The document presents a study on self-healing concrete using bacteria. It discusses using bacteria like Bacillus subtilis to heal cracks in concrete through metabolic processes that induce calcium carbonate precipitation. The objectives are to heal cracks through bacterial precipitation and investigate how bacteria can increase concrete strength and durability. The methodology involves mixing Bacillus subtilis and other materials like cement, fine and coarse aggregates, and water to produce bacterial concrete specimens according to IS codes for testing strength and durability properties.

1. A study on self-healing concrete with
the help of bacteria
Presented by:
1. ROHIT KUMAR ( 18101127010 )
2. SAURABH SUMAN ( 18101127004 )
3. DHEERAJ KUMAR ( 18101127013 )
4. ABHIJEET ( 18101127053 )
 Department –civil engineering
 College- sit sitamarhi (Bihar)

2. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT
 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 REFERENCES
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3. INTRODUCTION
“The name suggests that it is a self healed concrete “
 Definition: Self healing of cracks or self-filling
of cracks by the help of bacterial process after
hardening is known as self healing concrete, It is
also known as bacterial concrete
 Bacterial concrete refers to a new generation
concrete in which selective cementation by
microbiologically-induced CaCO3 precipitation
has been introduced for remediation of micro-
cracks
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4.  These types of bacteria can be in dormant cell and be viable for over 200 years under dry conditions.
These bacteria acts as a catalyst in the cracks healing process.
 The bacteria germinate, eat down the calcium lactate, and produce limestone, which hardens, and
cracks are sealing.
 Minor cracks about 0.5mm width can be treated by using bacterial concrete
 Cement and water have a very high pH value of around 13 when it mixed together. In such high pH
environment most microorganisms die. The bacteria which need to be added should fit such special
norms i.e., it should be alkali resistant and it should also be able to withstand the harsh environmental
conditions of the concrete.
 There are various types of bacteria were used in bacterial concrete construction are: Bacillus subtilis,
Bacillus cohnii, Bacillus balodurans, Bacillus megaterium.
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5. APPLICATIONS
 Used in the cement mortar.
 In the production of brick.
 Durable roads construction.
 Erosion prevention of loose sands.
 Also used by the oil and gas industries, preventing small cracks from spreading. It can be
used to strengthen both existing and new types of structural building.
 In high strength buildings with more bearing capacity
 It can be actively used in the case of roads to reduce traffic jams.
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6. PREPARATION OF SELF HEALING CONCRETE
 Bacterial concrete can be prepared in two ways,
1.) By direct application:-
In the direct application method, bacterial spores and
calcium lactate is added into concrete directly when
mixing of concrete is done.
2.) By encapsulation:-
in lightweight concrete By encapsulation method the
bacteria and its food i.e. calcium lactate, are placed
inside treated clay pellets and concrete is prepared.
About 6% of the clay pellets are added for making
bacterial concrete.
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7. MECHANISM OF SELF HEALING CONCRETE
 When cracks are formed in concrete,
moisture comes in contact with calcium in
the concrete and bacteria.
 Bacteria feeds on calcium lactate
(Nutrient) and produces limestone.
 The carbon hydroxide reacts with
atmospheric carbon-dioxide to form
limestone and water.
 Formed limestone hardens to fill up the
cracks and extra water continues the
reaction.
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8. ADVANTAGES
 Self-repairing of cracks without any external
aide.
 Significant increase in compressive strength and
flexural strength when compared to normal
concrete.
 Resistance towards freeze-thaw attacks.
 Reduction in permeability of concrete.
 Reduces the corrosion of steel due to the cracks
formation and improves the durability of steel
reinforced concrete.
 Bacillus bacteria are harmless to human life and
hence it can be used effectively.
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9. DISADVANTAGES
 Cost of bacterial concrete is double than
conventional concrete.
 Growth of bacteria is not good in any
atmosphere and media.
 The clay pellets holding the self-healing agent
comprise 20% of the volume of the concrete.
This may become a shear zone or fault zone
in the concrete.
 Design of mix concrete with bacteria here is
not available any IS code or other code.
 Investigation of calcite precipitate is costly.
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10. LITERATURE REVIEW
AUTHOR NAME TITLE MATERIAL METHODOLOGY CONCLUSION
1.A)Meera C. M.
B)Dr. Subha V.
