URBANISM IN HISTORY Outline of forces shaping urbanism. Urbanism of river valley civilisations. Morphology of preindustrial European cities to include Greek and Roman cities, medieval European towns, Renaissance urbanism and ideal cities. Outline of historic cities of India. Temple town urbanism of Tamil Nadu. Mughal city form. Medieval cities of India. Colonial urbanism in India.

1. URBAN DESIGN
UNIT I : URBANISM IN HISTORY
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Ar Prof Mani Sasidharan
Resubmitted – Prof Niveditha V
niveditha.arch19@gmail.com
+919551416510

2. CONTENT
• Outline of forces shaping urbanism.
• Urbanism of river valley civilisations.
• Morphology of pre industrial European cities
to include Greek and Roman cities, medieval
European towns, Renaissance urbanism and
ideal cities.
• Outline of historic cities of India.
• Temple town urbanism of Tamil Nadu.
• Mughal city form.
• Medieval cities of India.
• Colonial urbanism in India.

3. GENERAL TERMS:
Urbanism is the study of how inhabitants of
urban areas, such as towns and cities, interact
with the built environment.
Urbanization refers to growth of urban
population, in relation to rural population
Urban design is the process of designing and
shaping the physical features of cities, towns,
and villages and planning for the provision of
municipal services to residents and visitors.
Urban Agglomeration is a continuous urban
spread constituting a town and its adjoining
urban outgrowths (OGs) or two or more
physically contiguous towns together and any
adjoining urban outgrowths of such towns.

5. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN URBANISM AND URBAN DESIGN
 Urbanism is a lens through which
to view and interpret the city
 Urbanism attempt to understand
how economic, political, social,
ecological and cultural
characteristics of place affect
urban form and social life. (eg:
New Urbanism, landscape,
ecological, sustainable urbanism
etc.).
 Urbanism is a combination of
urban planning, design,
architecture, and sociology.
URBANISM
 Urban design on the other
hand, moves beyond the
study of space; it is the
practice of actively shaping
the city in a desired fashion.
 Urban designers improve the
livability of cities by
translating plans into physical
strategies, establishing design.
 Designing the space between
buildings, and arranging
public spaces, streets, blocks,
neighborhoods and
infrastructure in a logical and
meaningful way.
URBAN DESIGN

6. Urbanism of river valley civilizations
Fig: Map showing the location of 4 river valley civilization.
 Mesopotamian civilization – 3500
BC to 1600 BC
 Egyptian civilization – 3000 BC to
2000 BC
 Indus valley civilization – 2500
BC TO 1700 BC
 Chinese or yellow river valley
civilization – 3950 BC – 1000 BC
Mesopotamian civilization is the most ancient civilization recorded in human history until now.
The name Mesopotamia derived from Greek word mesos, meaning middle and potamos,
meaning river. The civilization Flourished along River Tigris and River Euphrates is majorly
known for is prosperity, city life and its rich and voluminous literature, mathematics
and astronomy

7. Character of the mesopatomia cities
Walled city
hot, dry climate.
Formed governments
Leaders took charge of food, supplies & building projects
Made laws to keep order
Assembled armies to fend off enemies
Irrigated 3 main crops – Barley, Dates and Sesame seeds.
Water managed by built canals, dikes, dams and drainage system.
Literature: Cuneiform writing
Invensions: Calendars to tell time, early use of wheel, plow & sailboat.
Trading: Barley, wool, cloth, stone, metal, copper, timber, pearls and
ivory.
Land reforms: Individual can only rent land from priests and the profits
goes for temple
Ziggurats are largest temple built in these ages.
Construction technique: They mixed the mud with crushed reeds,
formed bricks & left them in the sun to dry.The bricks were waterproof
and used for walls in homes, temples & other buildings.
Occupation: Farming, artisans, merchants or traders
 Social classes: 1. Upper Class: kings, priests & government officials2.
Middle
Class: artisans, merchants, farmers, fishers3. Lower Class: enslaved
people who worked on farms or in temples

8. Egyptian civilization – 3000 BC to 2000 BC
They were many specialized cities such as those based on trade. Others, for example,
were made up of artisans, craftsmen and workers related to various royal projects.
Important Cities includes Amarna (Akhetaten) , Maadi, Memphis, Thebes.

