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Regional & Metropolitan Planning
Dr. Mohammed Firoz . C
Department of Architecture and Planning
National Institute of Technology Calicut, India
Lecture 1, 2,3

What is a region ?
Region means a tract of land; any area; a portion of earth’s surface.
There are two aspects of Region
1) Spatial dimension-objective reality –(Contiguous)
2) 2) Non spatial dimension-subjective idea-mental construct (Non Contiguous)
Defining a region
• A large tract of land; a country; a more or less defined portion of earth’s surface, as
distinguished by certain natural features, climatic conditions, a special fauna and flora
or the like.
• An area, space, or place of more or less definite extent or character.
• An area of earth’s surface differentiated (from adjoining areas) by one or more
features or characteristics which give it a measure of unity, According to the criteria
employed in differentiating regions are termed as physiographic regions, political
regions and economic regions.
Introduction to Regional Planning

• A region is a complex of land, water, air, plant, animal and human beings, having
spatial relationship, which constitute a definite portion of earth’s surface.
• An area with in which historical and environmental factors have combined to create
relatively homogeneous social structure and a conciseness of individually
What is Regional Planning?
• Regional planning is an art / science which deals with the planning of homogenous
areas which constitutes both urban and or rural areas either contiguous or not
• Unlike Urban planning which generally looks for a single Urban entity or a maximum of
an urban agglomeration, regional planning looks for a series of Urban or rural
amalgamations ( A network of settlements) and hence the scale is really large
• Regional planning is an offshoot Urban Planning .Often Clubbed with Urban planning
as Urban and Regional Planning or sometimes as simply Regional Planning . Like urban
planning, it is related greatly to Geography, Economics and Sociology disciplines. (
Urban geography, Social geography, Economic geography)

Inter Disciplinary nature
of Regional Science
Comprehensive
development of the
community is the ultimate
aim of a regional plan

What is Regional Planning? Continued…..
• Regional planning deals with the efficient placement of Land Use
activities, Infrastructure, and settlement growth across a larger area of
land than an individual city or town
• Thus towns, villages, uninhabited areas, forests, wastelands, rivers and
other natural features also form a part of regional planning.
• Regional plans may cut across the various state boundaries or
sometimes the boundaries of countries too.
• Hence, Regional Planning requires government and municipalities,
neighborhoods at different levels to work together for mutual and
overall benefit.
Regional Planning conceptualised as strategies through a regional Plan. It
integrates as a common thread connecting a spatial plan from the Macro to
micro level ( From perspective plan- Regional Plan-Development plan-Zonal
Plan-Street plan-Building level detailing)

Significance of Regional Planning.
• Rapid urbanization, along with improved transportation and allied
development leads to transformational changes in the pattern of
settlement systems.
• The allied changes often result in the increased blurring of boundaries
between the rural and urban areas.
• Eventually, in most of the developing regions of the world, a more
consolidated homogenous pattern of settlement system is evolving.
• Despite being classified as 'Rural' or 'Urban,' these regions have
relatively equitable distribution in economic growth complementary to
a more productive morphology and quality of life within the
settlements
Until recently, the distance was one of the deciding criteria for defining a region. With
advent of fast moving transport with a cheaper cost, time is deciding the boundary of a
region. Eg shinkansen Line made Japan regions more nearer. Hyper loop ? Air taxi ?

Difference Between City Planning & Regional Planning
City planning focuses on the land use plans, spatial growth and policies which are at
local level (affecting that particular city or town), whereas in case of regional planning
the emphasis on the policies of balanced regional growth.
Regional plans cover more of national level policies and issues & strengthens
integrated development where as City planning looks as a limited area when
compared to a regional plan.
Regional plan covers rural areas and undeveloped areas too which are usually not
covered in town plans (Village area, forests, undeveloped land and waste land might
be completely missing from a city plan whereas it forms an important part of a
regional plan)
The categories, chapters, topics and aspects covered in both plans also differs
because of the different needs and the existing developments.
A good regional plan can promote economic as well as functional balance , reduce
migration, Increase efficiency, promote sustainable development, connectivity
economic growth etc of the collective region based on its potential.

