A brief summary of my report in our class. Credits to the author of the book 'Philosophy of Education in Phil. Setting' by Herman C. Gregorio & Cornelia M. Gregorio And to Mr. Sunga as our professor.

1. CHAPTER III
Different Educational
Philosophies
Abba Paola Bautista Nagares

2. IMPORTANCE OF PHILOSOPHY
TO STUDENTS OF EDUCATION
The study of educational philosophy is
essential in the study of education.
The general aim of educational
philosophy is to provide the students
the basis of philosophical understanding
which will enable them to arrive at a
logical and systematic theory of
education.

3. By understanding the various current
systems of philosophy it is possible for
the students to derive their own
theories of education after
systematically evaluating their own
theories.
The comprehension of the relationship
between the various elements in
education provide an important
knowledge of the whole of education.

4. This enables the student to become
aware of the limitations and
inadequacies of ethical systems as they
relate to education.

5. THE DIFFERENT SCHOOLS
OF PHILOSOPHY
1)The Philosophy of Idealism
- The oldest systems of human thought.
- Man knows some truths by reasoning
logically in the relationship between
values.
- Some idealists assert that the true
ideas exist innately in the soul of man.

6. - Some of the important concepts and
generalizations in the philosophy of
idealism are found in Metaphysics and
Epistemology.
- Metaphysics all of reality is reducible to
one fundamental substance-spirit. The
nature of man is fundamental to the
understanding of man.

7. - Idealists start with the idea, and ends
with thing.
- Epistemology, there are two divisions of
Idealism.
OBJECTIVE IDEALISM
SUBJECTIVE IDEAMLISM
- It is said that the stimulus which is
perceived by the soul comes from the
infinite spirit – God.
- The idealist affirm the existence of
eternal values.

8. DIFFERENT TYPES OF
IDEALISTIC PHILOSOPHY
 OBJECTIVISM –This emphasizes the
objective and real independence of ideas.
 SUBJECTIVISM –This emphasizes the
subjective mental state of mind.
 ORGANIC –This emphasizes the holistic
state of mind.

9.  PERSONALISM – This rejects the
impersonal description of infinite mind
and emphasizes the individual
phenomena of the personal mind.
- IDEALISM is against the philosophy of
progressive education.
- Idealists claim that education must
provide for the development of the
mind of every pupil.

10. HOWTOTEACH?
- The school must emphasize the
intellectual, moral, and aesthetic
judgment of the pupil in order for him to
achieve his full spiritual potentials.
- The school can accomplish this thought
through a subject-centered curriculum
designed to provide the pupil with the
very best ideas of human culture.

11. HOWTOTEACH?
- The teacher is expected to be an excellent
and all around person. Because for the
idealists, nothing is equal in importance to
an excellent teacher.
- Teachers also provides pupils
opportunities to think and apply what they
have learned.
- Thinking and reasoning are criteria of
good teaching and learning.

12. EDUCATION, LIKEWISE, MUST
EMPHASIZE THE DEVELOPMENT
OF THE FOLLOWING AREAS OF
LIFE:
o Intellectual activities
o Moral Judgment
o AestheticAppreciation
o Self-realization
o Individual freedom
o Individual responsibility
o Self-discipline

13. WEAKNESS
- The weakness of this philosophical
thought is that it is against the
Philippine Constitution because of the
separation of church and state, because
Idealism stresses moral and religious
training.

14. 2) THE PHILOSOPHY OF REALISM
- The realist believes that the world is
made of real, substantial material
entities.
- The realist starts with a thing and end
up with the idea.
- Knowledge is derived through sense
experience.
- The realist tries to be as objective as is
humanly possible.

15. - The realist tries not to distort life by forcing
it to agree with his own principle, but most
often he is influential by what he feels and
thinks.
- The philosophy recognizes the right of
every individual to an education based upon
his nature.
- This philosophy recognizes the importance
of individual differences in education.
(Methods and techniques in teaching)

16. HOWTOTEACH?
- The school curriculum is selected and
organized logically and psychology.
- LOGICAL ARRANGEMENT means the
subject should be arranged from simple to
complex. (Gradual Reaction Change,Thorndike)
- PSYCHOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT means
that the nature of the learner must be
taken into consideration, such as; ability,
interests, and needs of the learner.

