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CORONA VIRUS
1.
2. Coronaviruses are large, enveloped RNA viruses
The human coronaviruses cause common colds, may cause lower
respiratory tract infections, and have been implicated in gastroenteritis in
infants.
A novel coronavirus was identified as the cause of a worldwide outbreak of
a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003
Animal coronaviruses cause diseases of economic importance in domestic
animals.
Coronaviruses of lower animals establish persistent infections in their
natural hosts.
The human viruses are difficult to culture and therefore are more poorly
characterized.
3. Human coronavirus OC43. Note the characteristic
large, widely spaced spikes that form a “corona”
around the virion
4. Virion: Spherical, 120–160 nm in diameter, helical nucleocapsid
genome: Single-stranded RNA, linear, non - segmented, positive-
sense,27–32 kb, capped and polyadenylated, infectious
Proteins: Two glycoproteins and one phosphoprotein. Some viruses
contain a third glycoprotein (hemagglutinin esterase)
envelope: Contains large, widely spaced, club- or petal-shaped spikes
Replication: Cytoplasm; particles mature by budding into endoplasmic
reticulum and Golgi
Outstanding characteristics:
Cause colds and SARS
Display high frequency of recombination
Difficult to grow in cell culture
5. Human coronaviruses do not grow well in cell culture , details of viral
replication have come from studies with mouse hepatitis virus, which is
closely related to human strain OC43.
The replication cycle takes place in the cytoplasm of cells.
entry to the cell the virus particle is uncoated and the RNA genome is
deposited into the cytoplasm.
Coronavirus have single positive strand RNA genome, they can directly
produce their protein and new genome in the cytoplasm.
The Coronavirus genome has a 5’ methylated cap and a 3’polyadenylated
tail. This allows the RNA to attach to ribosomes for translation.
6. The protein N binds genomic RNA and the protein M is
integrated into the membrane of the endoplasmic
reticular(ER), protein S after binding, assembled nucleo-
capsids with helical twisted RNA budding into the ER lumen
and are encased with membrane.
These viral progeny are finally transported by Golgi vesicles
to the cell membrane and exocytosis.
8. Coronaviruses primarily infect the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal
tract.
SARS coronavirus also infects epithelial cells lining salivary gland ducts
(shown in monkeys).
Coronavirus infections in humans usually, but not always, remain limited to
the upper respiratory tract.
SARS serious respiratory illness, including pneumonia and progressive
respiratory failure.
Virus can also be detected in other organs, including kidney, liver, and
small intestine , and in stool.
9. The SARS virus probably originated in a nonhuman host, most likely bats,
was amplified in palm civets, and was transmitted to humans in live animal
markets.
Coronaviruses are suspected of causing some gastroenteritis in humans
10. Produce “colds,” usually afebrile , in adults.
The symptoms are similar to those produced by rhinoviruses, typified by
nasal discharge and malaise.
Incubation period is from 2 to 5 days, and symptoms usually last about 1
week.
SARS coronavirus causes severe respiratory disease.
The incubation period averages about 6 days.
symptoms include fever, malaise, chills, headache, dizziness, cough, and
sore throat, followed a few days later by shortness of breath.
12. no proven treatment for coronavirus infections and no
vaccine.
Protease inhibitors used in the treatment of human
immunodeficiency virus infections (eg, lopinavir) have in vitro
activity against SARS coronavirus.
SARS vaccines are under development
13. Control measures that were effective in stopping the spread
of SARS included isolation of patients, quarantine of those
who had been exposed, and travel restrictions.
Use of gloves, gowns, goggles, and respirators by health
care workers.