9
Regional /Metroloitian planning
Urban Planning
Urban Design
Landscape Architecture
Architecture
Interior design
National Planning/Perspective Plan
Product design
URP
Domain
Arch
Domain
Design
Domain

Regional/Metro
Planning
Urban Planning
National Planning
Landscape Planning
Architecture
Interior Design
Product Design
Increa
sing
level
of
Scale
Incre
asing
level
of
detail
ing
Domain of Regional Planning in the built environment discipline.
Source : Own
conceptualisation of
Dr.Mohammed Firoz C
Urban Design

Source :
Yeo, In-Ae, and
Eunok Lee.
"Quantitative
study on
environment and
energy
information for
land use planning
scenarios in eco-
city planning
stage." Applied
Energy 230
(2018): 889-911.

First and Second Plans
First and Second Plans
Third Plan
Fourth Plan (1969 74)
Fourth Plan (1969-74)
Sixth Plan (1982-87)
Post 1991
Eleventh Plan
Sectoral Based
Balanced Regional Development
Balanced Regional Development
Area Development Planning
Integrated Rural Development Planning
Integrated Rural Development Planning
Rao-Manmohan Model
Inclusive Growth
President A.P.J. Abul Kalam
planning should incorporate the provision of urban amenities
in rural areas to reduce disparities and regional imbalances
Regional Planning Since 1947 In India- Via Five Year Plans
FOCUS

2 and 3: Urban Rural and Mega Cities

Megacities are quantitatively defined as cities having a population of more
than five (Kraas & Mertins, 2014), eight (Chen & Heligman, 1994; Fuchs, Brennan, Chamie, Lo, & Uitto,
1994; UN, 1987) or ten million people (Kraas & Mertins, 2014).
Source: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 2015
Mega City- Definitions
• A megacity is a very large city typically with a human population of more
than 10 million people – Widely accepted definitions
• UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs in its 2018 "World
Urbanization Prospects" report have also counted urban agglomerations
having over 10 million inhabitants as Mega cities
• According to UN-HABITAT's World's Cities report , a new urban form was
coined in 2006, ‘ THE META CITY’ , defined as “massive sprawling
conurbations of more than 20 million people”
• The terminology became significant because many mega cities evolved and
there existed the need for a different terminology

• Globally, settlements are classified as urban and rural for ease in policy
purposes.
• Such a classification is often used for administrative advantages, governance,
funding, and resource allocation.
• Each country formulates its urban definition based on the parameters most
significant to its context. Hence, it is not possible for a universal classification
of urban areas.
• The urban definitions of most countries were formulated at least half a
century earlier, while there existed stereotypical differences between the
urban and rural areas
• According to Hugo et al. (2001), conventionally, the significant divergences
amongst urban and rural were in the economy, occupational structure,
education levels and provisions, politics, information, accessibility to services,
demography, ethnicity and migration levels.
• The comparison of rural and urban, hence varies considerably in dimensions.
Urban - Rural definitions

Urban - Rural Definitions
Country Criteria Deciding Criteria
USA o Population of 2500 persons or more
o Density of 400 persons per sq km
o An incorporated place or municipality
Two types of urban areas exists
o Urbanized areas of 50 000 or more inhabitant's and
o Urban clusters of at least 2 500 and less than
50 000 inhabitants
Population and
density.
Canada o Population of 1000 persons or more &
o A density of 400 persons per sq km.
Population and
Density.
Philippines o Density of 500 persons per sq km
o Urban status also applies to centers that have
Parallel/right angled streets;
o At least six commercial or manufacturing establishments;
o Any three of the following: town hall, church, park, public plaza,
market place, etc.
Population and
urban order
facilities.
Indonesia o A population density of more than 5,000 persons per km2.
o The Percentage of households engaged in agricultural
production, less than 25 percent.
o At least 8 out of 15 designated ‘urban’ facilities had to be
available in the 'desa'
o Municipalities, regency capitals and other places of urban
characteristics
Population, ,
occupation of
people and
urban order
facilities.
Source: Firoz ( 2015)

