Learn about which sports supplements and ergogenic aids are effective! Registered Dietitian Nutritionist David Wiss MS RDN shares the latest research and his professional experience.
Nutritional Ergogenic Aids and Nutrient Timing for Optimal PerformanceThe York School
The document provides an overview of various nutritional supplements and their purported ergogenic effects and safety. It discusses creatine, arginine, beta-alanine, HMB, glutamine, caffeine, and whey protein. For each supplement, it summarizes the claims of effectiveness, proposed mechanisms of action, relevant research on safety and effectiveness for performance and physique adaptations, optimal dosing, and other practical considerations. Safety is the primary concern, and effectiveness requires evidence from biological plausibility and research studies.
The document discusses various supplements used by athletes and classifies them into four groups - Group A approved for regular use, Group B approved for research studies, Group C not recommended due to lack of research, and Group D banned. It then provides more details on sports drinks, creatine, caffeine, and raises ethical questions about the use of supplements.
The document discusses dietary supplements used by athletes. It defines dietary supplements as products intended to supplement the diet that contain vitamins, minerals, herbs, or other ingredients. It provides statistics on common supplements used by NCAA athletes and lists the variety of supplements available at a sports training center in India. The rest of the document discusses the roles and recommendations for various macro/micronutrients and other ingredients in athletic performance and recovery, including carbohydrates, protein, amino acids, creatine, vitamins, minerals, and herbs.
This document discusses various dietary strategies and supplements that can be used to enhance athletic performance, known as ergogenic aids. It describes the process of carbo-loading to increase glycogen stores prior to events, involving depleting stores early then consuming a high carbohydrate diet later. During exercise, athletes should consume carbohydrates and fluids frequently to replenish stores and prevent dehydration. Various sports drinks that are hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic are outlined. Creatine supplements are also mentioned as a way to increase phosphocreatine levels. The document provides tables to critically evaluate different aids and their effects, benefits, suitable athletes, legal status, and proper use.
Sports nutrition is the study and practice of nutrition and diet as it relates to athletic performance. It is a science that provides and maintains food necessary for health, growth and physical performance.
Researchers suggests that athletes can benefit from nutrition education – increasing KAP i.e. knowledge, Attitude and practices (Abood et al, 2006).
1) The document discusses various methods baseball players have used to gain a competitive edge, such as taking anabolic steroids which can have long-lasting health effects.
2) It also describes creatine as a potentially safer alternative that builds muscle in a healthier way than steroids, though it still carries some risks.
3) Finally, the document proposes using the glycemic index to enhance performance through strategic carbohydrate intake as the safest and most effective long-term method without negative health effects.
Learn about which sports supplements and ergogenic aids are effective! Registered Dietitian Nutritionist David Wiss MS RDN shares the latest research and his professional experience.
Nutritional Ergogenic Aids and Nutrient Timing for Optimal PerformanceThe York School
The document provides an overview of various nutritional supplements and their purported ergogenic effects and safety. It discusses creatine, arginine, beta-alanine, HMB, glutamine, caffeine, and whey protein. For each supplement, it summarizes the claims of effectiveness, proposed mechanisms of action, relevant research on safety and effectiveness for performance and physique adaptations, optimal dosing, and other practical considerations. Safety is the primary concern, and effectiveness requires evidence from biological plausibility and research studies.
The document discusses various supplements used by athletes and classifies them into four groups - Group A approved for regular use, Group B approved for research studies, Group C not recommended due to lack of research, and Group D banned. It then provides more details on sports drinks, creatine, caffeine, and raises ethical questions about the use of supplements.
The document discusses dietary supplements used by athletes. It defines dietary supplements as products intended to supplement the diet that contain vitamins, minerals, herbs, or other ingredients. It provides statistics on common supplements used by NCAA athletes and lists the variety of supplements available at a sports training center in India. The rest of the document discusses the roles and recommendations for various macro/micronutrients and other ingredients in athletic performance and recovery, including carbohydrates, protein, amino acids, creatine, vitamins, minerals, and herbs.