9. CHARACTER
 The economy of pharaonic Egypt is specialized bureaucracy.
 The wealth of the economy: Agriculture: Grain, vegetables & fruit., Wheat, Beer,
Wine, flax and hemp, papyrus were cultivated, Bricks, oil were manufactured and
Rocks, metals, salt were mined locally in Egypt., Rearing of cattle, goats, pigs and
fowl, in addition to fishing. Tax levied on the goods increased the income.
 Divine Kingship- Pharaoh was not only the King (political ruler) but also a god. The
Pharaoh was associated with Horus. Due to their beliefs, the Pharaoh held an
immense power. Belief led to the development of elaborate mortuary cult and
extensive funerary architecture.
 BUILDING MATERIALS MUD BRICKS: Mixture of mud, straws and stones, Poured in
wooden frames or shaped into bricks, left to harden in the sun and also used
LIMESTONE: Grades of limestone from the core to the exterior, Later the limestone
was cut in small blocks deducing the time of transportation and labour. BASALT is
used for flooring and GRANITE is used for monolithic obelisk, used on inner walls.
 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS: Most cities grew organically around administration, the
clustering of facilities, an important religious center or construction site. Only few of
the cities were planed and organized. Planned cities were created as tributes by the
Pharaoh to the Gods or as monuments to their greatness .

10. Indus valley civilization – 2500 BC TO 1700 BC
Fig: Mohenjo Daro city layout
Indus valley Civilization: The Indus Valley Civilisation was a Bronze Age
civilisation in the north-western regions of South Asia, lasting from 3300
BCE to 1300 BCE, and in its

11. Fig: Street layout and built-infrastructure found in Mohenjo Daro
mature form from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. This civilization consists of large towns and
small settlements namely Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Pathani Damb, Dholavira, Lothal etc.
Among them Harrappa and Mohenja-daro are the most important settlement

12. Mohenjo Daro City Planning:
 It is a fort free city constructed into two parts: Upper citadel and lower citadel.
 Upper citadel consists of public and semi-public buildings such as palace, institution,
great bath, gallery etc.
 Lower citadel consists of residential and commercial activity.
Street laid in Grid pattern.
 Major Street run in N-S direction. Zoning was distinct for distinct groups, commerce at
the meeting of east road and First Street, near palace.
 Planned with rectilinear buildings arranged on a grid plan. Sites were often
raised, or built on manmade hills.
 Excellent planning of drainage and sanitation system.
 Wells and reservoir provides drinking and bathing water needs.
 Courtyard type of houses with ground and first floor.
 Few residence share same wall forming row of houses.
 Economy generated through Agriculture, making seal, trade and commerce

13. Fig: Public amenity in Mohen-dojaro and
Harappa Layout
CHARACTERS OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION:
Place of worship and seat of Government became the
main focal point of settlement planning.
Highly influenced by caste system, social and
occupational structure.
Social security is given priority – Town gates are located
and oriented based on cardinal direction.
In ancient period the planning of villages and towns are
similar and the habitat is more close to nature.
Towns are furnished with better facility than village with
public amenity and institutions.
They also had few criteria for choosing land for
development. Based on ground fitness, color and
texture of soil, smell, taste of water, shape of
geographical land,

14. Morphology of pre-industrial European cities Greek and Roman cities
Pre-industrial refers to a time before there were machines and tools to help perform tasks
en masse. Pre-industrial civilization dates back to centuries ago, but the main era known as
the pre-industrial society occurred right before the industrial society. Pre-Industrial societies
vary from region to region depending on the culture of a given area or history of social and
political life. Europe was known for its feudal system and the Italian Renaissance.
Greek and Roman cities
Western civilization and Western cities trace their roots to ancient Greece. By 600 B.C., over
five hundred towns and cities existed on the Greek mainland and surrounding islands . With
expansion, cities spread throughout the Mediterranean — to the north shore of Africa, to
Spain, southern France, and Italy. Cities rarely had more than 5,000 inhabitants.
Greek civilization occurred in the area around the Greek mainland, on a peninsula that
extends into the Mediterranean Sea. It started in cities on the Greek mainland and on
islands in the Aegean Sea.
Most of the Greek mainland was rocky and barren and therefore bad for agriculture. Most
Greeks therefore lived along the coastline or on islands where the soil was good for farming.
The Aegean and Mediterranean Seas provided a means of communication and trade with
other places.