2 Urban - Rural Definitions
Country Criteria Deciding
Criteria
India o Population of 5000 persons or more ,
o Density of 400 persons per sq km and areas and
o Three-quarters of the adult male working population are
employed in non-agricultural occupations.
o Alternatively any settlements Incorporated as towns,
municipal corporations, area or town committees, cantonment
boards are also urban
Population,
density and
occupation of
people.
Australia o Major Urban: Represents a combination of all urban centers
with a population of 100,000 or more
o Other Urban: Represents a combination of all urban centers
with a population between 1,000 and 99,999
o Bounded Localities: Represents a combination of all bounded
localities
o Rural Balance : Represents the remainder of state/territory
Population.
Japan City (shi) having 50 000 or more inhabitants
o 60 % or more of the houses located in the main built-up areas
o 60 % or more of the population (including their dependants)
engaged in manufacturing, trade or other urban type of
business.
Alternatively, a shi having urban facilities and conditions as defined
by the prefectural order is considered as urban.
Population,
location of
households,
occupation of
people /or
urban facilities.
Source: Firoz ( 2015)

Urban - Rural Definitions
UN has conducted a study on the urban and rural definitions across the 228 countries in the
world and summarizes that ;
o 109 countries used administrative criteria, out of which 89 used it as the sole criterion;
o 98 countries used population size and/or population density, solely in the case of 46
countries, with a variety of cut-off levels on both these measures;
o 27 countries used economic criteria, notably proportion of labor force employed in non-
agricultural activities, sometimes in combination with other criteria, economic or
otherwise;
o 24 countries used criteria relating to the functional nature of urban areas, such as the
existence of paved streets, water supply systems, sewerage systems or electric lighting,
often in combination with other criteria;
o 24 Countries did not supply any indication of the basis for their “urban area’” definition;
o 6 countries were deemed by their national statistical offices to be either entirely urban or
entirely rural.
This proves that the urban rural definitions are so complex and there are no universally
accepted definitions to define them
Source : Firoz ( 2015), Champion & Hugo (2004) as well as Öğdül (2010)

Urban forms and Morphology
Monocentric City Poly centric City Mega city regions
Desa Kota
Source: Susan & Firoz ( 2022)

Mono centric cities
• Such urban settlements’ boundary regions and hinterlands have blurred rural and
urban characteristics, eventually merging to surrounding rural settlements.
• They are synonymously called the ex-urban (Hussain 2017) and Peri-urban settlements
(Iaquinta and Drescher 2000) which forms of peripheral urban development, leading to
blurring urban and rural characteristics
• Monocentric city forms
were most prominent
till the 1970s. These
had a significant
Central Business
District (CBD) forming
the core. Eg New York,
Tokyo,and Delhi :

Mono centric cities
Peri Urban
The peri-urban areas have a higher dependence on agriculture compared to the
urban areas.
They gradually get converted to urban areas when the city grows spatially

Mono centric cities
Peri Urban
Suburbs
• Suburban ( Edge cities) refers to areas that are beyond the core areas of the city.
• They are predominantly residential, though in specific contexts have mixed land use
• The proximity to an urban center, the advances in transportation facilities, and
relaxed zoning regulations outside the urban centers have contributed to the
suburban landscape.

Poly Centric City
• Type 1: Edge cities, are intra-urban patterns developed due to the dispersion of
population and service.
• Type 2 : Metropolitan areas with multiple centers, satellite cities, and the rural
hinterland that depends on the core.
• Type 3 : Urban region, which is a matrix of different cities, Such cities are spatially
and administratively independent entities and are devoid of a primate city.
Eg : Megalopolis, network cities, multinucleated metropolitan regions, city-regions,
and world cities are the other terminologies used to indicate such regions
Eg : Pearl River Delta in China, Tokyo-Kobe in Japan, and the Nile Valley in Africa
Poly centric City
• Diversification of economic
activities, improved
transportation, and
technological advances, the
monocentric patterns gave
way to polycentric urban
systems
• They are mainly 3 types of
Poly centric city forms

