Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: Named Entity Recognition"
crux of education.docx
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CRUX OF EDUCATION
For
ESE, SESE, SST,NAT, NTS,Headmaster/Headmistress,SubjectSpecialistEducation,LecturerEducation
A Complete Package forTeachingProfession&M.A Education/M.Ed
MuhammadNazir
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the book(includingprintingerrors,if any) will be welcomedandincorporatedinthe subsequenteditions
of the book.
PREFACE
Educationisan overarchingfieldwithcurriculumdesigningandresearchbasedonchanginglearning
environmentswhichservesasthe basisof teaching-learningprocessinall otherfieldsrangingfrom
engineering,medicine tosocial sciencesandbeyond.
ThisbookcontainstremendousinformationregardingFoundationof education,Instructional designs,
teachingMethodologies/strategiesandmanyothertopics,whichfall withinthe domainof teaching-
learningprocess.The authorhasdesignedthe contentsof the bookina comprehensive andwell-
structuredmanner,cateringtodifferentlevelsof readers.Itisacommendable effortwhichhas
contributedtothe fieldof Education,since thisisthe rootthroughwhichfurtherlearningpatternsand
ideasstem.Thisbookwouldserve asa key'learningtool forall those whowantto benefitfromthe
ideasandinformationprovided.
Thisbook,therefore,isasignificantadditiontothe literaturealreadyavailableonthistopicandwould
notablycomplementit.
2. Dr. TanzilaNabeel
Chairperson,
Departmentof Special Education,AllamaIqbal OpenUniversity,Islamabad.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wouldlike toexpressmydeepestgratitude toAlmightyALLAH(SWT) andBelovedProphet(PBUH) Who
enlightenedthe mankindwiththe powerof positivityandshoweditthe righteouspath.
I wishto write special note of thankstothe Honourable Dr.TanzilaNabeel,ChairpersonDepartmentof
Special Education,AllamaIqbal OpenUniversity,Islamabad,whomade me tofightwithspiritand
achieve the setgoalssuccessfully.
I am verygrateful tothe Dr. MuhammadNaeemMohsin,DirectorDistance Education,Govt.College
University,Faisalabadforhiscontinuoussupportandadvice toaccomplishthiswork.
I am thankful tomy valuable colleaguesof special educationdepartmentespeciallyAbdul Hameed
Gujjar,Farhat Hayat Malik,Madam MehmudaKousar,Abdul Sattar,Haji MuhammadSiddique,
MuhammadAkram Sabir, IfraSohail,AyshaWajihUllah,Maria Kazam, BashirRabbani,TahirJamil,
SumairaChoudhari,AbidMasoodKhan,NaveedEjaz,FidaHussainAtif,ZameerUl Hassanand all staff of
Govt. Institute forSlowLearnersTobaTekSingh.
A special wordof thanksto mybrothersNaseerAhmedandMuhammadShaban,LecturerGovt.
Municipal Degree College Faisalabadwhokeptme goingwithconfidence andhelpedinfinalization/
publicationof the book.FinallyIamveryindebtedtomymother,mywife,andmykids(Hiba,Hadia,
Sohaib,Anas) fortheirspecial prayersandlove.
MuhammadNazir
CONTENTS
Chap# Topic Page #
1 Educational Philosophy 1-13
2 Historyof Education 15-44
3 Educational Psychology45-88
4 Evaluation 89 -104
5 Educational Research I 105-166
6 Curriculum 167-178
7 Instructional Technology 179-182 i
8 ComputerTechnology 183 -198
14. -Experiencebase science teachinginthe field.Teacher:Teacherisamanagerwhoprovideseducational
environment.
TeachingMethod:Motivation,Directexperience,Childinterest.
Exponent(Rousseau)
Discipline:Discipline bynatural consequence.
Philosophy
1. Americanphilosophy
2. Faithinflexibility.
3. No ultimate values.
4. Faithindemocracy.
5. Realityisstill inmaking.
6. Life isconstantlychanging.
7. Basedon practice/experiment.
8. Human developmentaccordingtoenvironment.
9.Emphasize reconstructionexperience.
Curriculum:
1. Language
2. Social Studies,
3.GeneralScience&variousactivities.
Teacher:
1 .Teacherisfriend&guide.
2.Teacherencouragesself-education.
TeachingMethod:Project/ Problem-Solving/ActivityBased/LearningbyDoing/Real Life situation
Method.
Discipline:
1 .Free discipline2.Self-discipline.
15. Exponentsof Philosophy
1. Existence isultimate.
2. No inbornhumannature.
3. It isa man'snature to exist.
4. Individuallyof manissupreme.
5. Man iscentral than truthor laws.
6. Man mustcreate himfor himrself.
7. Man ismakerand masterof culture.
8. Home educationisbetterthanschool.
9. Man isresponsibleforhis/herdoings.
10. Man cannotbe taughtwhat the worldis.
11. Emphasisonaestheticsense/knowledge.
12. Freedomisthe source of ultimate values.
13. Ideaof deathshouldbe acceptedgracefully.
14. Believe infreedomof man&hisself-direction.
15. Man cannotaccept ready-made conceptof existence.
16. Modernyoungestphilosophy.
17. Twentiethcenturyphilosophy.
Curriculum:
1. Curriculumfocusesonindividualandrelationship.
2. Emphasisof freedomof choice of curriculum.Teacher:
1. Childiscentral thanteacher.
2. Teacheris facilitatornotadidacticauthority.TeachingMethod:
1. Childcenteredapproachaccordingtothe interestof the children.
Exponents
16. Major Educational Philosophies
Philc~Kv1 .Studyof greu"books.Z.Strictclassrorm discipline.3.Emphasisoneverlastingreality. - Foe
usesoldthings/occuragain&again.r-:^anencyismore real thanchange,re studentrationally&
spiritually."Emphasize reasoning,thinking,memory.7:-cationisconstantlike humannature st
conservative/inflexible philosophy, --nansare same,theirfunctionsare same,soeducationshouldbe
same for everyone.
locationisnotimitationof life butreparationforit.Teacher:
. acher centredapproach/teachideas.71achingmethod:~ :ratio Dialogue Curriculum:
Readinggreatthinkersof history,math,.nee,music,social study.
Exponents
Philosophy
1.Stresson mental discipline.
2.Knowledge comesfromhardwork.
3.Emphasisonuseful culture andskills.
4.Focus onteachingof essential information&essential valuesof past.
Teacher
Teacher-centredapproach- active.Student
Studentispassive,listensandlearns.
TeachingMethod
Socratic Method/Directinstruction
Curriculum:
Reading,writing,traditionalsubjects,technology.
WilliamBaglay
4. Reconstructivism
I .Freedomof student.2.Natural environment.3.Teacherisfacilitator.
4.Individual development.5.Childcenteredapproach.6.Itisdynamicneverstatic.7.Childinterest,need,
level.8.DerivedfromPragmatism.9.Emphasizestudentrespect.10.Worldischangingdayby day.
II .School runon democraticlines.
12.Experimental knowledgeisreal.
17. 13. Active involvementof students.
14.Games, laboratory,tips,simulation.
15.Life is continuouslychangingprocess
16.Cooperative learning/problemsolving.17.Focusexperimental/scientificknowledge.18.Called
experimentalism/instrumentalism
1 .Buildingajustsociety.
2.Democraticenvironment.
3.Alsocalledsocial reconstruction.
4.Prepare studentforsocial revolution.
5.Teach studentshowtomake decision.
6.Focus social problems/social reforms.
7.Reformsnecessaryineverywalkof life
8.Focus formal/informal educationmode
9.Teacherhelpstudentlearncritical issue
10.Reorganizing&restructuringeducationprocess.
The word philosophyisderivedfro.
sdom)",means'Love forWisdom'.It isa sti
oowledge,orvaluesbasedonlogical reasoning,i
Cicero: Philosophyisthe motherof all arts
Coleridge: Philosophyisthe science of sciences
. « e> It isa theoryof educationinitsmostg
encer: True educationispracticable onlytotru
-: Philosophyaimsatknowledgeof eternal nature c
-tutle: Itis a science thatinvestigatesnature of be
= Flchte: Art of educationwill nevercompletelyclear
G*ntile: EducationwithoutphilosophywouldmeanaL iv-re of education.
-CRDC
Mlosophy
18. ->sque
% ri «~~>
^.nlosophy.are tounderstandprecise
Stylesof Philosophy
There are following3styles:
Speculative Philosophy Concernedwiththeorydevelopmentregardingpurpose of creationof man,
society,universe etc.
It isrelatedtoarea of Ontology.
1 AnalyticPhilosophy Explainsthe whole withthe helpof parts.Itis relatedtoarea of Epistemology.
PerspectivePhilosophy Concernedwithethics,aestheticsense andevaluatesgood/bad,beautyetc.
* ;
It isrelatedtoarea of Axiology.
TabulaRosa Theory
Thistheorywas presentedbyJohnLocke.Itstatesthatchildrenare Blankslate,: rerience buildstheir
knowledge andschool mustfillthatslate.
:IOR : -AP - 1] Philosophyof Education
13
Basicsof Philosophy
Philosophy
The word philosophyisderivedfromGreekword"Phila(Love)"&"Sophia
sdom)",means'Love forWisdom1.It isa studyof nature,causes,or principlesof reality,
. -; .ledge,orvaluesbasedonlogical reasoning.Itisa rational investigationof truth.
. c ro: Philosophyisthe motherof all arts,
ieridge: Philosophyisthe science of sciences.Dewey: It isa theoryof educationinitsmostgeneral
phases.Spencer: True educationispracticable onlytotrue philosophers.:'lato:Philosophyaimsat
knowledge of eternal nature of things.
- >totle: It is a science thatinvestigatesnature of being,asitisinitself.
19. Fichte: Art of educationwill nevercompletelyclearwithoutphilosophy.
.mile:Educationwithoutphilosophywouldmeanafailure tounderstandprecise - r.ure of education.
Areasof Philosophy
I here are following3areas:
Ontology/Metaphysics(Reality)It deals with the nature of reality.
hpistemology(Knowledge) It deals with the nature of knowledge*
Axiology(Values) It deals with the nature of values.
Stylesof Philosophy
There are following3styles:
Speculative Philosophy Concernedwiththeorydevelopmentregardingpurpose of creationof man,
society,universe etc.
It isrelatedtoarea of Ontology.
1 AnalyticPhilosophy Explainsthe whole withthe helpof parts.Itis relatedtoarea of Epistemology.
3 PerspectivePhilosophy Concernedwithethics,aestheticsense andevaluatesgood/bad,beauty
etc. * It is relatedtoareaof Axiology.
TabulaRosa Theory
Thistheorywas presentedbyJohnLocke.Itstatesthatchildrenare Blankslate,7 rerience buildstheir
knowledge andschool mustfillthatslate.