15. The Greek Polis
 Source of Greek Creativity.
 Each citizen was expected to participate in
the polis.(political life, economic relation ,
spiritual worship , social events ).
 Self governing city.
 Not large cities.
 Plato thought ideal city should have 5,000
citizen.
 Athens peak had a bit over 1,00,000 citizens
Site and Culture
 No floods.
 Abundant and diverse resources.
 Fish, grain, grapes, olives, chestnuts, figs.
 Many isolated valleys and islands (natural
barriers)
 Sea
 Isolation meant greater security, so power
took a less aggressive formboth externally
and internally
The ancient Greek civilization had established principles for planning and designing cities. City
form were of two types: Old cities such as Athens had irregular street plans reflecting their
gradual organic development. Certain things were common among cities: The overall division
of spaces in 3 parts: acropolis, agora and the town, the fortification etc.
Earliest versions of the Buildings in the Acropolis existed until 480 BC and was rebuilt in 450 BC.
The Agora was the most important gathering place in a Greek city. It started as an open area
where the council of the city met to take decisions. With time buildings were constructed to
define and enclose the space It also transformed into a place for combined social, commercial
and political activities.
It was placed to be easily accessible from all directions. In many cities, it is also located close
to the Acropolis.

17. The acropolis in Athens was a
religious precinct located on
one of the hills of the city.
The acropolis combined Doric
orders and ionic orders in a
perfect composition in four
buildings; the Propylea, the
Parthenon, the Erechtheumn,
and the temple of Nike.
.
The Agora was the most important
gathering place in a Greek city. It started
as an open area where the council of the
city met to take decisions.
With time buildings were constructed to
define and enclose the space It also
transformed into a place for combined
social, commercial and political activities.

18. It emerged as the heart of Greek intellectual life and discourse. It was usually located on a flat
ground for ease of communication. It was placed to be easily accessible from all directions. In
many cities, it is also located close to the Acropolis.
Roman cities
Romans adopted many urban traits from the Greeks and the Etruscans, whom the Romans
had conquered and absorbed in northern Italy. As the empire expanded, city life diffused into
areas that had not previously experienced urbanization France, Germany, England, interior
Spain, the Alpine countries, and parts of eastern Europe As the empire expanded, city life
diffused into areas that had not previously experienced urbanization.
• Most cities were established as military (castra) and trading outposts.
• Focal points for collection of local agricultural products. Supply centers for the military.
• Gridiron street pattern was used in later Greek cities — example of Pavia, Italy.
• Temples of worship, administrative buildings and warehouses. Also libraries, schools, and
marketplaces serving the common people.
• Bordered by everything important: temples, offices, jails, butcher shops. Public processions
and ceremonies took place there. For a mainly pedestrian population, the surrounding
colonnade was a very important urban design feature

19. Roman Cities- Coliseum < colossus < colossus (something extremely huge). Altered in English
to ―coliseum‖, held between 60,000 and 90,000. Dwarfed by the
―Circus Maximums‖ (lost). Over a mile of plumbing pipes supplied public drinking fountains
and lavatories. Was used by the Romans for everything from naval competitions to
gladiatorial competitions Was used in the Middle Ages as a living space, grazing space, and
fortress.
Roman Cities- Public baths, Pompeii. Romans took public bathing to an extreme: hot, cold,
and lukewarm pools, places to get a massage or work out, even reading rooms. Temples built
on the Greek model, with prominent colonnades.
In A.D. 79, the nearby Mount Vesuvius volcano erupted. It spewed smoke and toxic gas 20
miles into the air, which soon spread to the town. Almost overnight, Pompeii—and many of its
10,000 residents—vanished under a blanket of ash.

21. Medieval European town:
Medieval period lasted roughly from A.D. 1000 to 1500. Time of renewed urban expansion
in Europe and Urban life spread north and east in Europe.
In only four centuries, 2,500 new German ―cities were founded. Most cities of present-day
Europe were founded during this period Revival of local and long-distance trade resulted
from a combination of factors.
Agricultural expansion through new land reclamations and New Agricultural technologies
Trading networks required protected markets and supply centers, functions that renewed
life in cities Long- distance trading led to the development of a new class of people .
The merchant class towns rapidly developed along the coasts of the north, in France,
England, and the Netherlands. They spread out west along the Mediterranean coast, with
Avignon, Barcelona and Granada in Spain taking prominence.
Medieval towns primarily developed their independence as a result of wealth being
transferred around Europe.
We see the development of great towns and centres of trade and industry along the English
Channel, facilitating the Scandinavian trade in Herring and an Anglo-Flemish cloth trade,
bringing great wealth to their respective countries and thus power to the burghers who
inhabited them.