Desa Kota Cities and Regions
Desakota
Source: Pauchet and Oliveau (2008),Firoz ( 2015) ,
Susan & Firoz ( 2022)
• Terry McGee coined the
term ‘Desakota’ in 1991 to
denote the mix of urban and
rural spatial structures
occurring in Asian countries
• It is an interlinked urban
and rural livelihood in terms
of communication, transport,
and economic activities
There are three distinct variations of desakota
• 1st Type Japan and South Korea have the first type pattern characterized by declining
rural settlements and agricultural population accompanied by an increasing income
level
• 2nd Type - Found in Java, parts of China, Bangkok, Kolkata region of India has shifts
from agricultural to non-agricultural activities
• 3rd Type – Has a low economic growth and high density, similar to the urban
settlements, and is found in parts of Bangladesh, Java, Kerala, etc.

Desa kota Types

Rural Urban Continuum
• The rural-urban continuum refers to the merging of rural and urban areas, thereby
eradicating the assumption of a clear-cut distinction between both entities.
• The R.U.C. settlements range from a city and its suburbs to large-scale corridors
extending beyond international boundaries sometimes.
• Megacities, metropolises, ribbon developments, and corridor developments are a
few examples of such recognized regions with settlements that possess rural and
urban characteristics
Mono centric RUC Ribbon RUC Desa kota

Mega Regions
Mega city regions
A mega region, or sometimes a megalopolis or City Clusters
or Super cities consist of a cluster of at least 2 or more
adjacent cities/metropolitan areas joined together. They are
also a form of Poly centric city region
Initially coined by Sit Patrick Geddes in his book ‘ The city of
evolution’ ,Lewis Mumford in his book ‘ The culture of cities’
and later by Jean Goat man in his study ‘Megalopolis: The
Urbanized Northeastern Seaboard of the United States’
Examples :
• Blue Banana Corridors Cubec City Windsor Corridor
• Bos Wash Corridor Taiheiyo corridor Japan
• BESETO (Beijing to Tokyo via Pyong Yang and Seoul)
• Java Region Pearl River Delta Region
• Mega Manila

3d Mega Regions
Quebec City–Windsor Corridor Java , Indonesia
The Taiheiyo megapolis corridor (
of Greater Tokyo and Keihanshin) Pearl River Delta Region

Mega Regions
North
Eastern
Corridor by
jean Goat
man ( BOS-
WASH
Corridor)