“last double page”
Chapter2HISTORY OF EDUCATION
S r # Topic
1 Nutshell of Historyof Education
2 FamousMuslimEducationists
3 FamousWesternEducationists
4 AncientHistory
5 EducationinPakistan
20. 6 Trendsin Education
7 Miscellaneous
Nutshell of Historyof Education
1. EducationisderivedfromaLatin word - Educere
2. Educere means - To lead
3. Change inbehaviorandattitude inhumanbeing-Education
4. Processof acquiringknowledge,skills,values,attitude - Education
5. To enable ahumanto read and write iscalled - Literacy
6. Perfectcode of life forhuman - Quran &Sunnah
7. Islamiceducationsystempreferthe aspectof life - Moral Aspect
8. Book'HujjatulBaligah'waswrittenby - ShahWalliullah
9. Shah Waliullahwasgreatlyinfluencedinmysticismby - Ibn-e-Rushd
10. Ibn-e-Rushdwasgreatlyinfluencedby - Ibn-e-Bajjah
11. Certificate usedtoteachinspecificareaof expertiseinhistory - Ijaza
12. In earlystagesof Islam,teachersclassifiedintocategories -2
13. Good relationshiphelpstocontrol the - Anger
14. Language,arts, rituals,laware part of a -Culture
15. Attitude of Prophet(PBUH) inadministrationwas - Humanitarian
16. Core curriculumforearlyMuslimswas -Quran
17. Ibn-e-Sina&ImamGhazali told,childeducationbeginwith - Quran
18. Islamiceducationsystememphasize language mustbe learned -Arabic
19. Islamlaysemphasisonthe - Equalit
20. MuslimUmmah needsteacherswiththe mission - Prophetic
21. No educational systemcanbe betterthanqualityof its - Teachers
22. Teachingprinciple,proceedingfromsimple tocomplex -presentedbyMuslims
23. MuslimCaliphwhopresentedOpenDoorpolicy- Hazrat Ali (R.A
21. 24. HinduscalledAllamalqbalondemandof separate country -Imaginativedreame:
25. NationalistMuslimswhosupportedcongress -HussainAhmed&
26. NationalistMuslimswhosupportedcongress - Dr. ZakirHussair
27. ValuesinIslamiceducationsystemare rootedin- Religio::
28 Most authentic&essentialcurriculuminIslamis- Quran &Sunnah
29. EducationinIslamis - Valued:
30. Man isKhalifatullah (vicegerentof God) in - Isl
31. Superiorityof aman inIslamisbasedon his/her- Pier
32. Reasonto claimseparate homelandbyMuslimsinIndia- Religion ; HAP - 2] Historyof
Education
17
CurriculumRefinementandDevelopmentCenterisEducationsystemof anationshouldreflectits
PrimaryinstitutioninIslamforuniversalizationof education-Islamiceducationcurriculumemphasizeon
Muslimsemphasizedthe artmostBrilliantperiodinMuslimhistoryforknowledge spreadSalarieswere
startedto be givento teachersinperiodof Muslimeducationputemphasisonthe developmentof
EducationisobligatoryinIslamforMajor problemof managementinPakistani educationSchoollevel
curriculumisdevelopedby
Answers
-CRDC. - PhilosophyMosque
- Handicraftskills
- Ca'!igraphy - Abbasides - Hazarat Umar (R.A) - Whole personality - All Muslims
- Lack of Planning-Provincial Textbookboard
Availabilityof one bookforone classcreatesproblemof- Poorcontent
Language preferredbyMuslimsinsubcontinent- Arabic& Persian
Masj id playsaneffective rolein- Preschool education
Free educationinPakistanwasannouncedin - 1947
Mosqueswere declarededucational centersfirstlyin -1979
22. Educational meetingof 1947 is called - Conference
India'searliestcontactwithIslamwasthrough -Arabmerchantsof Malabar cost
QS
IslamicArtwas the combinationof Arts
Ideologyof educationtakesitsrootsfromFaithand
Source of IslamicCivilizationis
Muslimsof IndiademandedPakistantopractice
Cornerstone of IslamicIslamicNation
Meaningof word 'nation'is
DSD is locatedin
DSD was establishedin
Oldname of DSD is
Purpose of DSD
DTEs are appointedby
DTEs evaluate the teacher&studentprogressBestmethodforteachinglarge classTalkingand
indisciplineinclassisindicatorof Learninginmothertongue improvesthe studentWorldTeacherDayis
celebratedon
Answers
- Roman,Greek,Egypt - Philosophyof life - Quran
- IslamicIdeology
- The Kalima
- Birthof race -WahdatColony,Lahore
- 1959
-EducationExtensionCenter-TeacherEdu.& Training-DSD
- On monthlybasis
- Lecture method
- Studentboredom
23. - Comprehension
- October5
QS
67. Forgettingcanbe minimizedby
68. What to do whenyoufind2 studentsfighting
69. Tell aggressive studentsabouttheirbehavior's
70. Can a teachersuspendthe student
71. What ispurpose of textbookassignments
72. Difference invaluesof differentage groups
73. Rote learningissuitable forthe
74. Teacherwhoknowsstudentproblemandresolve itis
75. Who iscalledfatherof researchon teaching
76. On firstdayin class,whatwouldyoudo
77. If majorityof studentsare weak,keepyourteachingslow guidance tobrightstudents
78. If teachernot able to getstudentattention,he shouldevaluate
79. If some studentmisbehave,improve theirbehaviorby
80. If back benchersmake noise,make themsit
81. A teacherinthe class shouldkeephisvoice
82. If studentnotable to follow,youshould
83. If studentsfailsinexamination,itisthe faultof
84. If teacherunable to answerquestion,he sayhe will answer
85. Classroomdisciplinecanbe maintainedbydeveloping
86. A teacherinthe class isa
87. Verbal guidance isleasteffective inteaching
88. If noise occur inlecture,teachershouldquite fora while
89. Mind itself isthe resultof processof evolutionsaidby
90. TV isbetterthanradio inteaching,asit usesbothsenses
91. Disciplinarycasesshouldbe senttoprincipal whenother
24. 92. Firstimportantof the teachingisknowingthe
93. If studentgetsunconscious,providefirstaidandcontact-
94. Curriculumincludesbothformal and
95. Dynamicapproach to teachingmeanslearningthrough
96. If you teachnormal childrenwithblind,sii Ihe blind
97. True evaluationof studentispossible through
Answers
- Overlearnin
- Punishbot-Harmful consequence
-N - Practic - Generationga
- SlowLearne
- Appreciate
- N.L.Gag
- Introduce yoursel
-Withsome ext
- His teachingmeth
- Your characte
- In frontbench
- Highenou -Explainwithexampl- Studentsthemselv
- Afterconsultatio -Studentinterestinstu
- Group lead
- Skill -Thengoo
- JohnLock
- Hearing& Visic
- Means fail -Studentbackgroun
Nearbydoctor
- Informal educatic
25. - Activiti
- On frontbench -Continuousevaluati
D r : - A - - 2] Historyof Education
19
Tr. :se teachersare popularinstudentwhohelpthem
ral valuescanbe developedinstudent,if teacherhimself Vksaid'Allahhassentme asa teacher' -:said
'Knowledge withoutpractice isdangerous'rsteducational centerof IslamhD establishedDar-e-Arqam
.o establishededucationcenterof Islam'Suffah" -ere the Suffahwasestablishedislamiceducation
centerwithstudentresidence facility::?phet(PBUH) companionsandtheirsuccessorswere ostruction
delivered byProphet(PBUH) towomen
Icesto illiterate people,itwouldbe endof worldsaidby -amGhazali was
Who said'Goal of societyisto applySharia'
nazali advocated2 typesof knowledge 3nazali said,reasoningin6thsense whichhelpstotell Who
wrote book'Jewelsof Quiar'
no wrote book'Revival of religioussciences'B:okAhya-e-UloomwaswrittenbyB: ok'Kimiya-e-Sadaat'
was writtenby[ ossificationof Faz-e-Ain&Farz-e-KafayapresentedbySeekingknowledge isbasicrightof
everyindividual
nousMuslimHistorianFather of political economyirneKhaldunwasborninWhopresentedthe concept
of'Asabiya'Asabiyameans
Who said'rote learningkillsstudentthinkingability -neKhaldunsaid,primaryeducationshouldbe given
inI -neKhaldunpresented2typesof Aloom, AloomNaqli &Famousbook'Muqaddma'was writtenby
Who differentiatedhistoryof Islamandhistoryof Muslims
Answers
-To resolve theirproblem
- Practice them
- Prophet(PBUH)
27. 132. Who opposedsimultaneouslearningof twolanguages - SirSyedAhmed
133. Foundingfatherof TwoNationTheory - SirSyedAhmed
134. Who said'superstitioncannotbe the partof faith' - SirSyedAhmed
135. Sir SyedestablishedOrphanage for Muslimorphansin - Muradabad
136. Sir SyedestablishedScientificSocietyin-1863
137. AligarhHighSchool wasestablishedin -1875
138. AligarhHighSchool waselevatedtoMAOcollege in - 1877
139. MAO College waselevatedtouniversityin -1921
140. Who wrote journal'Tehzibullkhlaq' - SirSyedAhmed
141. AsbabBaghawat-e-Hindwaswrittenby - SirSyedAhmed
142. Allamalqbal wasbornatSialkoton - November,9,1877
143. Who emphasizedonIndividuality(Khudi) -Allamalqbal
144. Allamalqbal presentedKhutbaAllabadin-1930
145. Who wrote bookIlmullqtisad - Allamlqbal
146. Who statedthat learningunite knowing,feeling,doing - Froebel
147. Who presentedthe ideaof Kindergarten(KG) -Froebel
148. EmphasisonNationalism, Idealism, childfreedomisphilosophyof - Froebel
149. Permissiveenvironmentof Froebel Kindergarteninclude -Gift,song,occupation
150. FredrickFroebel establishedfirstKindergarten(KG) in -1837
151. Froebel establishedKGforthe childrenage - 4-5 Years
152. All the children have potential tolearnsaidby -Froebel
153. Playisthe engine of real learning,saidby -Froebel
154. Who wrote book'Pedagogousof Kindergarten' - Froebel
155. Froebel was - Germaneducationist
156. Montessori curriculumincludetypesof experience -3
157. Maria Montessori was - Italianeducationist
158. Firstwomandoctor whograduatedfromRome university - Maria Montessori
159. Maria Montessori presentedthe method - Montessori Method
160. Playisthe workof child,saidby - Maria Montessori
28. 161. Who wrote book'Discoveryof Child' - Maria Montessori
Historyof Education 21
un ir.3 Montessori wasawardedthe degree of - Medicine
xi as foundingfatherof functional psychology - JohnDewey
ed ■M. JoinDeweywas -Americaneducationist
ed . e issaid to have takenfromHerbart - Theoryof interest
ed Pragmaticphilosophywasdevelopedby- Dewey
ad DeweyestablishedLaboratoryschool in- ChicagoUniversity
53 Jhcr. DeweyestablishedLaboratoryschool in -1896
75 — Deweyintroducedthe methodforstudents - Projectmethod
"7 promoteddemocracyineducation - JhonDewey
21 leelsof Deweycurriculum -3
id rst .evel curriculumof Deweywasregarding - Making& doing
id v econdlevel of curriculumof Deweywasregarding -Space & Time concept
n Thirdlevel of curriculumof Deweywasregarding -Science subjects
al namingbyDoingMethod waspresentedby - Dewey
SO D wrote book'Reconstructioninphilosophy' - Dewey
al ton Planwasintroducedby - HelenParkurst
el thername of DaltonPlan - Children University
el DaltonPlanschool wasestablishedinNew Yorkin - 1919
el Classroomsof DaltonPlanwere called - Laboratories
)n StudentprogressinDaltonPlanwasshownby - Graph/diagrams
17 In DaltonPlanwhooutlinedweeklyassignments - Teachers
rs C ahon Planconference durationtoexchangeideas - 25-45 minutes
el : arts of Daltonplanswere -3(House/Assignment/Lab)
el HelenPurkurstwasan -Americaneducationist
el IS6L Fatherof AmericanEducation - Horrace Mann
29. St Z ?mmonSchoolsof Horrace were forthe - Studentslearning
N rmal Schoolsof Horrace were for the - Teachertraining
st 3 wrote book'On the art of teaching' - Horrace Mann
ri Philosophyof Naturalismineducationwaspresentedby- Rousseau
»d usseaupreferredineducationsense of discrimination&-Physical activities
ri Educational programof Rousseauwasfor people of - Upperclassesonly
ri A ho considerthe educationasnegative process- Rousseau
194. Who considerthatchildat birthisby nature good - Rousse
195. Rousseauidentifieddevelopmental stages
196. Who relatedthe schoolingtosocial purposes -Rousse
197. Who said,childmustbe freedfromsociety'simprisoninginstitutes-Rousseau
198. Who wrote famousnovel Emile-Rousse
199. Who developedobjectlessonemphasizing sensorylearning- Rousseau
200. Rousseausaidthataim of life is - Self-Expressio
201. Who wrote book'Social Contract' - Roussea
202. Rousseauwas - Swisseducationi
203. What Pestalozi appliedtoeducation - Modifiednaturalis
204. PioneerinElementary EducationReforms - Pestalo
205. Pestalozi presentedthe Normal school for - Teachertrainin
206. Fatherof vocational training - Pestalo
207. Fatherof ModernEducation -Pestalo
208. Pestalozi stressedonthe trainingof - Teache
209. Motto 'Learningby head,handand heart'was givenby - Pestalo
210. 2 Main statesAthens&Sparta was the part of - Gree
211. Socratesusedquestioningtechnique todevelopthe - Concep
212. Knowledgethatcomesfrominside isreal,saidby - Socrat
213. Socrateswas the teacherof - PI
214. DialecticMethodwaspresentedby -PI
215. Plato'sphilosophytookeducationasmeansof preserving - The sta
30. 216. Dialogue toresolve conflictb/wtwopartiesona topic - DialecticMeth
217. Main role of education,accordingtoPlatois to develop - Powerof thinki
218. Who presentedthe ideaof "Ideal Sate' - Pla
219. Platopresentedthe philosophyof - Idealis
220. Who wrote book'Republic' - Pla
221. AgainstPlato,Aristotlemade home areal - Trainingcent
222. Aristotle wasthe studentof - Pla
223. Aristotle wasthe teacherof - AlexanderGr
224. Worldfirstbookof psychologywaswrittenby - AristoL
225. Aristotle wrote abookonpsychologynamed - Peri Psych
:ior ; - - - - 2] Historyof Education
23
QS
bo presentedthe philosophyof realismFhe academyestablishedinAthensbyAristotle
irtue liesinthe attainmentof happiness,saidbyCombinationof Arithmetic,music,astronomy&
geometry
rr.binationof Arithmetic,music,reading&writing"Paragogos'inAthenianeducationwasa
..henianeducationinvolve more intellectual elementthanMeaningof Ephebe Wrestlingschool of
Greece was
leaningof Agog
• of speakingandwritingeffectivelyiscalled^maIqbal OpenUniversity(AIOU) establishedinrstlargest
distance universityinAsiarmername of AIOUwas JU is located'ode of instructionof distance education
isrstitute of Educational Research(IER) wasestablishedER belongstouniversityUniversityof Education
was establishedinNo.of campusesof Universityof EducationPunjabExaminationCommission(PEC)
startedinPEC holdsthe examof classes
Dividingstudentsintogroupsaccordingtotheirabilities
What isthe Socratestechnique
A teacherwhoisself-critical of histeaching
Type of educationheldinschool setting
32. # He (PBUH) was the Last Prophetof Allah (SubhanahuTa'ala).