This document discusses various dietary strategies and supplements that can be used to enhance athletic performance, known as ergogenic aids. It describes the process of carbo-loading to increase glycogen stores prior to events, involving depleting stores early then consuming a high carbohydrate diet later. During exercise, athletes should consume carbohydrates and fluids frequently to replenish stores and prevent dehydration. Various sports drinks that are hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic are outlined. Creatine supplements are also mentioned as a way to increase phosphocreatine levels. The document provides tables to critically evaluate different aids and their effects, benefits, suitable athletes, legal status, and proper use.
Sports nutrition is the study and practice of nutrition and diet as it relates to athletic performance. It is a science that provides and maintains food necessary for health, growth and physical performance.
Researchers suggests that athletes can benefit from nutrition education – increasing KAP i.e. knowledge, Attitude and practices (Abood et al, 2006).
1) The document discusses various methods baseball players have used to gain a competitive edge, such as taking anabolic steroids which can have long-lasting health effects.
2) It also describes creatine as a potentially safer alternative that builds muscle in a healthier way than steroids, though it still carries some risks.
3) Finally, the document proposes using the glycemic index to enhance performance through strategic carbohydrate intake as the safest and most effective long-term method without negative health effects.
This document discusses nutrition guidelines for elite CrossFit athletes. It covers the importance of nutrition for CrossFit performance and recovery. It recommends that CrossFit athletes consume adequate energy, protein, carbohydrates, fat, fluids and supplements to support their high intensity training. Specifically, it suggests protein intake of 1.5-2.3 g/kg body weight, carbohydrate intake of 30-60g per hour during exercise, and fat intake providing 20-30% of total calories. The document also provides nutrition guidelines for event day, hydration, and lists high protein foods and supplements that can benefit CrossFit athletes.
This document discusses sport nutrition and the dietary guidelines for athletes. It explains that athletes require balanced diets with slightly higher carbohydrate and lower fat intake compared to non-athletes. The document outlines questions about factors affecting athlete diets and differences between athlete and average intake. It provides guidelines for athlete diets including increasing complex carbs and hydration while decreasing fat, salt, and alcohol. Strategies for carbohydrate loading before and replenishing carbs and protein after exercise are also summarized.
Taking too much zinc or pyruvate can negatively impact HDL cholesterol levels. Excessive zinc intake over 50mg per day has been shown to lower HDL levels. Pyruvate is often added to exercise and weight loss supplements but can counteract some of the benefits of exercise on HDL by negating positive effects on body composition, exercise capacity, and metabolic responses to exercise.
"The Effect of Carbohydrate and Protein Supplementation and the Timing of Ing...L. Luketic
The document summarizes a student paper on how the timing of carbohydrate and protein supplementation affects performance and muscle recovery in endurance athletes. It introduces the topic, outlines the paper's structure, and provides background information on nutrition, supplementation, and exercise-induced muscle damage. The significance of optimizing performance and recovery is discussed. A literature review examines supplementation before, during, and after competition and a conclusion is drawn that the best supplement and timing remains inconclusive.
The human body consists of over 100 trillion cells organized into 200 different types of tissues. Proper sports nutrition is essential for improved athletic performance through decreased recovery time, increased energy levels, and injury prevention. Key aspects of sports nutrition include consuming adequate carbohydrates, protein, fats, vitamins, minerals, water, and electrolytes tailored to the specific energy demands of different sports. Proper nutrition and hydration before, during and after exercise is critical for optimal performance and recovery.
Sports nutrition is a discipline which applies principles derived not only from nutritional but also biochemical and physiological scientific knowledge for the purpose of promoting optimal performance while remaining healthy.
Sports enthusiasts, sports nutritionists, sports dietitians can be benefited from this presentation. Though sports nutrition is a vast area and discipline, I tried to make it understandable in less time and keeping it simple. Athlete‘s challenging physical training and competition need to adequately fuel their bodies on a daily basis. This fueling process requires a specialized approach.