Mega Regions
Megalopolis name
Population
in millions
2010
Percent of U.S.
Population (2010)
Population
in millions
2025 (projected)
Population
percent growth
2010 -
2025 (projected)
Major cities
Arizona Sun
Corridor[48][49] 5.6 2% 7.8 39.3% Mesa, Phoenix, Tucson, Prescott, Scottsdale
Northern California 14 5% 16.4 17.1%
Fresno, Modesto, Oakland, San Francisco, San
Jose, Stockton, Berkeley, Cupertino, Fremont, Reno, Sacramento, Santa Rosa
Southern California 24.4 8% 29 18.9%
Los Angeles, San Diego, Santa Barbara, San
Bernardino, Riverside, Bakersfield, Las Vegas, Long Beach, Tijuana
Cascadia 12.4 3% 13.5 8.2%
Abbotsford, Bellevue, Boise, Eugene, Everett, Portland
(OR), Salem, Seattle, Tacoma, Spokane, Tri-Cities, Vancouver (BC), Vancouver
(WA), Victoria
Florida 17.3 6% 21.5 24.3%
Jacksonville, Fort Lauderdale, Miami, Tampa, St. Petersburg, Sarasota, Fort
Myers, Orlando, Gainesville, Palm Bay, Pensacola
Front Range 5.5 2% 6.9 26%
Albuquerque, Cheyenne, Colorado Springs, Denver, Pueblo, Salt Lake City, Santa
Fe
Great Lakes 59.1 18% 65.7 10%
Buffalo, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Detroit, Hamilton, Indianapol
is, Kansas City, Louisville, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Montreal, Ottawa, Quebec
City, Pittsburgh, Rochester, St. Louis, Toronto
Gulf Coast 13.4 4% 16.3 21.6%
Baton Rouge, Corpus
Christi, Houston, McAllen, Brownsville, Mobile, Gulfport, Biloxi, New
Orleans, Pensacola
Northeast 52.3 17% 58.4 11.7%
Allentown-Bethlehem, Atlantic
City, Baltimore, Boston, Edison, Hagerstown, Harrisburg, Hazleton, Knowledge
Corridor (Springfield and Hartford), Manchester (NH), Nashua, New Haven, New
York, Newark, Norfolk, Ocean City, Philadelphia, Portland
(ME), Pottsville, Providence, Reading, Richmond, Scranton/Wilkes-
Barre, Trenton, Virginia Beach, Washington, Waterbury, Wilmington, Worcester
Piedmont Atlantic 17.6 6% 21.7 23.3%
Atlanta, Charlotte, Research Triangle, Raleigh, Durham, Chapel
Hill, Greensboro, Winston-
Salem, Greenville, Huntsville, Nashville, Chattanooga, Knoxville, Memphis, Birmi
ngham, Montgomery, Clarksville, Murfreesboro, Tuscaloosa
Texas Triangle 19.7 6% 24.8 25.9% Austin, Dallas, Fort Worth, Houston, San Antonio

•This area extends from the northern suburbs of Boston to the east coast to the
southern end of the Washington D.C. metropolitan area.
•This region is home to over 50 million people, close to 20% of the population of
the United States.
•The average population density is much higher than the national average. Thus
forming a near continuous spread of cities emerges North-South.
BOSCH WASH
Mega Regions

•The Blue Banana (also known as the European Megalopolis or the Liverpool–Milan Axis) is a
discontinuous corridor of urbanization spreading over western and central Europe , with a
population of around 111 million
• Stretches approximately from North whales through the English midlands across Greater
London to the Benelux states and along the German Rhineland, Southern Germany
, Alsace in France in the west and Switzerlnad (Basel and Zurich ) to Northern Italy (Milan ) in
the south.
•Concept Based on French geographer Brunets Thesis in 1989.
BLUE
BANANA
Population density in Europe in 1994,
showing the highest density along the blue
Banana
Mega Regions

•Inverted S-shaped corridor from Beijing to Tokyo via Pyong yang and Seoul
•About 98 million urban inhabitants, , 112 cities with a population of over 200,000
or more each are almost contiguous along a 1,500 km strip of densely populated
land becoming An "ecumenopolis“
•Similar to Singapore-Johore Bahru in the Malay Peninsula or Hong Kong-
Shenzhen-Guangzhou in the Zhujiang Delta of China
BEASTO
Population
('000)
No. of cities
over 200,000
Bohai rim corridor,
China
31,556 36
Shinuiju-Kaesong
corridor, North Korea
4,997 9
Seoul-Pusan corridor,
South Korea
22,642 15
Fukuoka-Tokyo
corridor, Japan
39,269 52
Total 98,464 112
Mega Regions

34
Bangladesh
Pakistan
India
China
Emerging Mega
region systems in
South Asia
Source: Quader
(2000)

35
Fig: 2
Settlement Pattern of Kerala:
DESAKOTA ?
•The Kerala mega region characterized by
dispersed but interconnected, linear but
densely agglomerated stretch.
•With co- existences of the primary secondary
and tertiary sectors in both , in most of the
districts except the highlands.
•The towns does not have any distinct core,
nor do the villages have any marked nodality.
Chatopadhyay (1988)
•Village to village boundary, village to town
boundary or town to town boundary appears to
be more imaginary than real in most of the
areas. Chatopadhyay (1988)

Quote of the day
Late- Anna Maria Lindh was a Swedish lawyer and Social
Democratic politician

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