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1. Neurotransmitters
Saba kanwal
FA18-RBI-017
Hira shahid
FA19-RBM-015

2. I want you to be able to answer
these questions:
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֎ What is a neurotransmitter?
֎ What does it do ?
֎ How does it do it?

3. NEUROTRANSMITTERS
Neurotransmitter is a chemical substance
that acts as the mediator for the
transmission of nerve impulses from one
neuron to another neuron through synapse. It
a messenger of neurologic information from
one cell to another.
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4. 4
fig1: Typical chemical synapse structure and neurotransmitter

5. HISTORY
￮ Evidence of neurotransmitter was first
discovered by an Australian scientist
named Otto Loewi in 1921. He dreamt of
an experiment, which he did
practically and came out with this
discovery.
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6. CLASSIFICATION
￮ STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION ￮ FUNCTIONALCLASSIFICATION
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7. STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION
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8. FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION
Excitatory
ɚ Acetylcholine
ɚ Glutamine
ɚ Serotonin
Inhibitory
ɚ GABA
ɚ Glycine
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9. Excitatory neurotransmitter
￮ Location
￮ ANS-Parasympathetic
presynaptic nerve terminals;
parasympathetic post-
synaptic nerve terminals.
￮ CNS- Cerebral cortex
,hippocampus ,limbic
structures, and basal ganglia.
Mental illness
Increased levels:
₠ Depression
Decreased levels :
₠ Alzheimer’s
₠ Parkinson’s
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Acetylcholine
Functions: Sleep, arousal , pain , perception ,
movement , memory

10. Glutamine
￮ Location
￮ Frontal cortex, limbic system
,basal ganglia, thalamus
,posterior pituitary and spinal
cord.
Mental illness
Increased levels:
ǽ Parkinson’s disease
ǽ Depression
Decreased levels :
ǽ Mania
ǽ Schizophrenia
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Functions : Movement and coordination,
emotions ,voluntary judgment ,release of
prolactin.

11. Serotonin
￮ Location
￮ Hypothalamus,thalamus,
limbic system cerebral
cortex, cerebellum and
spinal cord
￮ Mental illness
Increased levels :
¤ Anxiety states
Decreased levels :
¤ Depression
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Function : Sleep , appetite, mood ,aggression ,pain,
perception, coordination, judgement.

12. Inhibitory neurotransmitter
￮ Location:
￮ Hypothalamus, hippocampus,
cortex, cerebellum ,basal
ganglia, spinal cord and retina
￮ Mental illness
Decreased levels :
§ Anxiety disorders,
§ Schizophrenia, and
§ Various forms of
epilepsy
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GABA(gamma-aminobutyric acid)
Functions: Slowdown of body activity

13. Glycine
￮ Location:
￮ Spinal cord and
brain stem
￮ Mental illness:
￮ Toxic levels :”glycine
encephalopathy”,
decreased levels are
correlated with motor
movements.
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Functions : Recurrent inhibition of motor neurons

14. Mechanism
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15. Conclusion
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16. ૱ The ability of nervous system to complex
behaviors, learn and remember depends
on communication between vast no: of
neurons.
૱ Mediated by neurotransmitters.
૱ They play an important role in control
and coordination of body.
૱ Many neurological diseases and mental
disorders are due to improper
functioning of neurotransmitters.
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17. 17
Now let’s watch animated
version of neurotransmission.

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19. References
£ Knut Schmidt Nielsen, Animal Physiology – Adaptation and
environment, 4thedition, Cambridge University Press, U.K
£ Richard.W.Hill (1976) Animal Physiology, 2nd edition, Harper
Collin’s Publishers, New York.
£ http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/12/111205165907.ht
m
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Thanks!