From type of sports to fitness measurements, need of sportsperson to supplement effects and side effects, ergolytics, ergogenics, limitations of supplement intake and care to be taken while having these supplements, World Anti-Doping Agency(WADA), National Anti- Doping Agency(NADA) everything has been covered in the presentation. People who don't know anything about sports nutrition but want to know in a simple way can find it useful. The points discussed in the ppt are: Introduction
Measurements of Fitness
Various Sport Categories
Specific Nutritional needs of a sportsperson
Supplements: Types, effects and side effects
Ergogenics and ergolytics
Meal Planning: Points to be considered
Pre, during and Post workout meals
Side effects of inappropriate intake
The diet and nutrition required for any sportsperson are different and tailored to the specific needs and training regime of the person. The diet varies with the sport and it is required to consult a sports nutritionist for it.
1 sport and fitness nutrition (nutrition and fitnessSiham Gritly
1. The document discusses nutrition and fitness, providing definitions and discussing the relationship between the two. It covers topics like energy metabolism, macronutrients and exercise, vitamins/minerals and exercise, and more.
2. Components of physical fitness are described, including body composition, endurance, flexibility, strength, and speed. Health-related and sport-related fitness are also defined.
3. Maintaining good nutrition and participating in regular exercise provides benefits like reducing disease risk, maintaining a healthy weight and metabolism, and improving performance for sports.
Sports nutrition focuses on properly hydrating and fueling the body before, during, and after exercise to promote training and performance. The document discusses the benefits of sports nutrition such as enabling efficient training, providing energy for competition, and promoting muscle recovery. It outlines the three main principles of sports nutrition - staying hydrated, providing fuel for muscles, and promoting optimal recovery. Specific tips are provided for healthy eating, hydration, fueling needs, and recovery strategies to support an athlete's training and performance goals.
This review article discusses protein requirements and supplementation for strength athletes. It finds that while strength training increases protein synthesis, it also increases protein use efficiency, reducing requirements. Studies show strength athletes consume more protein than needed. No evidence suggests supplements are required for muscle growth or strength gains. The article concludes strength athletes should consume protein consistent with general population guidelines of 12-15% of calories from protein.
Protein is made up of amino acids and is an important macronutrient that provides structural support and energy. There are essential and non-essential amino acids. Animal proteins contain all essential amino acids and are considered complete, while plant proteins may be lacking in one or more essential amino acids. Athletes need more protein than non-athletes to support muscle growth and recovery. Creatine and protein supplements may help increase muscle mass and strength in resistance-trained individuals, while protein likely does not improve aerobic endurance. Branched chain amino acids and glutamine supplements do not appear to provide performance benefits. Creatine can improve high-intensity exercise performance.
This document discusses the benefits and myths surrounding the supplement creatine. It begins by defining creatine as a naturally occurring amino acid found in muscle tissue and in foods like beef and fish. It then explains how creatine works in the body to provide energy for intense exercise. The document outlines several short-term benefits of creatine supplementation like increased strength, muscle mass, and exercise performance. It also notes some potential medical benefits and that studies show creatine is safe for children, adolescents, and adults under 60. The document concludes by addressing some common myths around creatine's reputation due to its use by athletes.
Caren Biddulph Sports Nutrition - Sydney Expo Presentationthe AIPT
Australian Institute of Personal Trainers nutrition contributor and Caren Biddulph speaks at the Sydney Fitness & Health Expo about performance nutrition.
Caren Biddulph is an Accredited Practicing Dietitian, Nutritionist and Registered Sports Dietitian. She is also a triathlete and power yoga instructor. Caren completed her Nutrition and Dietetics degree (Bachelor of Science) in South Africa, and then gained her Masters in Sports Nutrition at Griffith University, Australia. She has dedicated much of her career to sports nutrition and also completed the postgraduate International Olympic Committee (IOC) Diploma in Sports Nutrition in Geneva.Believing that a balanced diet and exercise program are the cornerstones of wellbeing, Caren hopes to share her passion in educating others about the importance of nutrition for athletes.
(View video: https://youtu.be/SDCZN6Bl9Ao)
Athletes nutrition and optimum performancec3162739
This document discusses nutrition strategies that athletes can use to optimize performance. It explains that athletes need additional energy from foods like carbohydrates to fuel activity as well as fluids to replace sweat loss. The appropriate nutrition plan depends on factors like the sport, training schedule, and gender. The document provides guidance on nutrition before, during, and after exercise including recommendations on food types, hydration, and timing of meals and snacks.