22. The city-states of Italy monopolised markets in carriage and eventually in cloth itself, and with
little feudal influence to start with were able to act as self-governing bodies from the
beginning.
Monarchal power and influence certainly developed whichever town they had their dynastic
power base in, and it‘s through this that we see the growth of London and Paris, though their
attraction to merchants is not to be ignore .
Representation of Medieval towns

23. Medival city paris

24. Paris, France: has very strong Medieval roots from the churches on its central Cite island to
the tight streets of the Latin Quarter. If this list was for pure Gothic feel, Paris would rank
higher.
Medieval Town Hirsch horn is Neckar, Germany This town reveals three important features of
urban morphology: castle, wall, and cathedral. Hirsch horn castle caps the summit of a fortified
spur in the bend of the Neckar River, affording a clear view.
The river and forested valley. Site factors have also limited expansion forcing people to build
onto the walls.
The major functions of the medieval city are depicted in symbols
The fortress
Usually cities were clustered around a fortified place. Reflected in place
namely German -burg, French -Bourg, English -burgh all meaning a fortified castle. The
terms burgher and bourgeoisie, originally referred to a citizen of the medieval city The
charter.
Governmental decree from a regional power granting political autonomy to the town Freed
the population from feudal restrictions and Made the city responsible for its own defence
and government which Allowed cities to coin their own money. These freedoms contributed
to development of urban social, economic, and intellectual life.

25. The marketplace
City depended on the countryside for food and produce was traded in the market. It has been
a Center for long-distance trade linking city to city
The wall
Symbol of the sharp distinction between country and city. Within the wall most inhabitants
were free; outside most were serfs and hence People inside were able to move about with
little restriction. Goods entering the gates were inspected and taxed here Nonresidents were
issued permits for entry, but often required to leave by sundown when the gates were shut.
Meeting space for city‘s political leaders and Market hail for storage and display of finer goods.
Town hall and castle
Had two distinct complexes of buildings at it center Formed an enclosed square, so named
the building straddled a canal where goods could be directly brought directly in from barges.
On adjacent edge of marketplace was the great ball that served as meeting spot for
merchant class.

26. Renaissance urbanism
Form and function of the city changed significantly during the period of renaissance (1500 —
1600) and baroque (1600-1800) periods.
The medieval street was functionally inadequate, aesthetically ill- considered, and lacking in
unifying qualities. Such a condition contributed to the multi-centric quality of the medieval city.
The ideas of the Renaissance planners, coupled with a creative use of power upon the parts of
leaders of church and state, brought a reconstruction which gave a form of unity to cities of
multiple powers, and gave to the citizen a visible understanding of his position within the
hierarchy of power of the city.
Church and State
The interplay of church and rising state powers during the Renaissance served to vastly
alter the social structure of the Italian city. The importance of the citizen declined markedly,
and with it a citizen‘s influence upon the scope and scale of theory and planning for the public
spaces which the citizen used.

27. This disruption of traditional functions within pre-existing urban public spaces did, however,
have the utility of easing acceptance of their functions, and the resettlement of activities into
proper locations within the new pattern.
The churches and palaces, as representations of the real power of the Renaissance city,
the real focus of the major activities of the citizen‘s lives, were logical focal points toward which
to orient the new street systems. The cities of Parma, Ferrara, Turino, Florence, and Rome in
Northern and Central Italy, and the cities of Naples and Catania in Southern Italy and Sicily
serve as useful examples of the actual interpretation of Renaissance street planning concepts
and necessities.
Ferrara
In 1492, the city of Ferrara successfully resisted an attack by Venice. A need to reinforce
the city against further attacks was seen, with the necessary requirements to fulfill of
building new walls and brining essential industries into the safety of the city.
The addition to the city, the ―Addizione Erculea, was planned by Biagio Rossetti, who was
considered to be the first urban planner of modern Europe..
Rossetti was motivated by the classical gridiron city plans of Hippodemeous, and by the
economy of construction provided by the quadrangular form.
Thus, he introduced two axial cross streets as the main roads of the new addition, with a
general grid pattern laid out between them. The plan was an expression of technical needs
only, for it allowed the spread of the functions of the city.

