dependent variable for which
research is conducted. It measures the purpose of
research. The problem for the solution of which
research is conducted.
• If objectives or purpose of research are not cleared then
such research arrives on wrong way. Therefore
Objectives of Research must be cleared and achievable.

8. 5. Application of Research
• The solution of the problem for which research is conducted is
called application of Research. On the basis of application ,
research can be categorized into 2 types:
5.1. Pure-Research (Academic Research) is conducted for the
sake of knowledge. Like how DNA replicates? How Planets
are moving around the sun? knowing about the existing
phenomena of nature. It is called theoretical research or
conceptual research.
5.2. Applied-Research Applied research are conducted in
applied sciences to solve a particular problem like to control the
further outbreak of Nova Corona Virus in Pakistan.

9. 6. Types of Research
• The nature of problem if identified with all details,
explains the type of tools that are to be used for the
solution. This is the Model of Research that guides you
what kind of tools and methods you have to use in
finding the solution of the given problem. Note that all
tools are equal in weight and authenticity if are used
properly and appropriately in solving Research
Problems.

10. 6.1. Descriptive Research
• Descriptive Research: If you need to explain the ifs and
buts of a problem, its reasons, and other details then you
have to adopt the descriptive methodology of research.
Usually Descriptive Methodology is used in Qualitative
Research.
• With reference to Quantitative Research, in economic
research for applying the findings descriptive research
can be used. Like future 10 years economic impact of a
particular phenomenon on the economy of Pakistan

11. 6.2. Qualitative vs.
Quantitative Research
• 6.2.1 Qualitative Research: When a Research Problem
is defined in descriptive mode and if a solution is given
by means of a research not in empirical or figurative
terms such research is called Qualitative Research.
• 6.2.2 Quantitative Research: When a Research
Problem is defined in empirical Mode and if its solution is
given by means of a research in empirical and
Quantitative terms such research is known as
Quantitative Research.
It’s the need that defines which method is to be used for solving Research Problems

12. 6.2. Mixed Method
• In 1950s Mixed Method of research was introduced. In
this method a solution to a Research Problem is given by
the cross authentication of the problem Qualitatively and
Quantitatively. Two types of solutions are given under
this Mixed Method that is Qualitative and Quantitative
solutions. In this method both Qualitative and
Quantitative tools of scientific inquiries are used.
Qualitative ₊ Quantitative = Mixed Method

13. 6.3. Inductive vs. Deductive
Logic
• 6.3.1. Inductive Logic: The term inductive is derived
from inducement which means new arrival. If the kind of
knowledge which is created was not available before it
then such methodology through which is it is induced is
called inductive logic e.g. Seismic Waves, Gravitational
Force, X-Rays, Penicillin, First airplane is induction in the
pool of knowledge. Rest of airplanes are deductive. e.t.c
all innovations and inventions are inductive.
• 6.3.2. Deductive Logic: on the basis of available
knowledge like Gravitational force if someone introduces
the principles of Rocket launching theory or practical.

14. 6.3. Deductive vs. Inductive
1) Deductive Method of Research Process:
1. Theory
2. Observations/Data
3. Analysis
4. Result….. Approval/disapproval of the theory
From Known to Unknown
2) Inductive Method of Research Process:
1. Data/Patterns (Example: Newton observation of apple falling)
2. Analysis
3. Theory construction
4. Result
From Unknown to know

15. 6.4. Exploratory Research
• Exploratory Research Methodology tells us what new is
happening in the existing phenomenon. Like Ozone
Layer Depletion and Global Warming. Knowing hidden
or unknown phenomenon within existing phenomenon.

16. 6.5. Action Research
• When a social problem is scientifically inquired and
solved such kind of research is called Action Research.
Action Research is also called Application Research.
Action Research is a part of Exploratory or Descriptive
Research. Action Research is done in the result of
Inferential Research.

17. 6. Regularity of Research
• What is the rate of regularity in data comes under the
phenomenon of regularity of Research. Rate of Normal
occurrences is counted in research not exceptions. That
is why we bring under consideration in our research the
average or regression line in research. All abnormal
points are excluded in research.

18. 7. Modes of Research
Enquiry
• Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods are the
three modes of Research Inquiries.