Coronaviruses are a large family of respiratory viruses that includes COVID-19, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Coronaviruses cause diseases in animals and humans. They often circulate among camels, cats, and bats, and can sometimes evolve and infect people.

1. Preparation By :
Mohammed Ahmed
University of Al-Anbar
College of Medicine
Department of Microbiology
2023-2024
SARS-CoV-2
Coronavirus

2. What is coronavirus?
Coronaviruses are a large family of respiratory viruses that
includes COVID-19, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS),
and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Coronaviruses
cause diseases in animals and humans. They often circulate
among camels, cats, and bats, and can sometimes evolve and
infect people.
In humans, the viruses can cause mild respiratory infections,
like the common cold, but can lead to serious illnesses, like
pneumonia.

3. Coronavirus Structure
• Spherical virion (120-160 nm diameter).
• Enveloped helical nucleocapsid.
• Single stranded RNA.
• Glycoprotein Spike (S) Peptomer.
• Spikes allow it to attach to human cell
receptors in upper or lower airway.
• Envelop: contain large, widely spaced clup-
shapped spikes, gives the appearance of
solar corona.
Spike
glycoprotein
M
glycoprotein
E protein
RNA genome
Nucleocapsid protein

4. Basic structural of coronavirus:
S – spikes on the outside; mediates receptor binding.
M – membrane protein; assists viral assembly.
N – nucleocapsid protein; regulation of viral RNA synthesis, may
interact with M protein during virus replication.
E – This is involved in the production and maturation of the virus. It's a
tiny protein with roles in virus assembly and release.

5. Human Coronavirus Origins
• In 2003, a new coronavirus emerged leading to the SARS
(severe acute respiratory syndrome) outbreak.
• In 2012, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) was
found to be caused by a coronavirus associated with
transmission from camels.
• Following the identification of a cluster of pneumonia cases
in Wuhan, China, Chinese authorities reported on 7 January
2020 that the causative pathogen was identified as a novel
coronavirus (COVID-2019).
• These new coronaviruses have RNA sequences that are
very similar to coronaviruses from animals
• MERS-CoV = camel coronavirus
• SARS = bat coronavirus

6. Corona virus Chain of infection

7. Transmission
spread from person to person mainly through coughing, sneezing,
and talking, singing and breathing.
• Droplet - respiratory secretions from coughing or sneezing
landing on mucosal surfaces (nose, mouth, and eyes)
• Aerosol - a solid particle or liquid droplet suspended
in air.
• Contact -Touching something with SARS-2
virus on it and then touching mouth, nose or eyes.
• Other possible routes: Through fecal matter

8. • The estimated incubation period is 3 to 6 days but can vary between 1 and 11 days.
Symptoms may different by age but the main symptoms of coronavirus are:
• A new, continuous cough – coughing for more than an hour, or 3 or more coughing
episodes in 24 hours
• A high temperature
• A loss or change to sense of smell or taste
Other symptoms reported include:
• Fatigue and lethargy
• Shortness of breath
• Headache
• Sore throat
• Aching muscles
• Diarrhea and vomiting
Symptoms

9. Laboratory diagnosis
• Identification of viral antigens by immuno-assays like (ELISA) in
respiratory secretions (naso-pharyngeal swabs) and stool samples.
• Identification of viral genome by PCR is widely used in respiratory
secretions.
• Observation of viruses by electron microscopes. Usually this technique
used for academic research because it is difficult and need special efforts
and experience.
• Viral isolation: viral growth in cell-line culture is very difficult. Ex.
Oropharyngeal specimens had inoculated on monkey-kidney cells for
SARS viruses isolation.

10. Treatment, Prevention, & Control:
There is no proven treatment for coronavirus infections.
Control measures that were effective in stopping the spread of
SARS included isolation of patients, quarantine of those who
had been exposed, and travel restrictions, as well as the use of
gloves, gowns, goggles, and respirators by health care workers.

11. Coronavirus Vaccines
• COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) is a messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) that contains
the genetic sequence of the antigens found on the surface of the SARS-CoV-2 virus .
• AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine which is a non-replicating viral vector vaccine. It uses a weakened adenovirus
as a carrier to deliver the genetic sequence for part of the SARS-CoV-2 .
• Sinopharm (BBIBP-CorV) Inactivated virus vaccine.

12. Thank you.
Please feel free to
ask any questions. 😄