# He (PBUH) stressedrightkindof education. jgw
# He (PBUH) said'Allahsentme as a teacher*.
# He (PBUH) saidthat iearnfromcradle to grave'.
# He (PBUH) usedto talkin the accentof listeners.
# He (PBUH) made education,areligiousobligation.
**# He (PBUH) usedto teachsimple tocomplex concepts.
**# He (PBUH) stressedthe use of QuranicDua(!-»*? yj)
# He (PBUH) usedfriendlyandinterestingbehaviorinteaching.
# He (PBUH) saidthat educationiscompulsoryforbothmen &women.
# He (PBUH) stressedteachingthroughexamplesanddemonstrations.
# He (PBUH) usedto summarize the issue first,andthengive the details.
# He (PBUH) said'Best amongstyouis one wholearns&teaches'Quran'.
# Wivesof Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) usedto teachthe womenandgirls.
# He (PBUH) usedto praise andencourage the people oncorrectanswering.
# He (PBUH) usedto talk/ teach softlywithappropriate pausesandbreaks.
# Establishededucationcenter'Suffa'forteachinginMasjid-e-Nabvi,Madina.
# He (PBUH) stressedaskingquestionswhile teachingtomake learningeffective
# He (PBUH) usedbodylanguage,gesture,facial expressiontomake learningeffective.
# He (PBUH) usedeffectivespeechinteaching(use of pauses,rise&fall of voice
# He (PBUH) establishededucationcenter'Dar-e-Arqam'forteachinginMakkab
# Prisonersof Battle Badrfreedaftertheytaught10 Muslimchildrentoread/write
# He (PBUH) stressednotonlytogain the knowledgebutalsoonpractice.(PBUH) said 'Knowledge
withoutpractice isdangerous'.
# He (PBUH) said'Teach people,make thingseasy,don'tmake thingsdifficultkeepsilentwhen
youbecome furious(angry)'.
# He (PBUH) advisedthe MuslimstoteachtheirchildrenlearnQuran,archery(LSJ'J, swimming,
calculation,medicine &genealogy.
# He (PBUH) usedto teachprinciplesof Islam&QuranMajeedtopeople **coi fromdifferent
regionsof world,&appointeddifferentSahaba(R.A) forpurpose
33. # "I have neverseenabetterteacherthanthe Messengerof Allah.He neither reprimanded,nor
beatnor insultedme."MuawiyaBinHakamsaid.
2. ImamGhazali (1058-1111) - Iranian/PersianEducationist
Real name AbuHamid MuhammadIbn MuhammadAl-Ghazali.
Goal of societyisto applySharia.
Teach lessonfromsimple tocomplex.
Knowledgecanbringus closertoGod.
Favoredphysical educationforchildren.
Aimof educationisthe character building.
Two typesof knowledgeare;Useful andUseless.
Goal of man isto achieve happinessclosetoGod.
Reasoningisthe 6th sense whichhelpstotell truth.
Teachershouldplanthe lessonbefore the teaching.
Human mindislike aslate and teachercan transformit.
Teach studentsaccordingtotheirindividual differences.
Knowledgeimprovesthe statusandrespectof individual.
Favoredgoodand simple dietforchildrenphysicalgrowth.
Worldlyeducationisequallyimportantasreligiouseducation.
Favoredproperclothingforchildren&disfavoredtightandfitclothing.
Four categoriesof knowledge are;Prophetic,Rulers,Scholars,Preachers.
Teachershouldbehave likeafatherfigure andavoidcorporal punishment.
Divine revelationissuperiortoreasonwhichisendowedonlytoProphets.
Teachersshouldsimplifylessonbyusingtales,storiesetc.tomake iteffective.
Teachinglessonsshouldbe basedonpreviousknowledge 6cstudentexperience.
2 typesUseful knowledge:i)Farz-e-Ain(Compulsory),ii)Farz-e-Kafaya(Optional).
Curriculumshouldbe combinationof religious,worldlyeducation,logic&philosophy.
Includedindustrial education,textile,agriculture,tailoring,&haircut+i g in curriculum.
Favor elementaryeducation&home relatedknowledgeforfemale,nothighereducation.
34. Ways to identify&remove deficiencies:perfectteacher,close friends,foes,&self-analysis.
Books:Revival of religioussciences(AhyaulAloom),Jewelsof Quran,Alchemyof Happinessetc.
3. Ibn-e-Khaldun (1332-1406)-Arab Educationist/FamousHistorian
# His name wasWalli-UddinAbuZaidAbdul Reranbornin Tunis.
# Educationshouldbe meanstobringhappinessinlife.
# Mathematicsshouldbe taughtas compulsorysubject.
# Educationhelpstodevelopcharacterandpersonality.
# Aimof educationisto developthinkingandreasoning.
# Rote learning/memorizationkill the studentthinkingability.
# Educationsystemshouldbe formulatedbasedonitsideology.
# Mother tongue shouldbe usedinprimaryeducation.
# He presentedthe conceptof'Asabiya'(social cohesion/groupsolidarity).
# Justice isbasicvalue of societyif there isno justice insociety,itwill ruinit.
# Studentshouldparticipate indiscussionoveraproblemandfinditssolution.
# Teacher/parentslove child,notpunishhimtoavoiddamaginghispersonality.
# He favoreddiscussionanddebatesanddisfavoredlecture methodof teaching.
# Travellingisalsoameansof education.He promotedstudytoursforlearning.
# Studentshouldputtheirefforttothink,interpret&activelyinvolveinlearning.
# EveryMuslimmen&womenshouldgainknowledgeof HolyQuran&Sunnah.
# Teachingstudentsaccordingtotheirability/capacitylevel makeslearningeasier.
# Teachersshouldteachsimple tocomplex,knowntounknown,concrete toabstract.
# Vocational/professionalsubjectsshouldbe includedwithacademicsubjectineducation.
# Educationshoulddevelopsocio-economicefficiencyinmantobe effective memberof society.
# There are 2 typesof Aloom:
(1) AloomNaqli(originatedfromQuran,Hadith,Fiqah,Tafseer,grammar)
(2) AloomAqli[g&medthroughexperiment,observation, reasoning(math,physkilogic)]
35. # Teachingprocessshouldcomprise of 3stages:(1) //if/Wiicrio/i-introducingtopicwith
examplesandsalientpointsto
covered
detail explanationof the pointsdiscussedbefore
(2) Development-
introduction.
(3) Recap/Summary-hssonshouldbe revisedforeffective learning.
Books:Famous"Muqaddma",Arab Philosophyof History.
4. Sir SyedAhmedKhan(1817-1898) - IndianEducationist
He wasalso a political leaderof the Muslims.
Superstitioncannotbe the partof faith (Iman).
He wasMuslimpragmatist& Islamic.Modernist.
He got the title 'Sir','JavadUd-daullah'&'Arif Jung'.
He advocatedthe use of Urdu Language amongMuslims.
He wasfoundingfatherof TwoNationTheoryof Pakistan.
Get ridof the oldand uselessritualsasithinderourprogress.
He promotedWesternScientificeducationamongthe Muslims.
He wasagainstthe superstitiousandorthodox thinkingof the Muslim."
EstablishedanOrphanage forMuslimorphanchildreninMurfadabad.
EstablishedMadrassahMuradabad,1858/Madrassah Ghaziabad,1862.
We will remainhumiliated/rejectedif we notmade progressinscientificfield.
EstablishedScientificSociety-1863 fortranslationof EnglishbooksintoUrdu.
He promotedwesternmoderneducation&religiouseducationamongMuslims.
Muhamadan Educational Conference,1886 to bring political wisdominMuslims.
Knowledgeacquisitionscience/technologyisonlysolutionforMuslimproblems.
EstablishedAligarhHighSchool,1875 whichwas elevatedtoMAOCollege in1877 and to Universityin
1921.
Books:Tafseer-Ul-Quran/Tuzk-e-Jahangiri/Aaeen-e-Akbri/Asbab-baghawat-hind/Loyal Muhammadnsof
India/TabeenUlKalam/AsrarulSanadid.
36. Journals:TehzeebUlIkhlaq,AligarhInstituteGazette.
5. AllamaMuhammad.Iqbal **(1873-1938). Indian Educationist/Poet
He favoredfemale education&moral education.He wasagainstthe mere bookishknowledge androte
learning.Educationbeginsfromasense of egoand itleadsto perfection.He favoredactivity,creativity,
science andresearchinMuslims.He emphasizedIndividuality(Khudi),one'spreciousself orego.
Studentshave freedomtodeveloptheirpersonalityandtalents.Educationshouldcultivatequalities;1)
Courage,2) Tolerance,3) Faqr. He was awarded'doctorate of PhilosophybyUniversityof Munichin
1907. He wrote famousChildPrayer"LabPeAati HayDua Ban K TammanaMeri".He delivered
'KhutbaAllaabad"in1930, presentedideaof separate homeland.Gave conceptof Mard-e-Mominfor
Muslimstobelieve Allah&restore Khudi.
# He promoted ideasof Justice,brotherhood,equalityandserviceamongMuslims
# Emphasizedlearningbydoingmethod&andstressedtomake lessoninteresting
# Aimof educationisthe developmentof personality&strengtheningindivicqualitiesof achild.
# Learningisabilitytoimplement&applyknowledge inreal situationotherwise ismeaningless.
# He includedphilosophical subjects,artandliterature,religioussubjects,soc^-subjects,history
and science incurriculum.