STRENGTH AND
DURABILITY-
ASSESSMENT
OF BACTERIA
BASED SELF
HEALING
CONCRETE
A) Cement
B) Fine aggregate
C) Coarse
aggregates
D) Water
E) Bacillus Subtilis
Mix design of M20 concrete using
IS-codes: The concrete mix
design as per IS:10262 (2009)
and IS:456 (2000). the cell
concentration of 10^8(10^3 ,
10^4, 10^5, 10^6) cells of Bacillus
Subtilis per ml of water.
The experimental study shows
that the addition of bacteria
Bacillus Subtilis JC3 in concrete
shows improvements in various
properties of concrete in terms of
compressive strength, split
tensile strength, porosity, acid
resistance and chloride
resistance.
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11. AUTHOR NAME TITLE MATERIAL METHODOLOGY CONCLUSION
2.A)Rishabh Joshi,
B)Sharda Prasad Rai
AN
EXPERIMENTAL
STUDY ON SELF
HEALING OF
CONCRETE
USING
BACILLUS
SUBTILIS IN
CULTURED
FORM
A) Cement
B) Fine
aggregate
C) Coarse
aggregates
D) Water
E) Bacillus
Subtilis
The concrete mix of M20,
M25 and M30 grade was
prepared as per
IS10262:2009 having mix
ratio as 1:1.5:3, 1:1:2 and
1:1:3 respectively with w/c
ratio of 0.55, 0.45 and 0.40
with partial replacement of
water with 0%, 2.5%, 5% and
10% of B. subtilis in cultured
form.
The optimum increase in
compressive strength of concrete
occurred when 5% of water is
replaced with B. subtilis bacteria and
it ranged in between 11% to 22% for
different grades of concrete. Hence,
when we replace 10% of water with
B. subtilis bacteria, the decrease in
compressive strength of concrete
upto 18% is observed.
.
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12. AUTHOR NAME TITLE MATERIAL METHODOLOGY CONCLUSION
3.A)Harshali J.,
B)Mitali S.,
C)Neha A.3,
D)Pragati B
BIO CONCRETE
AND BACTERIA
BASED SELF
HEALING
CONCRETE
A) Cement
B) Sand
C) Artificial
Aggregate
D) Bacterial
solution(Bacillus
Spericus and
Protius Vulgarius.)
Mix design of M25 concrete
using IS-codes: The
concrete mix design as per
IS:10262 (2009) and IS:456
(2000). the cell
concentration of 10^10
cells per ml of water, They
used only bacterial solution
for mixing, There was no
use of water and
admixtures They used.
Combination of two bacterias will
improves the compressive
strength, increases the
percentage strength and reduces
its water absoprtion and sorptivity
also The impermeability of bio
concrete will be increased. Study
of self healing process concluded
that bacteria repairs the cracks in
concrete.
4.A)Er. Chetan Kumar
B) Er. Shaitan Singh
Rawat
C) Er. Swati Soni
A REVIEW
PAPER ON SELF
HEALING
CONCRETE
A) Cement
B) Fine aggregate
C) Coarse
aggregates
D) Water
E) Bacillus Pasteruii,
Bacillus Subtilis,
Bacillus sphaericus
With aid of the bacterial
urease enzyme. As a result
of metabolism of bacteria
species give urease, that
catalyses’ urea to ammonia
and carbonate. Further
these components
hydrolyze to carbonic acid
and ammonium chloride
that leads to the formation
of calcium carbonate
(calcite crystal).
The study reviewed about
different types of bacteria that
can be used for remedying
cracks in concrete. This paper
gives the ideas and methods for
designing the self-healing
concrete, and use these methods
for the betterment of concrete
structures. Bacteria repair the
cracks in concrete by producing
the calcium carbonate crystal.
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13. AUTHOR NAME TITLE MATERIAL METHODOLOGY CONCLUSION
5.A)Kusuma K.,
B)Amit Kumar Rai,
C) Prashant Kumar,
D)Harini K.,
E)Harshita M.N.
SELF-
HEALING
COCNRETE
A) Cement
B) Fine aggregate
C) Coarse aggregates
D) Water
E) Bacterial
water(Bacillus
megaterium)
F) Metal sheet
Mix design of M25 concrete
using IS-codes: The concrete
mix design as per IS:10262
(2009) and IS:456 (2000). the
cell concentration of 10^5 cells
of Bacillus megaterium per ml
of water was used.
The study showed that there is
enhancement of compressive
strength of concrete, water
absorption, sportivity, water
permeability in concrete and
cost-effective and also results
inimprovement in the durability
of building materials.
