Personality explained along with mulitple theories

1. Personality
• A personality trait is a durable disposition to
behave in a particular way across a variety of
situations.
• Theorists agree that some traits are more
basic than others, but there is great debate
about how many fundamental traits are
required to fully describe personality.

2. Sigmund Freud’s
theory
• Sigmund Freud’s
psychoanalytic theory grew out
of his therapeutic work with
clients and emphasized the
importance of the unconscious
• Freud divided personality
structure into three
components: the id, ego and
superego.
• The id is the instinctive
component that follows the
pleasure principle, the ego is
the decision making
component that follows the
reality principle and the
superego is the moral
component that follows the
morality principle.

3. ID – EGO - SUPEREGO
• Id - One of the three
components of the psyche, it is
responsible for instinctual
urges and is completely
unconscious.
• Ego - One of the three
components of the psyche, it is
the part of the psyche that
deals with reality.
• Superego - One of the three
components of the psyche, the
super-ego represents
internalized social rules. It is
partly conscious, and it
enforces rules and imposes
guilt.
• Libido - Psychic energy
derived from the sex drive.

4. Levels of consciousness
• Freud described three levels of awareness: the
conscious (current awareness), the
preconscious (material just below the level of
awareness) and the unconscious (material
well below the surface of awareness).

5. Levels of mind

8. The Structure of Personality
ID EGO
SUPEREGO

9. Id operate according to
pleasure principles
 Id: Innate biological instincts and urges;
self-serving & irrational
 place ;Totally unconscious
 Works on Pleasure Principle:
Wishes to have its desires (pleasurable)
satisfied , without waiting and
regardless of the
consequences(immediate gratification )
NOW

10. The Structure of Personality
The Ego- Executive of Personality
The part of the mind that constrains the
id to reality
Develops around 2-3 years of age
Mediates between id, superego, and
environment

11. EGO Operates according to the reality
principle and secondary process
thinking
 Reality principle ;
 Mediate between demand of reality and
Id
 Secondary process
 Involve thinking process ,action and
delay the immediate gratification or
demands of id ..

12. The Structure of Personality
The Superego- Upholder of Values and
Ideals(guilt oriented part)
The part of the mind that internalizes
the values, morals, and ideals of society
and religion
Develops around age 3 to
4
Not bound by reality

13. Conflicts
 id
 Ego (conflict) id vs superego
 Superego

15.  Freud proposed that children evolve
through five stages of psychosexual
development: the oral, anal, phallic,
latency and genital stages.
 Certain experiences during these stages
such as the handling of the Oedipus
complex and electra complex can shape
subsequent adult personality.

16. Crisis of this stage
 Oedipus
complex
….BOYS
Electra
complex
…GIRLS

17. 17
Oedipus Complex
A boy’s sexual desire for his mother and
feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival
father. A girl’s desire for her father is called the
Electra complex.

18. Oedipus Complex
 A boy’s sexual feeling for his mother and
rivalries with his father
 Psychological defenses against these
threatening thoughts and feelings
 Form reaction pattern used throughout life
 Form personality through identification with
father
 Diminish fear of castration-vicariously obtain
mother through father

19. Stages of Personality
development
 Freud noted that, at different times in our
lives, different parts of our skin give us
greatest pleasure. Later theorists would call
these areas erogenous zones.
 Oral 0 -1/2 years
Weaning
 Anal 2 – 3/4 years Toilet training
 Phallic 4 – 5/6 years Identifying
 Latency 6 – 12/13 years Transforming
 Genital 13 + Love / Work

21. Behavioural perspectives
Burrhus Frederick Skinner’s
theory
• Work on operant conditioning
• Personality development: shaped by
reinforcement
Albert Bandura’s theory
• Social learning theory
• Role of self efficacy

22. Skinner’s theory
 B.F.Skinner’s work on Operant conditioning
was not meant to be a theory of personality
but it has been applied to personality
 Skinner’s followers view personality as a
collection of response tendencies that are
tied to specific situations
 Skinnerians view personality development
as a lifelong process in which response
tendencies are shaped by reinforcement

23. Bandura’s theory
 Albert Bandura’s social learning theory
emphasizes how cognitive factors shape
personality
 According to Bandura people’s response
tendencies are largely acquired by
observational learning.
 Bandura stressed the role of self efficacy –
one’s belief about one’s ability to perform
behaviours that should lead to expected
outcomes
 Greater self efficacy is associated with greater
success in a variety of athletic, academic and
health pursuits.

24. Maslow’s theory
 Abraham Maslow proposed that human
motives are organized into a hierarchy
of needs in which basic needs must be
met before less basic needs are
aroused.