# ParentsshouldspendtheirlivesaccordingtoQuranand sayingsof HadisMuhammad (PBUH) to
become ideal fortheirchildren.
# Books:Asrar-e-Khudi/Ramooz-e-Bekhudi/Pyam-e-Mashraq/Bang-e-Dara/Bal-eiJabreel/Zarb-e-
Kaleern/Armghan-e-Hijaz/Javed-Nama/Iqbal-nama/Ilm-ul-Iqtisad/Zaboor-e-Aj am.
FamousWesternEducationists
1. FredrickFroebel (1782-1852) - German Educationist
# Humansare creative beings.
# Playisthe engine of real learning.
# Basic componentsof philosophyinclude,free self-activity,creativity,social participationand
motor expression.
# Emphasize play-based, childcentered, games, practices, gifts, pare-involvement,occupation,
songs.
# PresentedKindergartenmethodtoteachchildren'inplayful environment.Books:Educationof
the Man, Pedagogicsof Kindergarten
37. 2. Maria Montessori (1870-1952) - ItalianEducationist
# Playisthe workof child.
# Childshouldbe allowedtomove freelyinclass.
# Age level 1-6yearsof childrenisveryimportant.
# Childrenneedfreedom,funandtheylearnattheirownpace.
# Firstwomen doctorwhograduatedfrom Universityof Rome.
# Multiage groupingof childrenmakesthemlearnfromeachother.
# WorkedwithdisabledchildrenandpresentedMontessori Method.
# Designedspecialmaterials&specialenvironmenttoteachchildren.
# Emphasize natural environmentforlearning,joy,interestandneedof child.
# Beautifullydesignedcolourmaterial shouldbe usedforteachingof children.
slims* Teacherworksas a facilitator&guide,whoprovide environmentandmaterials,
isting* Childrenshouldnotbe forcedtolearn.Childrenlearnreading,writing,calculation
ividu -s freelyasmeylearntowalkand talk.Thiswhole dependsuponthe natural
environmentwhichshouldbe orderlyandaccessibletothe childrenaccordingto
the age and needs.
wise
Bwk Montessori Method/Discoveryof child/Secretof childhood/Absorbentmind
2. socj JhonDewey(1859-1952) - AmericanEducationist
• He isfoundingfatherof functional psychology(functionalism).Hazr ♦ He presented
Pragmatism(philosophyof education).
• He establishedfirstpsychologylabinUSA.al-e- • He presentedLearning-by-Doing
Methodof teaching.
• He advocateddemocracy.
• EstablishedLaboratorySchoolsinChicago,emphasizelabexperimentstolearn.
ks Democracy&Education/Experience &Education/Artasexperience/School and
society/Reconstructioninphilosophy/Philosophyof JohnDewey
38. 3. HelenParkhurst(1887-1973) - AmericanEducationist
e wasa studentof Maria Montessori.
-phasize onindividualizedinstruction,self-reliance &pupil-ledteaching.
->-e presentedDaltonPlan.Itwasa laboratoryschool inwhichlearners::e experimenters.Plan
reorganizedthe school into3components;
irent- (1) Assignment-givingresponsibilitytolearnerstolearnaccordingtointerest
and ability,
(2) Laboratory-Where studentseekbestwaytoachieve assignment,
(3) House-whereteacheractsas a counselortogive lessons.Horace Mann(1796-1859) - American
Educationist
• Educationshouldbe providedbywell trainedteachers.
• Education mustbe free,non-sectarian,andpublicallyfunded.
• Fatherof CommonSchool Movement.Inwhichpromotedfreepubliceducation.
• Establishedspecial teachertrainingcollegescalledNormal schoolsforteachertraining.Capable
teacherswere promotedand unfitteacherswere eliminated.
• Publicschoolingcentral togoodcitizenship,democraticparticipation&societal wellbeing.
3 ooks:Lecturesoneducation/Slavery/Onthe Artof Teaching
Disfavoredbookreading,formal &social education,formal discipline/habitformation.Childrenlearn
rightand wrongthroughexperiencingthe consequencesof thacts ratherthan tliroughphysical
punishment.
* Gave the ideaof negative educationinwhichchildhimselfsetfree,wanderhe andthere in
natural way to learn bydancing,running,playing.
Books:Social Contract/Emile (Novel)/Discourse onPolitical Economy
**4. Pestalozi (1746-1827) - SwissEducationist
Nature of mar. is essentiallygood.
His mottowas'Learningby head,handand heart'.
He wasinspiredfromRousseauideasandhisnovel 'Emile'.
39. Emphasizednatural environmentinschooling,loving&caring.
He emphasizedchildcenteredapproach,individual difference,sense perceptionstuden!,„if-activity.
♦ Pestalozi Methodemphasizedindividualized,self-paced,self-directedactivity-basedlearning.
Books:Letterson EarlyEducation/The Educationof Man
AncientHistory
Educational History:
Mostlypeople were illiterate inthe past.Oral traditionswere importantwhichwermemorized.Mostof
the education wasachievedorally.ReligionwasmainfocusOeducation.Knowledge aboutthe animals,
farming,fishing,foodpreparation,constructionancmilitarytrainingwasfocused.Formal educationwas
beingprovidedtofewpeople.
Purpose of Educational History:
1. To benefitpastexperiences
2. To understandpeople anddifferentsocieties
3. To analyze cultural norms
4. To understandthe progressionof society
5. To increase educationquality
Historyof EducationAncientGreece:
Educationplayedveryvital role inthe life of Greekpeople inthe past.There were - twomajor statesin
Greece inthe past; Athens& Sparta.It was the periodof 5th _-• BC. There were 2 typesof education;1)
Formal educationdeliveredbypaidic-ersinformal school setting2) Informal Educationdeliveredby
unpaidteacherin: .blic/ local settings.Greekeducationfocusedonmind,bodyandimagination.
I:nationSystemof Athens:
Educationfocusedontrainingof Arts,Peace and War. Schoolswere private _ - people hadan
opportunitytosendtheirchildreninschoolsdue tolow tuition
lere
PrimaryEducation(0-6 Years) - BasicReading/ Writingat home
**3oys were taught at home bymotheror male slave.Theywere taught;
40. ^_ 1) wordsof Homer(poet),2) howto playlyre (musicinstrument).ElementaryEducation(6-14
Years) - GymnasticEducation
Eymnastictrainingupto14 yearswas compulsory.
SecondaryEducation(15-18 Years) - IntellectualEducation
an,
After14 yearsof training,poorstudentsendedtheireducationandjoinon& apprenticeshipof a
trade.Rich studentscontinuedtheireducationunderaulosopherteacher.Subjectsof geometry,
sophistry,astronomyandrhetoric(artf speakingandwritingeffectively) weretaught.
Post-secondaryEducation(19-20Years) -MilitaryTraining
Two yearsmilitarytrainingwasimpartedandstudentswere graduatedafter20 ■ ears. Thenmore
advancedstudieswere alsoprovidedlater.
"Girlswere impartedonlyprimaryeducationathome.Co-curricularactivitiesinclude;running,jumping,
boxing,wrestling,music,dance.
: .cationSystemof Sparta:
wen *
us 0 Main purpose of educationwasto physicallystrongandfitbody.
n am MilitaryTainting(6-18 Years)
Boysand Girlsin barracks undergostrictmilitarytraining.Itincludes,takinglessfood,walkingbare
footed,sleepingonhardbeds,readingandwriting,jumping,running,swimming,hunting,diskthrowing
etc.
Gymnastic& Warfare Training(19-20 Years)
Onlymale personsundergogymnasticandspecial warfare trainingwithreal weapons.Atthe age of 20
after2 yearstraining,a testwastaken.Passingpersonswere declaredsoldiersandcitizens.Otherjoin
trade / businessbuttheywere notconsideredcitizen&theyhadnopolitical rights.
3. SoldierTraining(21-60Years)
Soldiertrainingwascontinuedupto60 yearsina separate barracksevenmarr: soldierswere alsolived
alone withoutfamily.
4. RetirementandFamilyLife (61till death)
Male were retiredatthe age of 60 yearsand theywere allowedtolive the families.
Socrates(469-399 BC):
1. Socrateswas GreekphilosopherborninAthens.
41. 2. He saidthat knowledgeistruth.
3. Personshouldfindtruth,workwiselyandrationally.
4. He stressedinmoral excellence.
5. Teachersask rightquestionsso thatstudentsthink&answercritically.
6. He stressedonself-examination/analysis.
TeachingMethod
QuestionAnswertechnique wasusedbySocratestomotivate,stimulatestuder.andencourage healthy
discussions.Questionsshouldbe designedinsucha way thadmay increase the ;tudentinterestand
curiosity.The questionsshouldbe linkedwi student'sanswers.
Typesof Questionsof Socrates:
1. IntroductoryQuestions - Linkingwithpreviousknowledge of students.
2. DevelopingQuestions - Questionson new topic.
3. RecaptulatoryQuestions- Repeatingthe questions.
4. EvaluatoryQuestions - To judge the performance atthe end.
Plato(429-347 BC):
1. Platowas the studentof Socrates.
2. He presentedthe ideaof Ideal State.
3. Brightestmindsshould made political decisionsof state.
4. He presentedphilosophyof Idealism.
Books:Republic/Statesman/Lysis/Sophist/Laws/Symposium/Apology.Stagesof Educationof Plato:
1. Pre-Education(0-6Years) - Moral Education
Moral educationwill be impartedtochildrenbyparentsandelders.
2. ElementaryEducation(7-18Years) -BasicEducation
Separate ine girlsandboys.Childrenshouldlearnbasiceducation,music,post
math andliterature.
P - 2] Historyof Education __33
42. MilitaryTraining(19-20 Years):
Studentsundergomilitaryexperienceinthe battlefieldfor2years.HigherEducation(21-35 Years):
Studentsgetadvance knowledge of mathematics,philosophyandliterature for10
the ears.Studentsshouldgetthe knowledge of dialecticfor5years.
Rulerand PhilosophersTraining(36-50Years):
Studentsgetthe trainingfrom36-50 yearsto become rulersandphilosophers.Practice asRuleror
Philosophers(50Yearsonward):
People are nowreadytobecome ruleror philosophersandapplytheirknowledge practically.
: tie (384-322 BC):
1. Aristotle wasthe studentof Plato.
2 He wasthe tutorof Alexanderthe Great.
3 Educationisthe attainmentof happiness.derr 4. Virtue liesinthe attainmentof
happiness.
that 5. He usedinductive anddeductive methodtofindoutknowledge.
ts.
' wr 6. Sensoryexperiences/sensationsare the rootof knowledge.7. He presentedphilosophy
of Realism.Books:Peri Psyches/Physics/Metaphysics/Politics/Rhetoric/Economics.The Lyceum
(PeripaticSchool):
It isthe basisof presentdayuniversities.ItwaslocatedinAthens.Aristotle usedi ach;philosophy,
mathematics,andrhetoricinthe school.
[Curriculum:
1. InfantSchooling(0-6):Itincludesplay,physical activities&stories.
2. 7-14 Years Schooling:Numerics,literacy,liberal arts.
3. 15-21 YearsSchooling:Mathematics,Geometry,Astronomy,grammar,literature,poetry,
rhetoric,ethicsandpolitics.
4. 21 Years onward:Physics,metaphysics,biology,cosmology,logic.
- : menRole:
1. Womenwere inferiortomen.Aristotle promotedonlymale education.
2. Girlsshouldbe trainedforhousehold,childrearing(care/development).
43. EducationinPakistan
Role of Mosque in Education:
1. Place forPrayers
2. Place forsocialization
3. Place forDawa (Preach)
4. Place forCelebration(Eid,Marriage etc.)
5. Place of state meetings
6. Place forMedical Care
7. Place forEducation
Dar-e-Arqam- FirstIslamicEducationCenter:
In earliertimes,non-Muslimswereteasingthe Muslimsinmanywaysthat'spreachingof Islamwas also
difficult.Inordertoavoidsuchsituation,Prophet(PBl establishedEducational center(Dar-e-Arqam) in
HazratArqamBin Arqam(RA) ho It wasfirsteducational centerof Islarri.Itsaimwasto spreadthe
message of Al teachingof Quran & Hadith,Tafsir-e-Quranetc.
