Introduction to Research Terminologies. Slides are based on Research Academy Karachi Lectures

1. Sami-Ud-Din
PhD Scholar (Islamic Banking & Finance)
Sami.uddin@ripah.edu.pk
Research Methodology
Part-1

2. Reality
 Objective Part of Reality (Non disputable part of
Reality)
 Subjective part of Reality (Part of the reality that
may be disputed)

3. Reality
 A fact Relevant to the variation of time and space

4. Types of Reality
 Experiential Reality
 Agreed Reality (No personal inquiry or experience
involved)
 Objective Reality
 Subjective Reality

5. Reality and relativity
 Reality is relative therefore cannot be easily
found with all references (External Variables) of
space and time.
 Abusing by an idiot vs. abusing by a rational
person

6. Construction of Reality
1. Social
2. Economic
3. Natural
4. Political
5. Ethical
6. Artistic
7. Spiritual
8. Divine
9. Philosophical
10. Logical Construction of Reality

7. Variables and research
 In research variables matter.

8. From where research starts
 Research always starts from inquiring mind.
Newton started inquiry of the falling apples.
Archimedes inquired the floating of his body.

9. What is research?
 Research is a technical process. If completed
with all technicalities and found a new thing then
it is called research if even did not find a new
thing still it is called research.

10. Modes of research
1. Research through the existing phenomenon
 Working on the existing facts and figures
2. Research through the new phenomenon
 Working on the non-existing facts and figures…..
Finding new facts and figures

11. Parts Research
 Technical Part of the underlying Problem (Using
the appropriate tools and techniques of research)
 Conceptual Part of the underlying Problem (Using
the appropriate theory and hypothesis of the
research Model)

12. Journey of Research
 Concept
 Only a clear concept can easily be constructed
 Construction of concept
 Like peace is concept lets to construct it like
peace with reference to the rate of killing

13. Random or extraneous Variables &
Research
 Impact of police patrolling and crime rate
 Random variable is extreme weather which
decreased the rate of crimes not the police
patrolling.

14. Researcher Vigilance Matters
 In assessing the variables the researcher
vigilance matters otherwise…….. will be misled

15. Scientific modes of inquiry vs.
Human modes of inquiry
 Human Modes of inquiry
 Major Errors Associated with Human Inquiry:
1. Illogical Reasoning e.g
 3 friends they were reasoning about a person who
was limping
 1st said: His leg is broken
 2nd said: suffering with strain (sprain)
 3rd said: Suffering with polio
 But when the person reached them they observed
that one of his shoe was despaired (broken).
 All their observations were correct but illogical.
Therefore reasoning must be logical.

16. 2. Inaccurate Reasoning
Cutting one by leg of frog and noting the
response of frog for jumping on the table and when
all the legs were cut then concluding the result that
when all the legs of a frog is cut down then frogs
become dumb.
3. Overgeneralization
Researcher remained always specific and avoid
generalization. human is selective in observation
and then generalize it which is a wrong technique.

17. 4. To Error is human
 This is a misconception about human observation
that human being does error in experiencing and
inquiring things.
5. Authority
 Human being looks to the authority and does not
scientifically inquire problems. Shahid afreedi
uses Lux soap then its authority that Lux soap
removes all the germs. Human uses less
common sense in inquiring problems.
 Authority vs. Science
 Socrates vs. Chruch
 Galileo vs. Chruch

18.  Authority has NO 2nd interpretation.
 Authority cannot be challenged
 Authority is believed as it is.
 ِ‫إ‬َ‫و‬ ُ ‫ه‬‫اَّلل‬ َ‫ل‬َ‫ز‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬ ‫ى‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫إ‬ ‫ا‬ ْ‫و‬َ‫ل‬‫ا‬َ‫ع‬َ‫ت‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬َ‫ل‬ َ‫ل‬‫ي‬ِ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬َ‫ذ‬ِ‫إ‬َ‫و‬َ‫ج‬َ‫و‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬ ‫ا‬َ‫ن‬ُ‫ب‬ْ‫س‬َ‫ح‬ ‫وا‬ُ‫ل‬‫ا‬َ‫ق‬ ِ‫ل‬‫ُو‬‫س‬‫ه‬‫الر‬ ‫ى‬َ‫ل‬‫ا‬َ‫ن‬ْ‫د‬
َ‫ون‬ُ‫م‬َ‫ل‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ي‬ َ‫َل‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ُ‫ؤ‬‫ا‬َ‫ب‬‫آ‬ َ‫َان‬‫ك‬ ْ‫و‬َ‫ل‬َ‫و‬َ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬َ‫ن‬َ‫ء‬‫ا‬َ‫ب‬‫آ‬ ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬َ‫ون‬ُ‫د‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫ه‬َ‫ي‬ َ‫َل‬َ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ئ‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ش‬(05:104)

19. 6. Tradition
 Tradition kills Science
 Tradition kills common sense
 Traditions may not be based on scientific
grounds. Like all the superstitions for different
treatments of diseases.
 What is the solution to all these human short
comings?????
The scientific Modes of inquiry

20. SCIENTIFIC MODES OF
INQUIRY
 Definition
 Limitations
 Solution