DMVVEG0291PR3 evening recovery white paperMieke Acda
Casein protein has been shown to improve muscle mass and strength more than other proteins when ingested before sleep. A study found that men who consumed 27.5g of casein protein before sleeping each night for 12 weeks gained more muscle mass and strength from their resistance training compared to men who consumed a placebo. Casein protein is slowly digested, providing amino acids throughout the night to aid in muscle recovery and growth during sleep. Multiple studies have found increases in muscle protein synthesis when casein protein is consumed before bed compared to other times of day or without protein intake.
Presentation done on athletes to find out how effective branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are at reducing delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) compared to those who do not use them?
This document outlines a proposed study to examine the effects of beta-alanine supplementation on the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) in moderately trained male cyclists. It includes an introduction describing previous research findings on beta-alanine and carnosine, expected outcomes of increased carnosine levels delaying muscle acidosis. The methodology section details a double-blind, placebo-controlled design testing OBLA before and after 28 days of supplementation, with blood lactate and other performance measures. References are provided on carnosine synthesis and previous related studies finding improved submaximal endurance with beta-alanine supplementation.
Sports nutrition is important aspect of training for an athlete. Adequate amount of nutrients ensure effective performance. We have end number of types of games and sports, the diet and nutritional requirements vary as per the activity demand and other details. Read this presentation to Know more.
Sports Nutrition for Health ProfessionalsBrian Levins
This document discusses carbohydrates and proteins. It defines simple and complex carbohydrates, listing examples like monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. It describes the digestion and metabolism of carbohydrates, noting they provide 4 calories per gram. Recommendations for daily carbohydrate intake are provided. The document also defines proteins, noting their roles in the body. It discusses protein quality, digestion, synthesis and recommendations for intake.
Supplementation in Advance Lifting discusses various performance enhancing supplements and methods. It covers topics like downstream vs upstream doping, the benefits of water vs sports drinks, optimal dosages of creatine and protein, potential benefits of supplements like glucosamine and ribose, and banned substances like ephedrine and anabolic steroids. The document provides an overview of current research on various supplements and cautions that no supplement can replace a healthy lifestyle, proper nutrition and training.
This document provides an overview of launching an online sports nutrition web-store in Europe. It discusses the growing online retail market in Europe and the broadening sports nutrition consumer base. The keys to success include having engaging website content across devices, competitive pricing on a wide range of products, strong brands and targeted marketing. Excellent customer service and fast shipping are also essential, as is retaining customers through loyalty programs and targeted communications. Allowing wholesale customers to purchase directly online can further support existing retail partnerships.
The document analyzes the Irish sports nutrition market, particularly the protein powder segment. It finds that protein powders dominate the global and Irish markets. Most of the Irish market is held by international brands, while private label products have little impact. The brief examines consumer behaviors and motivations regarding sports nutrition purchases. It identifies opportunities for SuperValu to introduce an own-brand protein product to meet consumer demand for healthy, convenient options. A marketing strategy is proposed focusing on product positioning, in-store promotion, and experiential campaigns.
This document discusses nutrition guidelines for elite CrossFit athletes. It covers the importance of nutrition for CrossFit performance and recovery. It recommends that CrossFit athletes consume adequate energy, protein, carbohydrates, fat, fluids and supplements to support their high intensity training. Specifically, it suggests protein intake of 1.5-2.3 g/kg body weight, carbohydrate intake of 30-60g per hour during exercise, and fat intake providing 20-30% of total calories. The document also provides nutrition guidelines for event day, hydration, and lists high protein foods and supplements that can benefit CrossFit athletes.
This document discusses sport nutrition and the dietary guidelines for athletes. It explains that athletes require balanced diets with slightly higher carbohydrate and lower fat intake compared to non-athletes. The document outlines questions about factors affecting athlete diets and differences between athlete and average intake. It provides guidelines for athlete diets including increasing complex carbs and hydration while decreasing fat, salt, and alcohol. Strategies for carbohydrate loading before and replenishing carbs and protein after exercise are also summarized.
Taking too much zinc or pyruvate can negatively impact HDL cholesterol levels. Excessive zinc intake over 50mg per day has been shown to lower HDL levels. Pyruvate is often added to exercise and weight loss supplements but can counteract some of the benefits of exercise on HDL by negating positive effects on body composition, exercise capacity, and metabolic responses to exercise.