Suffah:
Suffahmeansshadedarea/areacoveredbyroof.Itwasan area in Masjid-e-N designatedforthe
education,residence of poor,needy,outguests.NeedypeoplelivedinSuffahwerecalledAshab-e-
Suffah(residentsof Suffah).ItwasfirstIsl Residential University.Prophet(PBUH) usedtosendAshab-e-
Suffahindifferentforpreachingof Islam.Differentneeds(foodetc.) of Ashab-e-Suffahwere provided
Muslimcommunity.SuffahCurriculum:
1. Tafsir-e-Quran 2. Usul-e-Fiqah 3. Usul-e-Din 4.Caliphs
5.Nahv 6. Religion 7. Jadal
14. Language,arts, rituals,laware part of a -Culture
15. Attitude of Prophet(PBUH) inadministrationwas - Humanitarian
16. Core curriculumforearlyMuslimswas -Quran
44. 17. Ibn-e-Sina&ImamGhazali told,childeducationbeginwith - Quran
18. Islamiceducationsystememphasize language mustbe learned -Arabic
19. Islamlaysemphasisonthe - Equalit
20. MuslimUmmah needsteacherswiththe mission - Prophetic
21. No educational systemcanbe betterthanqualityof its - Teachers
22. Teachingprinciple,proceedingfromsimple tocomplex -presentedbyMuslims
23. MuslimCaliphwhopresentedOpenDoorpolicy- Hazrat Ali (R.A
24. HinduscalledAllamalqbalondemandof separate country -Imaginativedreame:
25. NationalistMuslimswhosupportedcongress -HussainAhmed&
26. NationalistMuslimswhosupportedcongress - Dr. ZakirHussair
27. ValuesinIslamiceducationsystemare rootedin- Religious::
28 Most authentic&essentialcurriculuminIslamis- Quran &Sunnah
29. EducationinIslamis - Valued:
30. Man isKhalifatullah(vicegerentof God) in - Isl
31. Superiorityof aman inIslamisbasedon his/her- Pier
32. Reasonto claimseparate homelandbyMuslimsinIndia- Religio:
on ; HAP - 2] Historyof Education
17
CurriculumRefinementandDevelopmentCenterisEducationsystemof anationshouldreflectits
PrimaryinstitutioninIslamforuniversalizationof education-Islamiceducationcurriculumemphasizeon
Muslimsemphasizedthe artmostBrilliantperiodinMuslimhistoryforknowledge spreadSalarieswere
startedto be givento teachersinperiodof Muslimeducationputemphasisonthe developmentof
45. EducationisobligatoryinIslamforMajor problemof managementinPakistani educationSchoollevel
curriculumisdevelopedby
-CRDC. - PhilosophyMosque
- Handicraftskills
- Ca'!igraphy - Abbasides - Hazarat Umar (R.A) - Whole personality - All Muslims
- Lack of Planning-Provincial Textbookboard
Availabilityof one bookforone classcreatesproblemof- Poorcontent
Language preferredbyMuslimsinsubcontinent- Arabic& Persian
Masj id playsaneffective rolein- Preschool education
Free educationinPakistanwasannouncedin - 1947
Mosqueswere declarededucational centersfirstlyin -1979
Educational meetingof 1947 is called - Conference
India'searliestcontactwithIslamwasthrough -Arabmerchantsof Malabar cost
IslamicArtwas the combinationof Arts
Ideologyof education takesitsrootsfromFaithand
Source of IslamicCivilizationis
Muslimsof IndiademandedPakistantopractice
Cornerstone of IslamicIslamicNation
Meaningof word 'nation'is
DSD is locatedin
DSD was establishedin
Oldname of DSD is
Purpose of DSD
DTEs are appointedby
DTEs evaluate the teacher&studentprogressBestmethodforteachinglarge classTalkingand
indisciplineinclassisindicatorof Learninginmothertongue improvesthe studentWorldTeacherDayis
celebratedon
46. - Roman,Greek,Egypt- Philosophyof life - Quran
- IslamicIdeology
- The Kalima
- Birthof race -WahdatColony,Lahore
- 1959
-EducationExtensionCenter-TeacherEdu.& Training-DSD
- On monthlybasis
- Lecture method
- Studentboredom
- Comprehension
- October5
67. Forgettingcanbe minimizedby
68. What to do whenyoufind2 studentsfighting
69. Tell aggressive studentsabouttheirbehavior's
70. Can a teachersuspendthe student
71. What ispurpose of textbookassignments
72. Difference invaluesof differentage groups
73. Rote learningissuitable forthe
74. Teacherwhoknowsstudentproblemandresolve itis
75. Who iscalledfatherof researchon teaching
76. On firstdayin class,whatwouldyoudo
Dars-e-Nizami:
It was originatedbyMolanaNizamUddinSahalvi inIndiatopromote teachingsIslamaccordingtoQuran
and Sunnahandremove the harmful effectsof seceducation.
Curriculumof Dars-e-Nizami:
1. Quran & Hadith
2. Tafsir Quran
47. 3.Logic
4.Usul-e-Tafseer
5. Usul-e-Hadith
6. Philosophy
7. Mathematics
8. Literature
DeeniMadaris:
DeeniMadaristeach;Quran,Hifz-e-Quran,Ahadith,Fiqah,etc.All DeeniMaare workingunderthe
WafaqulMadaris.Arabiccourse (ShahdatulAlmiya) of anIsl ScholarisconsideredequivalenttoM.A
Islamiat/M.A Arabic.AnIslamicScholardeclare Fatwahaftergraduation.
“Miss/lastdouble pages”
HISTORY OF EDUCATION
S r # Topic
1 Nutshell of Historyof Education
2 FamousMuslimEducationistsFamousWesternEducationists
6 Trendsin Education
7 Miscellaneous
3 AncientHistory
4 EducationinPakistan
Nutshell of Historyof Education
1. EducationisderivedfromaLatin word - Educere
2. Educere means - To lead
3. Change inbehaviorandattitude inhumanbeing-Education
4. Processof acquiring knowledge,skills,values,attitude - Education
5. To enable ahumanto read and write iscalled - Literacy
6. Perfectcode of life forhuman - Quran &Sunnah
48. 7. Islamiceducationsystempreferthe aspectof life - Moral Aspect
8. Book'HujjatulBaligah'was writtenby - ShahWalliullah
9. Shah Waliullahwasgreatlyinfluencedinmysticismby - Ibn-e-Rushd
10. Ibn-e-Rushdwasgreatlyinfluencedby - Ibn-e-Bajjah
11. Certificate usedtoteachinspecificareaof expertiseinhistory - Ijaza
12. In earlystages of Islam,teachersclassifiedintocategories -2
13. Good relationshiphelpstocontrol the - Anger
77. If majorityof studentsare weak,keepyourteachingslow guidance tobrightstudents
78. If teachernot able to getstudentattention,he shouldevaluate
79. If some studentmisbehave,improve theirbehaviorby
80. If back benchersmake noise,make themsit
81. A teacherinthe class shouldkeephisvoice
82. If studentnotable to follow,youshould
83. If studentsfailsinexamination,itisthe fault of
84. If teacherunable to answerquestion,he sayhe will answer
85. Classroomdisciplinecanbe maintainedbydeveloping
86. A teacherinthe class isa
87. Verbal guidance isleasteffective inteaching
88. If noise occur inlecture,teachershouldquite forawhile
89. Mind itself isthe resultof processof evolutionsaidby
90. TV isbetterthanradio inteaching,asit usesbothsenses
91. Disciplinarycasesshouldbe senttoprincipal whenother
92. Firstimportantof the teachingisknowingthe
93. If studentgetsunconscious,providefirstaidandcontact-
94. Curriculumincludesbothformal and
95. Dynamicapproach to teachingmeanslearningthrough
96. If you teachnormal childrenwithblind,sii Ihe blind
97. True evaluationof studentispossible through
49. - Overlearnin
- Punishbot-Harmful consequence
-N - Practic - Generationga
- SlowLearne
- Appreciate
- N.L.Gag
- Introduce yoursel
-Withsome ext
- His teachingmeth
- Your characte
- In frontbench
- Highenou -Explainwithexampl- Studentsthemselv
- Afterconsultatio -Studentinterestinstu
- Group lead
- Skill -Thengoo
- JohnLock
- Hearing& Visic
- Means fail -Studentbackgroun
Nearbydoctor
- Informal educatic
- Activiti
- On frontbench -Continuousevaluati
D r : - A - - 2] Historyof Education
19
50. Tr. :se teachersare popularinstudentwhohelpthem
ral valuescanbe developedinstudent,if teacherhimself Vksaid'Allahhassentme asa teacher' -:said
'Knowledge withoutpractice isdangerous'rsteducational centerof IslamhD establishedDar-e-Arqam
.o establishededucationcenterof Islam'Suffah" -ere the Suffahwasestablishedislamiceducation
centerwithstudentresidence facility::?phet(PBUH) companionsandtheirsuccessorswere ostruction
deliveredbyProphet(PBUH) towomen
Icesto illiterate people,itwouldbe endof worldsaidby -amGhazali was
Who said'Goal of societyisto applySharia'
nazali advocated2 typesof knowledge 3nazali said,reasoningin6thsense whichhelpstotell Who
wrote book'Jewelsof Quiar'
no wrote book'Revival of religioussciences'B:okAhya-e-UloomwaswrittenbyB: ok'Kimiya-e-Sadaat'
was writtenby[ ossificationof Faz-e-Ain&Farz-e-KafayapresentedbySeekingknowledge isbasicrightof
everyindividual
nousMuslimHistorianFather of political economyirneKhaldunwasborninWhopresentedthe concept
of'Asabiya'Asabiyameans
Who said'rote learningkillsstudentthinkingability -neKhaldunsaid,primaryeducationshouldbe given
inI -neKhaldunpresented2typesof Aloom, AloomNaqli &Famousbook'Muqaddma'was writtenby
Who differentiatedhistoryof Islamandhistoryof Muslims
-To resolve theirproblem
- Practice them
- Prophet(PBUH)
- Prophet(PBUH) -Dare-Arqam,Makkah
- Prophet(PBUH)
- Prophet(PBUH) -MasjidNabvi,Madina
- Suffah
- Full time teachers
- Once a week - Prophet(PBUH)
- Persianeducationist
- ImamGhazali
- Useful & Useless
51. -Truth
- Ghazali
- Ghazali
- ImamGhazali
- ImamGhazali
- ImamGhazali
- ImamGhazali
- Ibne-Khaldun
- Ibne-Khaldun
- Tunis
- IbneKhaldun - Groupsolidarity
- IbneKhaldun - Mothertongue
- AloomAqli
- IbneKhaldun
- lbn-e-Khaldun
130. 13 century,Muslimthinker,historian&educationist - Ibn-e-Khaldun
131. Ibne-Khaldunneverfavouredthe method - Lecture Method
132. Who opposedsimultaneouslearningof twolanguages - SirSyedAhmed
133. Foundingfatherof TwoNationTheory - SirSyedAhmed
134. Who said'superstitioncannotbe the partof faith' - SirSyedAhmed
135. Sir SyedestablishedOrphanage forMuslimorphansin - Muradabad
136. Sir SyedestablishedScientificSocietyin-1863
137. AligarhHighSchool wasestablishedin -1875
138. AligarhHighSchool waselevatedtoMAOcollege in - 1877
139. MAO College waselevatedtouniversityin -1921
140. Who wrote journal'Tehzibullkhlaq' - SirSyedAhmed
52. 141. AsbabBaghawat-e-Hindwaswrittenby - SirSyedAhmed
142. Allamalqbal wasbornatSialkoton - November,9,1877
143. Who emphasizedonIndividuality(Khudi) -AllamaIqbal
144. Allamalqbal presentedKhutbaAllabadin-1930
145. Who wrote bookIlmullqtisad - AllamIqbal
146. Who statedthat learningunite knowing,feeling,doing - Froebel
147. Who presentedthe ideaof Kindergarten(KG) -Froebel
148. EmphasisonNationalism, Idealism, childfreedomisphilosophyof - Froebel
149. Permissiveenvironmentof Froebel Kindergarteninclude -Gift,song,occupation
150. FredrickFroebel establishedfirstKindergarten(KG) in -1837