28. Fig: Ferra ra , Italy

29. The centralizing point of the juncture was the old fortress in the center of the wall, thus
reinforcing its symbolic position as the force which made the new addition to the city possible.
The city of Ferrara secretly purchased much of the rural land which was to
be included within the new walls before announcing its expansion plans. In such a way, real
estate speculation was prevented to a great degree, and a more correct implementation of the
plan was relatively well assured.
The city of Ferrara secretly purchased much of the rural land which was to
be included within the new walls before announcing its expansion plans. In such a way, real
estate speculation was prevented to a great degree, and a more correct implementation of the
plan was relatively well assured.
This action revealed the relatively limited nature of Renaissance renewal operations, for they
were concentrated in the capital cities of independent states and at the site of other royal
residences.
Seldom did conquered cities or other subsidiary cities experience any real efforts towards a
physical fulfillment of the Renaissance city planning ideals.

30. Turino
The 16th Century change in the economy of Northern Italy, as the importance of agriculture
decreased, combined with a multitude of wars which often rendered the countryside unsafe,
producing a large migration of people into the cities.
At the time, Turino was one of the most economically viable and politically active cities in all
of Italy.
In Turino, as in many other cities, the contemporary idealistic tendency for centralization of
the city, by connecting points of major interest with the street
In Turino, the majority of these major points, the cathedral, ducal palace, theater, archives,
university, seminary, and civic government, were centralized in one small area on the northern
side of the city, the ―Zone of Command. The major eastern gate of the city was connected.
Turino over the countryside, the street itself was focused upon the castle-like Palazzo
Madama at the Zone of Command. The entry into the city at the opposite end of the street
was created as a very large, completely ordered piazza serving to funnel all traffic into the
street.
The creation of continuity with arcaded facades similar to each other in design along the
principle portions of the street produced an elegant, regal atmosphere. Altogether, the effect
of the two end piazzas
The grand street between them was one of absolute power and dignity, creating a more
worthy setting for the seat of centralized power that Turino had become.

31. IDEAL CITIES.
An ideal city is the concept of a plan for a city that has been conceived in
accordance with a particular rational or moral objective. The ground plans of
ideal cities are often based on grids (in imitation of Roman town planning) or
other geometrical patterns.
The ideal town was seen as a utopia to be achieved by disregarding the
reasonably regular planimetrics of real, historic towns for standards – geometric,
aesthetic or otherwise – of ideal perfection.
Examples of the ideal cities include Filarete's
"Sforzinda", a description of which was included
in ‗Trattato di architettura‘ (1465). The city of
Sforzinda was laid out within an eight-pointed
star inscribed within a circular moat. Further
examples may have been intended to have
been read into the so-called "Urbino" and
"Baltimore" panels (second half of the
fifteenth century), which show classically
influenced architecture disposed in logically
planned piazzas.

32. The cities of Palmanova and Nicosia, whose Venetian Fortesses were built in the
1590s by the Venetian Republic, are considered to be practical examples of the
concept of the ideal city.
Palmanova is a town and comune in northeast Italy. The town is an example of a star
fort of the late Renaissance, built up by the Venetian Republic in 1593.
Palmanova was supposed to be a utopia. inhabited by self-sustaining merchants,
craftsmen, and farmers. The builders imposed geometrical harmony into its design
believing that beauty reinforces the wellness of a society. Each road and move was
carefully calibrated and each part of the plan had a reason for being.
Even the fortifications were built with the Utopian concept in mind, with the outer
ramparts looking simply like a forest as the town was approached–essentially hiding it
from potential enemies. This effect is still evident today in stark contrast to the very
visible hill towns common in most other regions of Italy.
Late nineteenth-century examples of the ideal city include the Garden city movement
of Sir Ebenezer Howard, realised at Letchworth Garden City and Welwy Garden City in
England. Poundbury, Prince Charles architectural vision established in Dorset, is
among the most recent examples of ideal city planning.