"The Effect of Carbohydrate and Protein Supplementation and the Timing of Ing...L. Luketic
The document summarizes a student paper on how the timing of carbohydrate and protein supplementation affects performance and muscle recovery in endurance athletes. It introduces the topic, outlines the paper's structure, and provides background information on nutrition, supplementation, and exercise-induced muscle damage. The significance of optimizing performance and recovery is discussed. A literature review examines supplementation before, during, and after competition and a conclusion is drawn that the best supplement and timing remains inconclusive.
The human body consists of over 100 trillion cells organized into 200 different types of tissues. Proper sports nutrition is essential for improved athletic performance through decreased recovery time, increased energy levels, and injury prevention. Key aspects of sports nutrition include consuming adequate carbohydrates, protein, fats, vitamins, minerals, water, and electrolytes tailored to the specific energy demands of different sports. Proper nutrition and hydration before, during and after exercise is critical for optimal performance and recovery.
Sports nutrition is a discipline which applies principles derived not only from nutritional but also biochemical and physiological scientific knowledge for the purpose of promoting optimal performance while remaining healthy.
Sports enthusiasts, sports nutritionists, sports dietitians can be benefited from this presentation. Though sports nutrition is a vast area and discipline, I tried to make it understandable in less time and keeping it simple. Athlete‘s challenging physical training and competition need to adequately fuel their bodies on a daily basis. This fueling process requires a specialized approach.
From type of sports to fitness measurements, need of sportsperson to supplement effects and side effects, ergolytics, ergogenics, limitations of supplement intake and care to be taken while having these supplements, World Anti-Doping Agency(WADA), National Anti- Doping Agency(NADA) everything has been covered in the presentation. People who don't know anything about sports nutrition but want to know in a simple way can find it useful. The points discussed in the ppt are: Introduction
Measurements of Fitness
Various Sport Categories
Specific Nutritional needs of a sportsperson
Supplements: Types, effects and side effects
Ergogenics and ergolytics
Meal Planning: Points to be considered
Pre, during and Post workout meals
Side effects of inappropriate intake
The diet and nutrition required for any sportsperson are different and tailored to the specific needs and training regime of the person. The diet varies with the sport and it is required to consult a sports nutritionist for it.
1 sport and fitness nutrition (nutrition and fitnessSiham Gritly
1. The document discusses nutrition and fitness, providing definitions and discussing the relationship between the two. It covers topics like energy metabolism, macronutrients and exercise, vitamins/minerals and exercise, and more.
2. Components of physical fitness are described, including body composition, endurance, flexibility, strength, and speed. Health-related and sport-related fitness are also defined.
3. Maintaining good nutrition and participating in regular exercise provides benefits like reducing disease risk, maintaining a healthy weight and metabolism, and improving performance for sports.
Sports nutrition focuses on properly hydrating and fueling the body before, during, and after exercise to promote training and performance. The document discusses the benefits of sports nutrition such as enabling efficient training, providing energy for competition, and promoting muscle recovery. It outlines the three main principles of sports nutrition - staying hydrated, providing fuel for muscles, and promoting optimal recovery. Specific tips are provided for healthy eating, hydration, fueling needs, and recovery strategies to support an athlete's training and performance goals.
This review article discusses protein requirements and supplementation for strength athletes. It finds that while strength training increases protein synthesis, it also increases protein use efficiency, reducing requirements. Studies show strength athletes consume more protein than needed. No evidence suggests supplements are required for muscle growth or strength gains. The article concludes strength athletes should consume protein consistent with general population guidelines of 12-15% of calories from protein.
Protein is made up of amino acids and is an important macronutrient that provides structural support and energy. There are essential and non-essential amino acids. Animal proteins contain all essential amino acids and are considered complete, while plant proteins may be lacking in one or more essential amino acids. Athletes need more protein than non-athletes to support muscle growth and recovery. Creatine and protein supplements may help increase muscle mass and strength in resistance-trained individuals, while protein likely does not improve aerobic endurance. Branched chain amino acids and glutamine supplements do not appear to provide performance benefits. Creatine can improve high-intensity exercise performance.