17. THE REALISTS EDUCATION
EXISTS FOR THE FOLLOWING
REASONS:
o To transmit culture
o To develop thinking and reasoning
o To develop the ability to live a life of reason
o To learn to live a life in a higher place.

18. WEAKNESS
- The realist’s point of view is that man is
an animal to be conditioned and
manipulated.
- The concept ignores the real nature of
man as a rational being.

19. 3) THE PHILOSOPHY OF HUMANISM
- Humanism has its roots in the life and
thought of ancient Greece and Rome.
- It is a way of looking at our world which
emphasizes the importance of man – his
nature is the center of their study.
- Humanism teaches that all persons have
dignity and worth.

20. - True humanism must concern itself with
the achievement of the highest concept of
human welfare, of the freedom, and
dignity of man.
HOWTOTEACH?
- Every school, especially the university,
must regard itself as a partner of the
national leadership in a common task.

21. - In education, humanism presents the
training of ideal gentlemen or universal
man. Such a person is skilled in many field
of knowledge.
- Many educators and philosophers believe
that the greatest challenge to humanism,
and indeed a threat to the safety of
society, comes from too great and
emphasize on science and technology.

22. - But they also believe that humanism must
teach them how to use the power and
knowledge in a normal human way, because
KNOWLEDGE must be used NOT to
DESTROY but to PROMOTE growth and
development.
- The modern humanistic ideal of education is
the development of a well balanced person,
who had knowledge, knew how to live with
his fellowmen, who appreciated beauty, and
who had high standards of human
judgment.

23. - In the school of philosophy, Humanism, the
objective of teaching and learning is to
discover the emotional order of subject
matter and the order of learning.
- According to this educational philosophy,
learning starts with the child’s experience.
This educational concept is based on the
law of Apperception of Herbart – that
learning is easier if it starts with the past
learnings of the child which are related to
what is to be learned.

24. 4) PHILOSOPHIES OF
EXPERIMENTALISM AND PRAGMANTISM
- In general the philosophy of pragmatism is
grouped under the general term
Experimentalism. They supplement and
complement each other.
- To both schools of philosophy, reality is
determined by individual differences.

25. - Dr. John Dewey, who is a believer of the
philosophy of Pragmatism, might properly
be called experimentalist, because he
insists that ideas must always be tested by
experiment.
- His notion that ideas are plans of action
determine his theory of truth. To Dr.
Dewey, ‘IF AN IDEA DOEA WHAT IT
INTENDS AS PLAN OR ACTION, IT IS
TRUE. IF IT FAILS, IT IS FALSE.’

26. How to teach?
- According to the philosophy of
experimentation and pragmatism,
education must be problem centered. This
problem must be felt by the learner and
should be centered upon his abilities,
needs, and interests.

27. - The curriculum of the school must be
formulated in terms of activities or
projects relevant to the students’
abilities and community needs.
- The fact that man learns through
experience, the experimentalist and
pragmatist suggest an education which
stresses learning by doing and living.

28. - The aim of education is the development of
the total child through experiencing or
through the use of the theory of self-
activity.And that experience is the source
of all knowledge.
- Their educational concept are based on the
educational philosophy of John Dewey
which expressed in the following terms;
‘Education is life, education is growth,
education is a social process and education is
the construction of human experience.’

29. 5) THE PHILOSOPHY OF
SCHOLASTICISM
- It is the official of the Roman Catholic
Church since the early history of Catholic
Church.
- The chief exponent of this philosophy of
SaintTomas Aquinas.
- This philosophy stresses the idea that man is
a national being possessing a body and soul.

30. - This school of philosophy believes that not
all truth can be known by reason because
of the restrictions present in sense of
knowledge. Some truths can be achieved
through the gift of faith.
- This school of philosophy believes in the
use of reason in accomplishing truth.
- This school believes that man first know
the good in order to will good.

31. - Every man must develop the habits of
good action by which he chooses good. It
is within his natural potentialities to
choose good rather than evil because God
is the ultimate good and final end of every
man.
- He must therefore, live his life so as to
subordinate his physical nature to his
spiritual being in fulfilling his moral
responsibility to himself, to humanity, and
to his God Almighty.