34. Outline of historic cities of India.
Similar to Vastu-sastra in Architecture, in ancient historical India Manasara shilpa
sastra talks about settlement planning. The list of few other sastras related to
planning is listed below. Even from the ancient age they follow certain principles to
plan their settlement layout.
SASTRA ASPECT
Sthapatya Veda Layout of a city
Smriti Shastra Street layouts (micro and
macro)
Mansara Shilpa Shastra Gram Vidhana and Nagara
Vidhana
Rig Veda Advanced Vastu Shilpa
In anciend period, different terms are used to define the settlement planning.
Planning for Grama (village) is represented as sannivesa (village planning),
planning for Griha (house) is termed as Vinyasa (House planning), For Nagara
(Town) Sannivasa (Town planning) is used and planning for prasada (Big building)
is represented as Vinyasa. Based on Manasara Shilpa shastra , the town is classified
into ten types.

35. MANDUKA PARAMASAYIKA DANDAKA
SARVATHOBHADRA
CHATHUMUKA

36. SWASTIKA PRASTHARA KARMUKA
Types of settlement seen in ancient period are listed below.
Grama Sannivesa (village planning)
Griha Vinyasa (house planning)
Nagara Sannivasa (town planning)
Durga Sannivasa (planning of forts)
Prasada Vinyasa (planning of big
buildings)

37. The concept followed in ancient town planning is as follows.
1.Place of worship and seat of Government became the main focal point
of settlement planning.
2.Highly influenced by caste system, social and occupational structure.
3.Social security is given priority – Town gates are located and oriented
based on cardinal direction.
4.Specific area like markets, Handicrafts, Manufacturing areas,
institutional and recreational facilities was earmarked.
5.In ancient period the planning of villages and towns are similar and the
habitat is more close to nature.
6.Towns are furnished with better facility than village with public amenity
and institutions.

38. Temple town urbanism of Tamil Nadu.
During hindu period of time, large number of towns flourished as capital towns and
religious towns. Main principle adopted in planning was to strengthen regional
linkages and Dominant security aspects. The layout of the city is laid and governed
under the King. During Maurga and Gupta periods, separate urban planning and
development agencies were involved. Few examples of Hindu period town planning is
Madurai, Srirangam, Kanchipuram, Kumbakonam, Chidambaram etc.
Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Ranganatha (a form
of Vishnu), located in Srirangam , Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India.
Constructed in the Dravidian architectural style, the temple is glorified by Alvars in
their Naalayira Divya Prabhandam.
and has the unique distinction of being the foremost among the 108 Divya
Desams dedicated to the god Vishnu.
The temple site is on a large island bounded by the Kaveri River and Kollidam River. It is
vast and planned as a temple town with Sapta-Prakaram design where the sanctum,
gopuram, services and living area are co-located in seven concentric enclosures.
Urban In Srirangam
The Srirangam temple is the largest temple compound in India and one of the largest
religious complexes in the world.

39. Some of these structures have been renovated, expanded and rebuilt over the centuries as a
living temple. The latest addition is the outer tower that is approximately 73 metres (240 ft) tall,
completed in 1987.
Architecture
The temple is enclosed by 7 concentric enclosures with courtyards (termed prakarams
or mathil suvar). Each layer has walls and gopurams, which were built or fortified in and after
the 16th century.
The temple occupies an area of 155 acres (63 ha) with 81 shrines, 21 towers, 39 pavilions,
and many water tanks integrated into the complex making it the world's largest functioning
Hindu temple.
These walls total 32,592 feet (9,934 m) or over six miles. The temple has 17
major gopurams (towers, 21 total).
39 pavilions, 50 shrines, 9 sacred water pools, Ayiram kaal mandapam (a hall of 1000 pillars)
and several small water bodies inside.
The temple is aligned to the north-south and east-west axis, on an island surrounded by the
Kaveri River. The river has long been considered sacred, and called the Daksina Ganga or the
"Ganges of the South".

42. The urban pattern is arranged based on community and occupation pattern.
Fortification: Gopurams are seen as town gates, 4 concentic gateways.
Planning of the Agraharams followed a grid iron or concentric ring patterns, with
the temple forming the main focus.
The temple, besides a shrine for the Worship, has generated many activities
which in turn, acted as the dynamic factor determining the physical, socio
cultural and economic Profile of the city.
Public and semipublic activity such as institutions, temples, Palaces, social
gathering space is planning in the inner core of the city.
House type: Row house with pitched roof – single or double storey.
Main activity in the city: trading, cultural festive, education and
administrative function.
Street pattern: volume and character of the street network change when we
move from periphery to the center of the temple.
The patterns in which the ramparts are built with roads leads through the
gopuram emphasize the centrality of the temple.