6.A) M.Monishaa
B)Mrs.S.Nishanthi.
EXPERIMENTA
L STUDY ON
STRENGTH OF
SELF-
HEALING
CONCRETE
A) Cement
B) Fine aggregate
C) Coarse aggregates
D) Water
E) Bacillius subtilis
F) polyethylene fibre
The concrete mix of M20 grade
was prepared as per
IS10262:2009 the mix ratio is
1:1.63:2.84 with the w/c ratio
0.45. cell concentration of
10^4,10^5 and 10^6 cells per
ml of water and polyethylene
fibre kept at constant as 0.4%.
The optimum strength is
obtained at 10^5 cells
concentration, which increases
the compressive strength by
13.2%, split tensile strength by
21.4% and flexural strength by
16.04%. The increment in
strength clearly shows that the
self-healing concrete is
advantageous.
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14. AUTHOR NAME TITLE MATERIAL METHODOLOGY CONCLUSION
7.A) Aaqib Wani
B) Vikash Vashisth
C) Navroop Kaur
AN
EXPERIMENTAL
STUDY ON THE
EFFECT OF
CALCITE
PRECIPITATING
BACTERIA ON
COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH OF
CONCRETE.
A) Cement
B) Sand
C) Calcium lactate
D) Coarse
aggregate
E) Water
F) E.Coli bacterial
media
G) Silica gel
The concrete mix of M20 grade
was prepared as per IS
10262:2009 the mix ratio is
1:1.5:3 with the cell
concentration of 10^6 cells per
ml of water and sand is
replaced with Calcium lactate.
The bacterial media was
impregnated at this time
replacing mixing water by 10%,
20% and 30%
This method proved to be an
eco friendly technique to
increase the strength and
durability of concrete, the only
snag in the technique is that
extra care needs to be taken
as bacteria before
impregnation can be
pathogenic but after
impregnation in concrete
proved to be safe and
innocuous.
8.A) Kunamineni Vijay
B) Meena Murmu
SELF-REPAIRIN
G
OF CONCRETE
CRACKS
BY USING
BACTERIA
AND BASALT
FIBER.
A) Cement
B) Fine aggregate
C) Calcium lactate
D) Coarse
aggregate
E) Water
F) Basalt fiber
G) bacillus subtilis
The concrete mixes were
prepared as per Indian
Standards IS10262-2009,
Three water–cement ratios
(0.45, 0.4, and 0.35) are
utilized to prepare the concrete
mix. the cell concentration of
10^5 cells per ml bacterial, and
0.5% (w.r.t weight of cement)
of calcium lactate, and the
bacterial concrete embedded
with basalt fiber.
The investigation of using
bacteria along with basalt fiber
in concrete for improving and
recovery of concrete properties
of damaged samples .
Workability, mechanical
properties, and recovery of
strength. The addition of basalt
fber in bacterial concrete
enhances the compressive
strength as well as flexural
strength.
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15. AUTHOR NAME TITLE MATERIAL METHODOLOGY CONCLUSION
9.A) Asad Shaikh
B) D.M. Joshi
EXPERIMENTAL
STUDY OF SELF
HEALING
CONCRETE BY
CEMENTATIOUS
MATERIAL
A) Cement
B) River sand
C) Coarse
aggregates
D) Sodium Silicate
E) Epoxy Resin
F) Glass tube
G) Microcapsule
H) Water
Glass tube are embedded in the
concrete mix with sodium silicate
filled in those tube. When
mechanical stress is applied, on
the cube after 28 days of casting
the tube rupture and release
sodium silicate into adequate
crack. The C-S-H gel (x.
(CaO.SiO2).H2O) fills the crack,
and allows some recovery of
strength.
The use of sodium silicate
as healing agent improves
the healing properties of
concrete, It helps to
improve the autonomous
property of a concrete. The
healing of a concrete while
using sodium silicate gets
slow after 14 days.
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16. AUTHOR NAME TITLE MATERIAL METHODOLOGY CONCLUSION
10.A) Poonam Ghodke
B) Swarda Mote
THE SELF-
HEALING
CONCRETE – A
REVIEW
A) Cement
B) Fine aggregate
C) Calcium lactate
D) Coarse aggregate
E) Water
F) bacterial spores
The concrete mixes were
prepared as per Indian
Standards IS10262-2009,
By encapsulation method
the bacteria and its food
i.e. calcium lactate, are
placed inside treated clay
pellets and concrete is
prepared.