151. Froebel establishedKGforthe childrenage - 4-5 Years
152. All the childrenhave potential tolearnsaidby -Froebel
153. Playisthe engine of real learning,saidby -Froebel
154. Who wrote book'Pedagogousof Kindergarten' - Froebel
155. Froebel was - Germaneducationist
156. Montessori curriculumincludetypesof experience -3
157. Maria Montessori was - Italianeducationist
158. Firstwomandoctor whograduatedfromRome university - Maria Montessori
159. Maria Montessori presentedthe method - Montessori Method
160. Playisthe workof child,saidby - Maria Montessori
161. Who wrote book'Discoveryof Child' - Maria Montessori
Historyof Education 21
un ir.3 Montessori wasawardedthe degree of - Medicine
xi as foundingfatherof functional psychology - JohnDewey
ed ■M. JoinDeweywas -Americaneducationist
ed . e issaid to have takenfromHerbart - Theoryof interest
ed Pragmaticphilosophywasdevelopedby- Dewey
53. ad DeweyestablishedLaboratoryschool in- ChicagoUniversity
53 Jhcr. DeweyestablishedLaboratoryschool in -1896
75 — Deweyintroducedthe methodforstudents - Projectmethod
"7 promoteddemocracyineducation - JhonDewey
21 leelsof Deweycurriculum -3
id rst .evel curriculumof Deweywasregarding - Making& doing
id v econdlevel of curriculumof Deweywasregarding -Space & Time concept
n Thirdlevel of curriculumof Deweywasregarding -Science subjects
al namingbyDoingMethod waspresentedby - Dewey
SO D wrote book'Reconstructioninphilosophy' - Dewey
al ton Planwasintroducedby - HelenParkurst
el thername of DaltonPlan - ChildrenUniversity
el DaltonPlanschool wasestablishedinNew Yorkin - 1919
el Classroomsof DaltonPlanwere called - Laboratories
)n StudentprogressinDaltonPlanwasshownby - Graph/diagrams
17 In DaltonPlanwhooutlinedweeklyassignments - Teachers
rs C ahon Planconference durationtoexchangeideas - 25-45 minutes
el : arts of Daltonplanswere -3(House/Assignment/Lab)
el HelenPurkurstwasan -Americaneducationist
el IS6L Fatherof AmericanEducation - Horrace Mann
St Z ?mmonSchoolsof Horrace were for the - Studentslearning
N rmal Schoolsof Horrace were for the - Teachertraining
st 3 wrote book'On the art of teaching' - Horrace Mann
ri Philosophyof Naturalismineducationwaspresentedby- Rousseau
»d usseaupreferredineducationsense of discrimination&-Physical activities
ri Educational programof Rousseauwasfor people of - Upperclassesonly
ri A ho considerthe educationasnegative process- Rousseau
194. Who considerthatchildat birthisby nature good - Rousseau
195. Rousseau identifieddevelopmental stages
54. 196. Who relatedthe schoolingtosocial purposes - Rousseau
197. Who said,childmustbe freedfromsociety'simprisoninginstitutes-Rousseau
198. Who wrote famousnovel Emile- Rousseau
199. Who developedobjectlessonemphasizingsensorylearning- Rousseau
200. Rousseausaidthataim of life is - Self-Expression
201. Who wrote book'Social Contract' - Rousseau
202. Rousseauwas - SwissEducationist
203. What Pestalozi appliedtoeducation - Modifiednaturalist
204. PioneerinElementaryEducationReforms - Pestalo
205. Pestalozi presentedthe Normal school for - Teachertrainin
206. Fatherof vocational training - Pestalo
207. Fatherof ModernEducation -Pestalo
208. Pestalozi stressedonthe trainingof - Teache
209. Motto 'Learningby head,handand heart'was givenby - Pestalo
210. 2 Main statesAthens&Sparta was the part of - Greek
211. Socratesusedquestioningtechnique todevelopthe - Concept
212. Knowledgethatcomesfrominside isreal,saidby - Socrates
213. Socrateswas the teacherof - **PI
214. DialecticMethodwaspresentedby **-PI
215. Plato'sphilosophytookeducationasmeansof preserving - The** sta
216. Dialogue toresolve conflictb/wtwopartiesona topic - DialecticMethod
217. Main role of education,accordingtoPlatois to develop - Powerof thinking
218. Who presentedthe ideaof "Ideal Sate' - Plato
219. Platopresentedthe philosophyof - Idealist
220. Who wrote book'Republic' - Plato
221. AgainstPlato,Aristotlemade home areal - Trainingcentre
222. Aristotle wasthe studentof - Plato
223. Aristotle wasthe teacherof - AlexanderGreat
224. Worldfirstbookof psychologywaswrittenby - Aristtole
55. 225. Aristotle wrote abookonpsychologynamed - Peri **Psych
:ior ; - - - - 2] Historyof Education
23
QS
bo presentedthe philosophyof realism
Fhe academyestablishedinAthensbyAristotle
irtue liesinthe attainmentof happiness,saidby
Combinationof Arithmetic,music,astronomy&geometry
rr.binationof Arithmetic,music, reading&writing"Paragogos'
inAthenianeducationwasa
..
henianeducationinvolvemore intellectualelementthan
Meaningof Ephebe Wrestlingschool of Greece was
leaningof Agog
• of speakingandwritingeffectivelyiscalled
ma Iqbal OpenUniversity(AIOU) establishedin
Firstlargestdistance universityinAsiarmername of AIOUwas
**JU islocated'ode of instructionof distance educationisrstitute of Educational Research(IER) was
establishedER belongstouniversity
Universityof Education wasestablishedin
No.of campusesof Universityof Education
PunjabExaminationCommission(PEC) startedin
PEC holdsthe examof classes
Dividingstudentsintogroupsaccordingtotheirabilities
What isthe Socratestechnique
A teacherwhoisself-critical of histeaching
Type of educationheldinschool setting
56. Answer
- Aristotle
- Lyceum
- Aristotle
- Quadrivium
- Didasealeum
- Slave
- Sparatan
- Young man
- Palaestra
- Excitement
- Rhetoric
- 1974 -AIOU
-PeoplesopenuniversitySectorH-8, Islamabad
- Non-formal
-1960
- Punjabuniversity
-2002 -9 -2005
- 5 & 8 Classes
- Tacking
- Question-Answer
- Reflectiveteacher
- Formal education
FamousMuslimEducationists
1. Hazrat Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him) (571-633) - WorldEducationist
# He (PBUH) was the Last Prophetof Allah(SubhanahuTa'ala).
# He (PBUH) stressedrightkindof education. jgw
# He (PBUH) said'Allahsentme as a teacher*.
57. # He (PBUH) saidthat iearnfromcradle to grave'.
# He (PBUH) usedto talkin the accentof listeners.
# He (PBUH) made education,areligiousobligation.
# He (PBUH) usedto teachsimple tocomplex concepts.
# He (PBUH) stressedthe use of QuranicDua(!-»*? yj)
# He (PBUH) usedfriendlyandinterestingbehaviorinteaching.
# He (PBUH) saidthat educationiscompulsoryforbothmen&women.
# He (PBUH) stressedteachingthroughexamplesanddemonstrations.
# He (PBUH) usedto summarize the issue first,andthengive the details.
# He (PBUH) said'Best amongstyouis one wholearns&teaches'Quran'.
# Wivesof Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) usedto teachthe womenandgirls.
# He (PBUH) usedto praise andencourage the people oncorrectanswering.
# He (PBUH) usedto talk/ teach softlywithappropriate pausesandbreaks.
# Establishededucationcenter'Suffa'for teachinginMasjid-e-Nabvi,Madina.
# He (PBUH) stressedaskingquestionswhile teachingtomake learningeffective
# He (PBUH) usedbodylanguage,gesture,facial expressiontomake learningeffective.
# He (PBUH) usedeffectivespeechinteaching(use of pauses,rise&fall of voice |
# He (PBUH) establishededucationcenter'Dar-e-Arqam'forteachinginMakkab
# Prisonersof Battle Badrfreedaftertheytaught10 Muslimchildrentoread/write
# He (PBUH) stressednotonlytogain the knowledgebutalsoon practice.(PBUH) said'Knowledge
withoutpractice isdangerous'.
# He (PBUH) said'Teach people,make thingseasy,don'tmake thingsdiffickeepsilentwhenyou
become furious(angry)'.
# He (PBUH) advisedthe MuslimstoteachtheirchildrenlearnQuran, archery(LSJ'J, swimming,
calculation,medicine &genealogy.
# He (PBUH) usedto teachprinciplesof Islam&QuranMajeedtopeople coi fromdifferentregions
of world,&appointeddifferentSahaba(R.A) forpurpose
# "I have neverseenabetterteacherthanthe Messengerof Allah.He neithreprimanded,nor
beatnor insultedme."MuawiyaBinHakamsaid.
58. 2. Imam Ghazali (1058-1111) - Iranian/PersianEducationist
Real name AbuHamid MuhammadIbn MuhammadAl-Ghazali.
Goal of societyisto applySharia.
Teach lessonfromsimple tocomplex.
Knowledgecanbringus closertoGod.
Favoredphysical educationforchildren.
Aimof educationisthe character building.
Two typesof knowledgeare;Useful andUseless.
Goal of man isto achieve happinessclosetoGod.
Reasoningisthe 6th sense whichhelpstotell truth.
Teachershouldplanthe lessonbefore the teaching.
Human mindislike aslate and teachercan transformit.
Teach studentsaccordingtotheirindividual differences.
Knowledgeimprovesthe statusandrespectof individual.
Favoredgoodand simple dietforchildrenphysicalgrowth.
Worldlyeducationisequallyimportantasreligiouseducation.
Favoredproperclothingforchildren&disfavoredtightandfitclothing.
Four categoriesof knowledge are;Prophetic,Rulers,Scholars,Preachers.
Teachershouldbehave likeafatherfigure andavoidcorporal punishment.
Divine revelationissuperiortoreasonwhichisendowedonlytoProphets.
Teachersshouldsimplifylessonbyusingtales,storiesetc.tomake iteffective.
Teachinglessonsshouldbe basedonpreviousknowledge 6cstudentexperience.
2 typesUseful knowledge:i)Farz-e-Ain(Compulsory),ii)Farz-e-Kafaya(Optional).
Curriculumshouldbe combinationof religious,worldlyeducation,logic&philosophy.
Includedindustrial education,textile,agriculture,tailoring,&haircut+i g in curriculum.
Favor elementaryeducation&home relatedknowledgeforfemale,nothighereducation.
Ways to identify&remove deficiencies:perfectteacher,close friends,foes,&self-analysis.
Books:Revival of religioussciences(AhyaulAloom),Jewelsof Quran,Alchemyof Happinessetc.
60. detail explanationof the pointsdiscussedbefore
(2) Development-
introduction.
(3) Recap/Summary-hssonshouldbe revisedforeffective learning.
Books:Famous"Muqaddma",Arab Philosophyof History.
4. Sir SyedAhmedKhan(1817-1898) - IndianEducationist jjk
He wasalso a political leaderof the Muslims. JkJ^*
Superstition cannotbe the partof faith(Iman). BHLJB
He wasMuslimpragmatist& Islamic.Modernist.
He got the title 'Sir','JavadUd-daullah'&'Arif Jung'.
He advocatedthe use of Urdu Language amongMuslims.
He wasfoundingfatherof TwoNationTheoryof Pakistan.
Get ridof the oldand uselessritualsasithinderourprogress.
He promotedWesternScientificeducationamongthe Muslims.
He wasagainstthe superstitiousandorthodox thinkingof the Muslim."