This document discusses the benefits and myths surrounding the supplement creatine. It begins by defining creatine as a naturally occurring amino acid found in muscle tissue and in foods like beef and fish. It then explains how creatine works in the body to provide energy for intense exercise. The document outlines several short-term benefits of creatine supplementation like increased strength, muscle mass, and exercise performance. It also notes some potential medical benefits and that studies show creatine is safe for children, adolescents, and adults under 60. The document concludes by addressing some common myths around creatine's reputation due to its use by athletes.
Caren Biddulph Sports Nutrition - Sydney Expo Presentationthe AIPT
Australian Institute of Personal Trainers nutrition contributor and Caren Biddulph speaks at the Sydney Fitness & Health Expo about performance nutrition.
Caren Biddulph is an Accredited Practicing Dietitian, Nutritionist and Registered Sports Dietitian. She is also a triathlete and power yoga instructor. Caren completed her Nutrition and Dietetics degree (Bachelor of Science) in South Africa, and then gained her Masters in Sports Nutrition at Griffith University, Australia. She has dedicated much of her career to sports nutrition and also completed the postgraduate International Olympic Committee (IOC) Diploma in Sports Nutrition in Geneva.Believing that a balanced diet and exercise program are the cornerstones of wellbeing, Caren hopes to share her passion in educating others about the importance of nutrition for athletes.
(View video: https://youtu.be/SDCZN6Bl9Ao)
Athletes nutrition and optimum performancec3162739
This document discusses nutrition strategies that athletes can use to optimize performance. It explains that athletes need additional energy from foods like carbohydrates to fuel activity as well as fluids to replace sweat loss. The appropriate nutrition plan depends on factors like the sport, training schedule, and gender. The document provides guidance on nutrition before, during, and after exercise including recommendations on food types, hydration, and timing of meals and snacks.
DMVVEG0291PR3 evening recovery white paperMieke Acda
Casein protein has been shown to improve muscle mass and strength more than other proteins when ingested before sleep. A study found that men who consumed 27.5g of casein protein before sleeping each night for 12 weeks gained more muscle mass and strength from their resistance training compared to men who consumed a placebo. Casein protein is slowly digested, providing amino acids throughout the night to aid in muscle recovery and growth during sleep. Multiple studies have found increases in muscle protein synthesis when casein protein is consumed before bed compared to other times of day or without protein intake.
Presentation done on athletes to find out how effective branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are at reducing delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) compared to those who do not use them?
This document outlines a proposed study to examine the effects of beta-alanine supplementation on the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) in moderately trained male cyclists. It includes an introduction describing previous research findings on beta-alanine and carnosine, expected outcomes of increased carnosine levels delaying muscle acidosis. The methodology section details a double-blind, placebo-controlled design testing OBLA before and after 28 days of supplementation, with blood lactate and other performance measures. References are provided on carnosine synthesis and previous related studies finding improved submaximal endurance with beta-alanine supplementation.
Sports nutrition is important aspect of training for an athlete. Adequate amount of nutrients ensure effective performance. We have end number of types of games and sports, the diet and nutritional requirements vary as per the activity demand and other details. Read this presentation to Know more.
Sports Nutrition for Health ProfessionalsBrian Levins
This document discusses carbohydrates and proteins. It defines simple and complex carbohydrates, listing examples like monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. It describes the digestion and metabolism of carbohydrates, noting they provide 4 calories per gram. Recommendations for daily carbohydrate intake are provided. The document also defines proteins, noting their roles in the body. It discusses protein quality, digestion, synthesis and recommendations for intake.
Supplementation in Advance Lifting discusses various performance enhancing supplements and methods. It covers topics like downstream vs upstream doping, the benefits of water vs sports drinks, optimal dosages of creatine and protein, potential benefits of supplements like glucosamine and ribose, and banned substances like ephedrine and anabolic steroids. The document provides an overview of current research on various supplements and cautions that no supplement can replace a healthy lifestyle, proper nutrition and training.