32. HOW TO TEACH?
- The aim of education, according to
scholastic philosophy, must be directed to
the development of the whole man.
- Education must aim to the development of
the whole man – that a person must be
developed mentally, physically,
emotionally, socially, and spiritually. And
must aim the development of the whole
child by including both the preparation for
his life and the life to come.

33. - Every man must develop his reason and
strengthen his will. To accomplish this
aim, the school curriculum must include
religion and the study of the humanities.
- This school of philosophy believes in the
importance of general education which
provides an opportunity for the
development of the virtue of wisdom.

34. - It can also be sold that religion is very
important in the life of man for religion
gives us direction and point of destination
in developing our present and future lives.

35. WEAKNESS
- The scholastic philosophers agree that
man is a rational animal.
- Because of his rationality, the aims of
education are many so reasoning is more a
rational part of man than is his feeling or
learning.

36. 6) THE PHILOSOPHY OF
PROGRESSIVISM
- This philosophy is closely related to the
Pragmatic philosophy of education.
- According to this educational philosophy,
the child grows and develops as a whole
through his own experience or through
self-activity.
- Outstanding leaders;
Horace Mann Stanley Hall
Francis Parker John Dewey
William Kilpatrick

37. - From the Progressivists, learning is an
active process, in which the learner
himself is definitely involved. This point of
view state that the learning process is
essentially experiencing, doing, and
understanding.
- This concept calls for active doing which
involves the mind, the body and the
emotion of the individual.

38. - In other words, learning is in itself a
natural experience. This simply means
that the child learns what he lives, accept
it to live by, and that he learns this
response in the degree that understands
and accepts it.

39. THE OUTSTANDINGCHARACTERISTICS OF
THE PHILOSOPHY OF PROGRESSIVISM
ARE THE FOLLOWING:
a) The child is made the center of the
educative process, and not the subject
matter.
b) Learning by doing and experiencing are
emphasized in the educative process.
c) Thinking and reasoning are well
emphasized.

40. d) The school curriculum is based on
activities and projects that are in line with
the pupils’ needs and abilities.
e) Individual differences are recognized by
this school of philosophy. Each individual
is considered as a unique individual.
f) Emphasis is in group planning, discussion,
and self-expression, creativeness and
responsibility. This concept is based on the
principle that learning is a social process.

41. g) Evaluation is based on the flexible
standards or that grading must be based
on the normal-probability-curve. This
means higher standard for the bright and
lower standard for the slow pupils.
h) Guidance is made an integral part of
teaching and learning in this school of
philosophy of progressivism.

42. 7) THE PHILOSOPHY OF
EXISTENSIALISM
- History of philosophy reveals that this
school of philosophy is the most recent to
appear upon the intellectual sense. Some
philosophers classify this as extreme
individualism.
- To this school of philosophy, reality is a
matter of individual existence, that each
human being exists in a world that is
without purpose and is fundamentally
absurd.

43. - Each person is free to make whatever
choices he wishes.
- These decisions and commitments result
in the kind of person one becomes.
- This is his essence which is continually
becoming.
- When man is aware of his identity as an
individual alone, he realizes the true
reasons for his own existence.

44. - However, it is imperative that every human
being chooses and finds some significance
and meaning for himself in the act of
existing.
- It can be said that some existentialists
assert that God exist. They, however,
admit the impossibility of proving this by
reason.

45. - Record show that majority of the
believers of this school of philosophy
(Existentialism) are either atheistic or
agnostic in their belief.
- To them, when man is aware of the
existence of things and beings in
themselves, he is functioning upon the
highest level of human experience.

46. - ‘Existence is the basic value for man and
the values which are significant for each
individual are relative to the individual
circumstances for the one’s existence.’
- To the Existentialists, the purpose of
education is to serve the individual
human being by guiding him into
awareness of his condition and
promoting his successful commitment
to a significant existence.

47. -Likewise, complete individual freedom in
the classroom is recommended by this
school of philosophy, and that the
individual child must choose for himself
those activities which he believes are
significant, and the teacher serve as a
guide and a resource person.