43. Mughal city form and Medieval cities of India
A large number of kingdoms flourished in the northern Indian region. Great
cities were developed and prospered. Few of the special features of medival town planning
are shown below.
Persians came to india and flouristed their prosperty in India.
Mix of Persian and Indian type of planning is observed.
Religion, military & politics formed the basis of city planning.
Town planned based on location of Place of worship, Royal Gardens, Baghs
and Bazars.
Love for symmetry and axial planning.
Enriched with beauty in the skyline of the town.
Medieval towns, whether in India or anywhere else, were walled, encircled
by an outside moat. The town resembled ―an island when its gates were
locked at sundown (forts and defence system).

44. This age is highly influenced by Muslium, hence also known as muslim period.
The way they used to plan is the combination of Indian style and Arabic (Mughal
style). By Shah Jahan‘s time, the Muslims in India had partially Indianized. Under
the Mughals, they were mainly an urban community, and there life was closely linked to
religious event, as well as to ceremonies and festivals or ritual events Few examples of
Medival period of town planning are Jodhpur, Varanasi, Shahjahanabad, Jaipur etc.
Planning of Shahjahanabad:
 Planning under the reign of Shah Jahan.
 The city was planned according to hindu planning Karmuka‘ of shilpashastra from vastu-
shastra.
 The Mughal system of planning was based on give and take. Private enterprise
and individual initiative also became part of planning.
 At the centre of this settlement was Qila-i-Mubarak, the palace-fortress.
 The city was encircled with a 14 walls and forts.
 Jama Masjid was constructed on an elevated site near the fort.
 Two main boulevards cross perpendicularly and the junction of the two main axes is the
most auspicious point in the whole region

45. Streets were narrow and crooked. Two major streets developed as commercial arteries.
The arm of the archer was Chandni Chowk.
The junction of the two main axes is the most auspicious point in the whole region
and was therefore the red fort.
Chandni Chowk.

46. Notable achievement of the Mughals.
1.26 miles west of agra.
2.A great complex of residential, official and
religious buildings
3.Rectangular area of 2 miles and 1 mile braod.
Habitation lasted only for one generation.
4.Departed from the conventional idea of building
isolated structures linked together by streets, due
to the limited space.
5.City with no streets, but an arrangement of broad
terraces and stately courtyard around which are
grouped pavilions and palaces
These cities had their own kind of morphology because this morphology was influenced by
both internal and external factors. These cities are to a great extent influenced by various
kinds of trade, internal and external. Different kinds of mughal cities: Capital cities – Agra,
Delhi, Lucknow, Lahore, Fatehpur Sikri Provincial Head quarters – Cities in Bengal,
Ahmadabad in Gujarat. Port towns – Surat, Hoogly, Cambay. Market towns – developed into
bigger cities like Borhanpur in the Deccan.

47. Market towns / kasba – These grow simply because of the neighboring regional
situations. These are the towns where the villages combine to have some kind of a
trading centre and they grow because of particular economic, social or religious
reasons.
Religious towns – Example Gaya, Ajmer (incase of the Muslims), Mathura Vribdavan
(in case of the Vaishnavites. There were different kinds of cities and in Mughal India
no city is similar to another except in certain broad features.
Small Cities along the road sometime coming up or declining depending of the
trade, commerce including political casualties. There is an movement inside the city,
a kind of a winding small road, also covered with shops, maybe on one side, called
Mohallas in Persian. So there is a static position of the city – the chowk, the street –
and this static position has conflict with the movement inside. It is moving city with
political movement, sometimes, social movement, sometimes festivals but a
movement is always there. In this morphology in which we find one of the straight,
broad avenue and the others cutting across at different angles, smaller winding
lanes going through city there is no class distinction in residential areas. Mughal
Capital Cities: The first Mughal capital city was established in Delhi in 1526. It was
shifted to Agra and then Akbar built an entirely new city at fatehpur Sikri. Later,
under Shahjahan the capital returned to Delhi when Shahjahanabad was built. It
was a planned city with a wide central avenue leading to the Red fort.