EstablishedanOrphanage forMuslimorphanchildreninMurfadabad.
EstablishedMadrassahMuradabad,1858/Madrassah Ghaziabad,1862.
We will remainhumiliated/rejectedif we notmade progressinscientificfield.
EstablishedScientificSociety-1863 fortranslationof EnglishbooksintoUrdu.
He promotedwesternmoderneducation&religiouseducationamongMuslims.
Muhamadan Educational Conference,1886 to bring political wisdominMuslims.
Knowledgeacquisitionscience/technologyisonlysolutionforMuslimproblems.
EstablishedAligarhHighSchool,1875 whichwas elevatedtoMAOCollege in1877 and to Universityin
1921.
Books:Tafseer-Ul-Quran/Tuzk-e-Jahangiri/Aaeen-e-Akbri/Asbab-baghawat-hind/Loyal Muhammadnsof
India/TabeenUlKalam/AsrarulSanadid.
Journals:TehzeebUlIkhlaq,AligarhInstituteGazette.
61. 5. AllamaMuhammad.Iqbal (1873-1938). IndianEducationist/Poet
He favoredfemale education&moral education.He wasagainstthe mere bookishknowledge androte
learning.Educationbeginsfromasense of egoand itleadsto perfection.He favoredactivity,creativity,
science andresearchinMuslims.He emphasizedIndividuality(Khudi),one'spreciousself orego.
Studentshave freedomtodeveloptheirpersonalityandtalents.Educationshouldcultivatequalities;1)
Courage,2) Tolerance,3) Faqr. He was awarded'doctorate of PhilosophybyUniversityof Munichin
1907. He wrote famousChildPrayer"LabPeAati HayDua Ban K TammanaMeri".He delivered
'KhutbaAllaabad"in1930, presentedideaof separate homeland.Gave conceptof Mard-e-Mominfor
Muslimstobelieve Allah&restore Khudi.
# He promotedideasof Justice,brotherhood,equalityandserviceamongMuslir
# Emphasizedlearningbydoingmethod&andstressedtomake lessoninterestir
# Aimof educationisthe developmentof personality&strengtheningindivicqualitiesof achild.
# Learningisabilitytoimplement&applyknowledge inreal situationotherwisismeaningless.
# He includedphilosophical subjects,artandliterature,religioussubjects,soc^-subjects,history
and science incurriculum.
# ParentsshouldspendtheirlivesaccordingtoQuranand sayingsof Ha Muhammad (PBUH) to
become ideal fortheirchildren.
# Books:Asrar-e-Khudi/Ramooz-e-Bekhudi/Pyam-e-Mashraq/Bang-e-Dara/Bal-eiJabreel/Zarb-e-
Kaleern/Armghan-e-Hijaz/Javed-Nama/Iqbal-nama/Ilm-ul-Iqtisad/Zaboor-e-Aj am.
FamousWesternEducationists
1. FredrickFroebel (1782-1852) - German Educationist
# Humansare creative beings.
# Playisthe engine of real learning.
# Basic componentsof philosophyinclude,free self-activity,creativity,social participationand
motor expression.
# Emphasize play-based, childcentered, games, practices, gifts, pare-involvement,occupation,
songs.
# PresentedKindergartenmethodtoteachchildren'inplayful environment.Books:Educationof
the Man, Pedagogicsof Kindergarten
2. Maria Montessori (1870-1952) - ItalianEducationist
# Playisthe workof child.
62. # Childshouldbe allowedtomove freelyinclass.
# Age level 1-6yearsof childrenisveryimportant.
# Childrenneedfreedom,funandtheylearnattheirownpace.
# Firstwomendoctorwhograduatedfrom Universityof Rome.
# Multiage groupingof childrenmakesthemlearnfromeachother.
# WorkedwithdisabledchildrenandpresentedMontessori Method.
# Designedspecialmaterials&specialenvironment toteachchildren.
# Emphasize natural environmentforlearning,joy,interestandneedof child.
# Beautifullydesignedcolourmaterial shouldbe usedforteachingof children.
slims* Teacherworksas a facilitator&guide,whoprovide environmentandmaterials,
isting* Childrenshouldnotbe forcedtolearn.Childrenlearnreading,writing,calculation
ividu -s freelyasmeylearntowalkand talk.Thiswhole dependsuponthe natural
environmentwhichshouldbe orderlyandaccessibletothe childrenaccordingto
the age and needs.
wise
Bwk Montessori Method/Discoveryof child/Secretof childhood/Absorbentmind
3. socj JhonDewey(1859-1952) - AmericanEducationist
• He isfoundingfatherof functional psychology(functionalism).Hazr ♦ He presented
Pragmatism(philosophyof education).
• He establishedfirstpsychologylabinUSA.al-e- • He presentedLearning-by-Doing
Methodof teaching.
• He advocateddemocracy.
• EstablishedLaboratorySchoolsinChicago,emphasizelabexperimentstolearn.
ks Democracy&Education/Experience &Education/Artasexperience/School and
society/Reconstructioninphilosophy/Philosophyof JohnDewey
4. HelenParkhurst(1887-1973) - AmericanEducationist
e wasa studentof Maria Montessori.
63. -phasize onindividualizedinstruction,self-reliance &pupil-ledteaching.
->-e presentedDaltonPlan.Itwasa laboratoryschool inwhichlearners::e experimenters.Plan
reorganizedthe school into3components;
irent- (1) Assignment-givingresponsibilitytolearnerstolearnaccordingtointerest
and ability,
(2) Laboratory-Where studentseekbestwaytoachieve assignment,
(3) House-whereteacheractsas a counselortogive lessons.Horace Mann(1796-1859) - American
Educationist
• Educationshouldbe providedbywell trained teachers.
• Educationmustbe free,non-sectarian,andpublicallyfunded.
• Fatherof CommonSchool Movement.Inwhichpromotedfreepubliceducation.
• Establishedspecial teachertrainingcollegescalledNormal schoolsforteachertraining.Capable
teacherswere promotedandunfitteacherswere eliminated.
• Publicschoolingcentral togoodcitizenship,democraticparticipation&societal wellbeing.
3 ooks:Lecturesoneducation/Slavery/Onthe Artof Teaching
**Disfavoredbookreading,formal &social education,formal discipline/habitformation.Childrenlearn
rightand wrongthroughexperiencingthe consequencesof thacts ratherthan tliroughphysical
punishment.
* Gave the ideaof negative educationinwhichchildhimselfsetfree,wanderhe and there in
natural way to learnbydancing,running,playing.
Books:Social Contract/Emile (Novel)/Discourse onPolitical Economy
7. Pestalozi (1746-1827) - SwissEducationist
Nature of mar. is essentiallygood.
His mottowas'Learningby head,handand heart'.
He wasinspiredfromRousseauideasandhisnovel 'Emile'.
Emphasizednatural environmentinschooling,loving&caring.
He emphasizedchildcenteredapproach,individual difference,sense perceptionstuden!,„if-activity.
64. ♦ Pestalozi Methodemphasizedindividualized,self-paced,self-directedactivity-basedlearning.
Books:Letterson EarlyEducation/The Educationof Man
AncientHistory
Educational History:
Mostlypeople were illiterate inthe past.Oral traditionswere importantwhichwermemorized.Mostof
the educationwasachievedorally.ReligionwasmainfocusOeducation.Knowledge aboutthe animals,
farming,fishing,foodpreparation,constructionancmilitarytrainingwasfocused.Formal educationwas
beingprovidedtofewpeople.
Purpose of Educational History:
1. To benefitpastexperiences
2. To understandpeople anddifferentsocieties
3. To analyze cultural norms
4. To understandthe progressionof society
5. To increase educationquality
Historyof EducationAncientGreece:
Educationplayedveryvital role inthe life of Greekpeople inthe past.There were - twomajor statesin
Greece inthe past; Athens& Sparta.It was the periodof 5th _-• BC. There were 2 typesof education;1)
Formal educationdeliveredbypaidic-ersinformal school setting2) Informal Educationdeliveredby
unpaidteacherin: .blic/ local settings.Greekeducationfocusedonmind,bodyandimagination.
I:nationSystemof Athens:
Educationfocusedontrainingof Arts,Peace and War. Schoolswere private _ - people hadan
opportunitytosendtheirchildreninschoolsdue tolow tuition
Education(0-6 Years) - Basic Reading/Writingat home
3oys were taughtat home by motheror male slave.Theywere taught;
^_ 1) wordsof Homer(poet),2) how to playlyre (musicinstrument).ElementaryEducation(6-14
Years) - GymnasticEducation
Eymnastictrainingupto14 yearswas compulsory.
SecondaryEducation(15-18 Years) - IntellectualEducation
an,
65. After14 yearsof training,poorstudentsendedtheir educationandjoinon& apprenticeshipof a
trade.Rich studentscontinuedtheireducationunderaulosopherteacher.Subjectsof geometry,
sophistry,astronomyandrhetoric(artf speakingandwritingeffectively) weretaught.
Post-secondaryEducation(19-20Years) -MilitaryTraining
Two yearsmilitarytrainingwasimpartedandstudentswere graduatedafter20 ■ ears. Thenmore
advancedstudieswere alsoprovidedlater.
"Girlswere impartedonlyprimaryeducationathome.Co-curricularactivitiesinclude;running,jumping,
boxing,wrestling,music,dance.
: .cationSystemof Sparta:
wen *
us 0 Main purpose of educationwasto physicallystrongandfitbody.
n am MilitaryTainting(6-18 Years)
Boysand Girlsin barracks undergostrictmilitarytraining.Itincludes,takinglessfood,walkingbare
footed,sleepingonhardbeds,readingandwriting,jumping,running,swimming,hunting,diskthrowing
etc.
Gymnastic& Warfare Training(19-20 Years)
Onlymale personsundergogymnasticandspecial warfare trainingwithreal weapons.Atthe age of 20
after2 yearstraining,a testwastaken.Passingpersonswere declaredsoldiersandcitizens.Otherjoin
trade / businessbuttheywere notconsideredcitizen&theyhadnopolitical rights.
3. SoldierTraining(21-60Years)
Soldiertrainingwascontinuedupto60 yearsina separate barracksevenmarr: soldierswere alsolived
alone withoutfamily.
4. RetirementandFamilyLife (61till death)
Male were retiredatthe age of 60 yearsand theywere allowedtolive the families.
Socrates(469-399 BC):
1. Socrateswas GreekphilosopherborninAthens.
2. He saidthat knowledgeistruth.
3. Personshouldfindtruth,workwiselyandrationally.
4. He stressedinmoral excellence.
5. Teachersask rightquestionssothatstudentsthink&answercritically.
66. 6. He stressedonself-examination/analysis.
TeachingMethod
QuestionAnswertechnique wasusedbySocratestomotivate,stimulatestuder.andencourage healthy
discussions.Questionsshouldbe designed insuchaway thadmay increase the ;tudentinterestand
curiosity.The questionsshouldbe linkedwi student'sanswers.
Typesof Questionsof Socrates:
1. IntroductoryQuestions - Linkingwithpreviousknowledge of students.
2. DevelopingQuestions - Questionsonnew topic.
3. RecaptulatoryQuestions- Repeatingthe questions.
4. EvaluatoryQuestions - To judge the performance atthe end.
Plato(429-347 BC):
1. Platowas the studentof Socrates.
2. He presentedthe ideaof Ideal State.
3. Brightestmindsshouldmade political decisionsof state.
4. He presentedphilosophyof Idealism.
Books:Republic/Statesman/Lysis/Sophist/Laws/Symposium/Apology.Stagesof Educationof Plato:
1. Pre-Education(0-6Years) - Moral Education
Moral educationwill be impartedtochildrenbyparentsandelders.
2. ElementaryEducation(7-18Years) -BasicEducation
Separate ine girlsandboys.Childrenshouldlearnbasiceducation,music,post
math andliterature.