48. - It is an accepted fact that it is through
individual experience, by which the
pupil enjoys the consequences of his
activities, that he learns and chooses.
This concept is based on the democratic
principles of John Dewey.

49. 8) ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY
- This philosophy asserts that the function of
philosophy is basically a type of logical and
linguistic analysis.
- This philosophy is otherwise known as
logical analysis.
- According to this school of philosophy,
reality consists of what is knowable, that is,
verified by experience.

50. - This school of philosophy also asserts that
man is different from other animals to the
extent that he has the capacity to engage
in reflection.
- The use of symbols is valuable to the
extent that one can reason to the logical
value of the symbols.

51. - Analytic philosophy also asserts that the
method of philosophy must be the
method of science for things are
knowable only through experience,
which verifies the truth that is
apprehended.

52. - The scientific attitude of open-
mindedness, objectivity, and critical
reflection in thinking are necessary or
essential for correct thinking.
- It is known that man is a rational being
and that his reason is his most
important distinction.

53. HOW TO TEACH?
- In this philosophy, the aim of education is
to promote the intellectual and social
development of the individual.
- This concept of education is based on the
principle that an individual is a social
being.

54. - This aim of education can be
accomplished by developing the scientific
attitude of open-mindedness and
objectivity in each pupil or student.
- To the believers of this school of
philosophy, education must be based on
the experiences of the learner. Like the
pragmatists, they believe or recognize the
importance of human experiences in
developing the growth of the individual.

55. GUIDE QUESTIONS FOR READING
AND DISCUSSION
1. Explain the philosophy of idealism. What is
the outstanding educational concept
contributed by this school of thought?
Ans.
 Idealism is a subject matter centered and
emphasizes the mind and spirit of the
pupils/students.
 Character development.

56. 2. Explain the philosophy of realism and
the educational concepts based on this
school of philosophy.
Ans.
It is also a subject matter centered but
according to this philosophy, knowledge
is derived through sense experience.
This philosophy recognizes the
importance of individual differences
which calls for different techniques in
teaching.

57. Ans.
The curriculum is selected and
organized logically and psychology.

58. 3. Discuss the philosophy of humanism
and the educational concepts derived
from the philosophy.
Ans.
Humanism must teach the students
how to use the power and knowledge in
a normal human way.

59. Ans.
In this school of philosophy, humanism,
the objective of teaching and learning is
to discover the emotional order of
subject-matter and the order of
learning.
‘Learning starts with the child’s
experience’ (Law of Apperception of
Herbart)

60. ‘Learning is easier if it starts with the past
leanings of one child which are related to
what is to be learned.
(step by step)
By levels of learning

61. 4. What is the relationship between
experimentalism and pragmatism in
relation to education? Explain your
answer.
Ans.
The relationship between these two is
that, education must be problem
centered.
That the development of the total child
through experiencing or through the use
of the theory of self-activity.

62. Ans.
That for them, EXPERIENCE is the
major source of all knowledge.

63. 5. Explain this statement “The Catholic
Church is guided by the philosophy of
Scholasticism”.
Ans.
Because Scholasticism is the official of
the Roman Catholic Church since the
early history of the Catholic Church.
Saint Tomas Aquinas, chief exponent of
this philosophy.

64. Ans.
Because this philosophy believes that
not all truth can be known by reason
because of the restrictions present in
sense of knowledge. And some truths
can be achieved through the gift of
faith.

65. Scholastic philosophy believes that man
must first know the good in order to will
good.
And that every man must develop the
habits of good action by which he
chooses good. It is within his natural
potentialities to choose good rather
than evil because God is the ultimate
good and final end of every man.

66. 6. Why is the philosophy of Pragmatism
closely related to progressivism?
Because these philosophies believe that
the child grows and develops as a whole
through his own experience and through
self-activity.

67. 7. What school of philosophy has the
greatest contributions to education in
this country? Explain your answer.
Ans.
Well for me, Experimentalism and
Pragmatism and Progressivism.
Self-activity
Experiences
Involvement
Learning by doing.

69. END
THANKYOU! 