49. Certain basic elements that
was common to these cities:
 The location of the king or lord either
on a high ground on one side of the city or
on the river bank.
 The second major element was the
mosque – Jama Masjid – the cultural focal
point for the Muslim residents of the city.
 Every city of this period had a central
market place situated at the main chowk or
crossroad of the city.
 Another element, though not universal,
was the outer wall constructed for the
purpose of defense. The cities, with the
exception of Shahjahanabad were unplanned
with overlapping residential, commercial and
industrial land uses. Fatehpur Sikri – Akpar

50. Colonial urbanism in India.
The organized efforts for the Town Planning started during British colonial period in
India, which not only provided legal support, but also provided a guideline for
preparing planning proposals.
In the late 19th century Britian became the most urbanized nation. When they
started to rule India; Calcutta, Bombay and Madras became leading administrative,
commercial and industrial cities. In 1911, the capital of British India was shifted to
Delhi and it became a modern commercial and administrative area.

51. Map showing colonial settlement in Chennai
city.
Few characters of British period of town planning (port city)
are shown below;
Migration in large quantity to cities in search of
work as industries was introduced.
No proper planning resulted in Laissez faire
manner of development..
Crowed settlements leading to unhygienic
environment.
British settlements were known as ‗white
towns‘ furnished with wider streets and palatial
halls and gardens
Introduction of railway.
Transportation networks are widening.
Distraction of natural resources.
Formation of white town and black town.
Change in built environment.
Poor sanitation.
The first efforts of modern town planning in India had originated in 1864 with the
appointment of the Sanitary Commission in these erstwhile presidencies of Madras, Bombay
and Bengal.

52. 1864 Sanitary
Commission
Presidencies • Focused on public health.
• Examine new plans for barracks and
hospitals ;
• Decide on the laying out of stations
and bazaars, the sanitary
improvement of native towns,
prevention and mitigation of
epidemic diseases,
• Constant oversight on the sanitary
condition of the population
Trade and colonization happened in hand be hand. The city is characterise by
Increased population,
Change in Architecture and Urban structure.
Introduction of development commissions, authority and acts to control the
development.

53. Table: Development commissions, authority and acts during this period
1908
-09
Provided
funds
Municipal Government •used these grants for town
extensions and town
improvements.
1915 Town
Planning act
Bombay town planning act, 1915
Madras town planning act, 1920
Madhya Pradesh town
planning act, 1948 Jammu and
Kashmir town planning act, 1963
•To providing good physical
environment and concentrating
on Area Developments.
•To prepare town planning
schemes.
1931 Town and
Improve
ment trust
acts
Bihar town planning and Improvement
trust act, 1931
•Improvement of sanitation of
towns and regulatory
measures.

54. Example of pre-independent city: Lutyen‘s Delhi
– Capital city
Example of pre-independent city: Lutyen‘s Delhi –
Capital city

55. New Delhi - planning
•Lutyens' Delhi is an area in New Delhi.
•Named after the leading British architect Edwin Lutyens (1869–1944), who was
responsible for much of the architectural design and building when India was part of
the British Empire in the 1920s and 1930s.
•City planned central administrative area
•Reserved one-third of area - green space.
•At the heart of the city was the impressive Rashtrapati Bhawan (Viceroy's House),
located on the top of Raisina Hill.
•The Rajpath, also known as King's Way, connects India Gate to Rashtrapati Bhawan.
•Janpath, which crosses it at a right angle, connects South End Road (renamed as
Rajesh Pilot Marg) with Connaught Place.
•Rashtrapati Bhavan - 340-rooms in main building that includes president's official
residence, halls, guest rooms and offices, ncludes huge presidential gardens, large
open spaces, residences of bodyguards and staff, stables, other offices and utilities
within its perimeter walls.
•Parliament House- Originally called the House of Parliament.
•Connaught Place- financial, commercial and business centres, having two floors,
which made almost a complete circle intended to commercial establishments on the
ground with residential space on the first floor.

56. • India Gate is a war memorial located astride the Rajpath, on the eastern edge of the
‗ceremonial axis‘ of New Delhi, formerly called Kingsway. India gate is a memorial to 82,000
soldiers of the undivided Indian Army who died in the period 1914– 21 in the First World War.
• Lodhi Gardens- city park Spread over 90 acres contains, Mohammed Shah's Tomb.

57. THANK YOU
Submit your assignments
Any more queries?
Connect via
Resubmitted – Prof Niveditha V niveditha.arch19@gmail.com +919551416510
Reference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_architecture
https://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/
https://cac.annauniv.edu/aidetails/afug_2017_fu/B.%20Arch.%20(I%20-%20X).pdf