P - 2] Historyof Education __33
MilitaryTraining(19-20 Years):
HTM
Studentsundergomilitaryexperienceinthe battlefieldfor2years.HigherEducation(21-35 Years):
Studentsgetadvance knowledge of mathematics,philosophyandliterature for10
67. the ears.Studentsshouldgetthe knowledge of dialecticfor 5years.
Rulerand PhilosophersTraining(36-50Years):
Studentsgetthe trainingfrom36-50 yearsto become rulersandphilosophers.Practice asRuleror
Philosophers(50Yearsonward):
People are nowreadytobecome ruleror philosophersandapplytheir knowledge practically.
: tie (384-322 BC):
1. Aristotle wasthe studentof Plato.
2 He wasthe tutorof Alexanderthe Great.
3 Educationisthe attainmentof happiness.derr 4. Virtue liesinthe attainmentof
happiness.
that 5. He usedinductive anddeductive methodtofindoutknowledge.
ts.
' wr 6. Sensoryexperiences/sensationsare the rootof knowledge.7. He presentedphilosophy
of Realism.Books:Peri Psyches/Physics/Metaphysics/Politics/Rhetoric/Economics. The Lyceum
(PeripaticSchool):
It isthe basisof presentdayuniversities.ItwaslocatedinAthens.Aristotle usedi ach;philosophy,
mathematics,andrhetoricinthe school.
[Curriculum:
1. InfantSchooling(0-6):Itincludesplay,physical activities& stories.
2. 7-14 Years Schooling:Numerics,literacy,liberal arts.
3. 15-21 YearsSchooling:Mathematics,Geometry,Astronomy,grammar,literature,poetry,
rhetoric,ethicsandpolitics.
4. 21 Years onward:Physics,metaphysics,biology,cosmology,logic.
- : menRole:
1. Womenwere inferiortomen.Aristotle promotedonlymale education.
2. Girlsshouldbe trainedforhousehold,childrearing(care/development).
EducationinPakistan
4
Role of Mosque in Education:
1. Place forPrayers
68. 2. Place forsocialization
3. Place forDawa (Preach)
4. Place forCelebration(Eid,Marriage etc.)
5. Place of state meetings
6. Place forMedical Care
7. Place forEducation
Dar-e-Arqam- FirstIslamicEducationCenter:
In earliertimes,non-Muslimswereteasingthe Muslimsinmanywaysthat'spreachingof Islamwas also
difficult.Inordertoavoidsuchsituation,Prophet(PBl establishedEducational center(Dar-e-Arqam) in
HazratArqamBin Arqam(RA) ho It wasfirsteducational centerof Islarri.Itsaimwasto spreadthe
message of Al teachingof Quran & Hadith,Tafsir-e-Quranetc.
Suffah:
Suffahmeansshadedarea/areacoveredbyroof.Itwasan area in Masjid-e-N designatedforthe
education,residence of poor,needy,outguests.NeedypeoplelivedinSuffahwerecalled Ashab-e-
Suffah(residentsof Suffah).ItwasfirstIsl Residential University.Prophet(PBUH) usedtosendAshab-e-
Suffahindifferentforpreachingof Islam.Differentneeds(foodetc.) of Ashab-e-Suffahwere provided
Muslimcommunity.SuffahCurriculum:
1. Tafsir-e-Quran 2. Usul-e-Fiqah 3. Usul-e-Din 4.Caliphs
5.Nahv 6. Religion 7. Jadal
Dars-e-Nizami:
It was originatedbyMolanaNizamUddinSahalvi inIndiatopromote teachingsIslamaccordingtoQuran
and Sunnahandremove the harmful effectsof seceducation.
Curriculumof Dars-e-Nizami:
1. Quran & Hadith 2. TafsirQuran 3.Logic 4.Usul-e-Tafseer
5. Usul-e-Hadith 6. Philosophy 7. Mathematics8. Literature
DeeniMadaris:
DeeniMadaristeach;Quran,Hifz-e-Quran,Ahadith,Fiqah,etc.All DeeniMaare workingunderthe
WafaqulMadaris.Arabiccourse (ShahdatulAlmiya) of anIsl ScholarisconsideredequivalenttoM.A
Islamiat/M.A Arabic.AnIslamicScholardeclare Fatwahaftergraduation.
CHAPter- 2] Historyof Education
69. 35
Maktab School:
Maktab schoolsare associatedwiththe mosques.Maktabschoolswere suggesteda1979 Education
policyof Pakistan.Educationfromclass1 to class 3 was requiredto
- E giveninMasjidMaktabschool.A competentteacherwillhelpImamof Masjid in-.eaching.
Maktab schoolsare differentformMadarisinscope where studentsare fewerandleastcurriculum
includingQuranNaziraandHiz-e-Quranwere taught.
Mosque Schools:
EducationPolicy1978 suggestedthe establishmentof Mosque Schoolsto -prove the educationin
Pakistan.Subjectsof Urduand mathwithQuran were taught. - e traditional Imamswere unable to
continue thiseducationalteachingsothisideawas -;:implementedfully.
> wr. PilotSchools/CharterSchools:
3UI: These are elementaryandsecondaryschoolsthatreceivefundingfromthe govt.
l0US - ai theyare free fromsome of the rulesandregulationsthatare appliedonotherpublicMia:
hools.These schoolswere startedwiththe helpof USA.Purpose of charterschool isto -crease and
improve the opportunitiesof education.
mprehensive School Scheme:
These schoolswere alsoestablishedwiththe helpof USA.Firstcomprehensive j ' ; - :ol was
establishedinMultanin1966. These schoolswere establishedineachdistrict
- ;iiquarterall overthe Pakistan.Itsaimwasto provide qualityeducation.
area
edt cational Schools:
These schoolsarrange vocational coursesforthe studentswhohave passedtheir
- idle ormatric classes.Coursesinclude;carpenter,mason, welder,tailor,electrician,. -^puter
operator,embroidery,etc.Vocational schoolshave establishedateachtehsil e%el inPakistan.
special Schools:
lgsc Special schoolshave beenestablishedinall the districtsandtehsilsof Pakistanfor
jcuh_-e childrenwithspecial needs.These childrenmainlyinclude;childrenwithmentalKtardation,
visual impairment,hearingimpairment,physicallyhandicapped.Special e;ucationteacherswith
differentprofessionalssuchaspsychologists,speechtherapist,audiologist,physiotherapistetc.teach
the childrenwithspecial needswithspecially
- :difiedcurriculum.
70. Ilamalqbal OpenUniversity(AIOU):
idar 1. AIOU isthe firstlargestuniversityof distance educationinAsia.
2. AIOU is the secondlargestuniversityof distance educationinWorld.
4. It was renamedasAIOUin 1977 by ZulfiqarAli Bhutto.
5. Establishedtoeducate workers,peopleof distantareasattheirhome place.
6. It islocatedinH-8 Sector,Islamabad.
7. Its chancelloristhe President of Pakistan.
8. Its average student'senrolmentismore 121acs everyyear.
9. Non-formal teachingmethodologyisusedforteaching.
10. It providestextbooks,andreadingmaterial tostudentsathome.
11. It arrangesradio,televisionprogramsforstudents.
12. It arrangestutors inthe near surroundingof the students.
13. Studentshave tosubmitthe assignmenttothe tutors& appearin semesterexamstopassthe
program/course.
14. It has startedmanyonline learningprograms.
15. It has 1172 studycentersforprofessionaltrainingof students.
16. It has 9 regional campuses,33 regional centers,41approvedstudycenters.138 part-time
regional coordinatingoffices.
17. Largestteachereducationinstitutionwithaverage enrolmentof 4lac students.
18. OnlyinstitutionprovidingprogramforEducational Planning&management.
19. It offersmore than2000 courses.
20. It offersoperatingsemestersystemtwice ayeari.e.Spring&Autumn.
21. It got UNESCOROMA & Raja RoySinghaward foreducatingrural masses.
Institute of EducationandResearch(IER):
It isa postgraduate collegeof educationinPunjabUniversity,Lahore establishecin1960 withthe
cooperationof USA.It ispremierandmost prestigiousinstitute of educationincountry.Itprovides
teachertraining,advance studiesandqualityresearch.
National Bureauof CurriculumandTextbook(NBCT):
71. It isalso calledcurriculumwing.Thiswingisresponsibletosupervisethe provincial curriculumbureau
for theircurriculumdevelopmentandtextbooksdevelopmentbyensuringthe qualityand
standardization.
StepsinCurriculumDevelopment:
1. DevelopingObjectives(Objectivesare framedonbasisof educationpolicy)
2. Scheme of Study(ltconsidernational educationpolicy,marketdemand,andglobal issues.
3. Developmentof Sy//a6j#s(Syllabusisdevelopedaccordingtoobjectives)
4. Textbooksdevelopment(ProvincialTextbookBoard-PTTBdevelopit)
5. ReviewandApproval (National Review committee review books)
6. PublicationandDistribution(Afterapproval,bookispublished)
7. TeacherTraining(Usuallyteacherguide isprovidedtoteachthe particularbookand sometimes
trainingisimpartedforthe teachingof book.)
Provincial TextbookBoard(PTTB):
Four PTTBs have beenestablishedone ineachprovince. PTTBsare responsible rpreparing,publishing,
stocking,distributionandmarketingschool textbooks.PPTBs:repare booksforthe classesKG to
Intermediate.
Board of Intermediate andSecondaryEducation(BISE):
BISE isresponsibletoconductexamsof Secondary(IX-X) andHigherSecondaryXI-XII) classes.BISEshave
beenestablishedineachdivision.
Inter-BoardCommitteeof Chairman(IBCC):
Thiscommittee wasestablished,comprisingof chairmanof BISEsfor mutual .^aborationof BISEs.It was
establishedtoresolve the issuesof all BISEsandbringmiformityintheirworkings.
EducationExtensionCenters:
EECs were establishedineachprovince of Pakistantoimpartpreservice andDservice trainingtothe
teachers.EECs provide trainingtothe teachers forthe changesmade inthe curriculum.InPunjab,EEC
has beenrenamedasDSD (Directorate of Staff Ir elopment).
72. Provincial Institutesof TeacherEducation(PITE):
PITEs were establishedinPunjabin2000 forqualityassurance andteacherraining,offeringprogramsof
B.Ed, M.Ed and M.A Education.These were sponsoredbyAsianDevelopmentBank.PresentlyPITEs
stoppedworking.
Universityof Education(UE):
1. UE, Lahore was establishedin2002.
2. It was firstspecializeduniversityinthe fieldof educationinPakistan.
3. Its aimwas to improve andprovide preservice /inservice teachertraining,educationalleaders,
educationists,researchers,curriculumdevelopers.
4. Its chancellorisGovernorof the Punjab.
5. It has one maincampusand 8 sub-campuses.
PunjabExaminationCommission(PEC):
PEC isautonomousbodysetupbyPunjabgovt,forstudent'sexamsatgrade 5 and grade 8. It started
functioningin2005 andtook firstexam5th grade examin2006. It isnow workingunderPunjab
ExaminationCommissionAct2010. It takesexamseveryyearof govt,and private studentsinall 36
districtsof Punjab.Itconsistsof 18 members.
DistrictTeacherEducators (DTEs):
DTEs are appointedbyDSDtoevaluate andassessthe progressof teachersandstudentsof govt,schools
on monthlybasis.DTEsvisitthe schoolsmonthlyandtake the examsof students.
ClusterTrainingSupportCenters:
Govt, of Punjabhasnominateddifferentcentral schoolsasclustertrainingsupportcentersforthe in
service trainingof teachers.Inordertocover whole Punjab36DistrictTrainingand SupportCenters
(DTSC) have beenestablished(one ineachdistrict).UndereachDTSCon average 60 ClusterTrainingand
SupportCenters(CTSC) have beenestablished.One clustercoversapproximately30schoolslyingwithin
radiusof 16km. At one cluster(1-5) DistrictTeacherEducators (DTEs) are placeddependinguponthe
schoolsattachedwithcluster.A DTE has beenan allotted10-15 school forimplementationof CPDat
clusterlevel.
TrendsinEducation