1.Bacterial concrete is a
smart concrete exhibiting
human-like self-healing
characteristics enhancing
the strength of the
structures, especially under
tension.
2. The overall service life of
the structure is found to be
increasing.
3. Appropriate utilization of
corrosion causing moisture
as a catalyst in the process
results in maintaining the
quality of the concrete.
4. Self-healing concrete is
better than the traditional
concrete because of its eco-
friendly nature.
5. Effective crack
remediation with maximum
moisture impermeability is
one of the striking assets of
the self-healing concrete.
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17. OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT
 To heal cracks by bacterial precipitation.
 To investigate the effect of bacillus species bacteria in gaining strength.
 Enhancing the durability and compressive strength of concrete.
 It is an eco-friendly technique, which can be used to prevent metals from deteriorating.
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18. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
The physical properties of cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, bacillus subtilis and water used
for mix design of M25 grade of concrete were tested in laboratory.
 Cement – Cement is a binder material,
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of 43
grade was used.
 Fine aggregate – River sand passing
through 4.75mm IS sieve and confirming
to zone-3 of IS:383 (1987a) was used.
 Coarse aggregates – It is crushed stones
of size 20mm and 10mm retained on
4.75mm IS sieves.
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19.  Water – Fresh tap potable water was used for
the preparation of test samples as well as for
the curing of the test specimens.
 Bacilius subtilis - It is a Gram-positive
bacterium, found in soil and the
gastrointestinal tract of ruminants and
humans. Bacillus subtilis is rod-shaped, and
can form a tough, protective endospore,
allowing it to tolerate extreme environmental
conditions.
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20.  The main aim of our experimental study is to known the effect
of Bacillus subtilis on compressive strength of concrete by
partial replacement of water with 0%, 25%, 50% and 100% of
B. subtilis in cultured form. The concrete mix of M25 grade will
prepared as per IS10262:2009 having mix 1:1:2 with w/c ratio
of 0.50. cubes were utilized to determine the compressive
strength of concrete after 28 days and 42 days of curing.
Compression Testing Machine of 2000kN capacity as shown in
Fig. was used to determine the total compressive load taken
by concrete at different ages. This ultimate load divided by the
cross-sectional area of the cube (150mm x 150mm x 150mm)
yields the compressive strength of concrete.
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21. REFERENCES
1) Meera C. M. , Dr. Subha V.,(2016) “Strength And Durability assessment Of Bacteria Based Self Healing
Concrete” ICETEM, 01-07.
2) Joshi, R. and Rai, S.P. (2018) “experimental study on self healing of concrete using bacillus subtilis in
cultured form”. IJCRT 6(2), 1328-1332.
3) Harshali J., Mitali S., Neha A., Pragati B., (2016) “Bio concrete and bacteria based self healing concrete”
IJRET 5(5), 95-99.
4) Er. C Kumar , Er. S S Rawat and Er. S Soni , (2020) “A review paper on self healing concrete”.IJARIIE-
ISSN(O) 6(1), 2395-4396.
5) Kusuma K., Amit K Rai, Prashant K, Harini K. and Harshita M.N, (2018) “Self-healing concrete”. IRJET
5(5), 3817-3822.
6) Monishaa, M. and Nishanthi, S. (2017) “Experimental Study on Strength of Self-Healing Concrete”. SSRG
International Journal of Civil Engineering, 476-484.
7) A Wani , Vikash V , N Kaur(2018) “An experimental study on the effect of calcite precipitating bacteria on
compressive strength of concrete”. IJAETMAS 4(5), 188-196.
8) K Vijay, M Murmu.,(2019) “Self-repairing of concrete cracks by using bacteria and basalt fiber”. SN Applied
Sciences (2019) 1:1344, 01-10.
9) Asad Shaikh, D.M. Joshi. (2015) “Experimental study of self healing concrete by cementatious material”.
IJSER 6(12), 311-315.
10) Poonam Ghodke, Swarda Mote. (2018) “The self-healing concrete – a review”. IJAET 11(1), 29-34.
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22. THANK YOU
Dear co-ordinator sir : Mr. Chandra Bhushan Kumar Yadav
HOD sir : Dr.Shashi kumar
SPP Coordinator : Mr. Manoj Kumar Poddar
Team member
Special thanks for carring, for love and tenderness,Your
patience and generosity,and boundless thoughtfulness.Your
imprient lives forever in my heart and in my mind. Thank
You so much sir for you are so very kind !
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