This document provides an overview of launching an online sports nutrition web-store in Europe. It discusses the growing online retail market in Europe and the broadening sports nutrition consumer base. The keys to success include having engaging website content across devices, competitive pricing on a wide range of products, strong brands and targeted marketing. Excellent customer service and fast shipping are also essential, as is retaining customers through loyalty programs and targeted communications. Allowing wholesale customers to purchase directly online can further support existing retail partnerships.
The document analyzes the Irish sports nutrition market, particularly the protein powder segment. It finds that protein powders dominate the global and Irish markets. Most of the Irish market is held by international brands, while private label products have little impact. The brief examines consumer behaviors and motivations regarding sports nutrition purchases. It identifies opportunities for SuperValu to introduce an own-brand protein product to meet consumer demand for healthy, convenient options. A marketing strategy is proposed focusing on product positioning, in-store promotion, and experiential campaigns.
This document discusses plant-based proteins and trends in their use. It finds that wheat and soy proteins are most commonly used but that pea and rice proteins are growing rapidly. Consumer interest in flexitarian diets is driving demand for alternative protein sources. While transparency around ingredients is important to gain consumer trust, adventurous consumers are willing to try new plant proteins. The rise of plant-based diets in developed markets will likely lead to declining animal protein use and growing plant protein demand.
SNT Orbit division produces Orbit pure Creatine to improve athletic performance and muscle growth. Creatine is found naturally in the body and plays an important role in energy production in muscles. It travels to muscles via bloodstream and is converted to creatine phosphate to replenish ATP, the ultimate energy source for bursts of energy. Creatine facilitates ATP production, providing sustained high intensity exercise, more energy for muscle contraction, and improved power and muscle size. It also helps keep muscles and the brain strong and healthy.
This document analyzes seven pre-workout supplements for the presence of six amphetamine-like compounds using presumptive and confirmatory tests. Presumptive tests included immunoassays and functional group tests, while confirmatory tests used high performance liquid chromatography coupled with UV spectrophotometry and mass spectrometry. All seven supplements contained at least one amphetamine-like compound not listed on the label. Five supplements contained illegal compounds, with three containing two illegal compounds each. More regulation of supplement labeling is needed due to potential health risks of consuming unlabeled compounds.
How effective is caffeine before a workout? During? After? We review what happens when energy drinks dress up like workout supplements, and the science around caffeine's effectiveness for each occasion.
We also review GreenEyedGuide's "5 Levels of Fatigue" and how this system helps people identify how much caffeine (if any) is truly needed per level of fatigue.
Hw499 unit 4 health&wellness suple sspringerKim Springer
Dietary supplements can be used to enhance athletic performance and are commonly found in pre-workout supplements. Pre-workout supplements aim to increase energy, focus, blood flow and muscle pumps. They often contain caffeine, beta-alanine, creatine and amino acids. However, research on the effectiveness and safety of supplements, especially at high doses used by athletes, is limited. There is also lack of regulation, resulting in variable quality and potential interactions with medications or other supplements. Fat burning supplements typically contain stimulants, herbs and plant extracts to boost metabolism and minimize cravings.
This document contains information about PowerBar's current marketing problem, campaign objectives, target audience, competitors, and proposed advertising approach. The marketing problem is that consumers perceive PowerBar as only for serious athletes and gym users. The campaign aims to show PowerBar can be consumed in any situation by broadening the target to "spectator athletes" and those seeking snacks or supplements. The proposed ad shows a group enjoying a sports event while eating PowerBars to demonstrate its flexibility.
This document from Kaleidoscope Consulting discusses branding and marketing opportunities in the sports nutrition industry. Kaleidoscope is a product design and development consultancy that helps clients identify new markets and improve existing products. The document provides an overview of its objectives, methods, and information to help companies identify opportunities in sports nutrition branding and marketing. It works best when presented in person and the company welcomes questions.
Effect of Workout Supplements on Strength:Speed ImprovementsEmily Koehler
The document summarizes an experiment that tested the effects of creatine and C4 pre-workout supplements on strength and speed improvements over 4 weeks. 6 male subjects aged 18-21 were divided into groups that took creatine, C4, or no supplement (control). They completed a 3 day per week workout routine focusing on different muscle groups. Results showed subjects using creatine had greater strength gains in 3 of 9 major exercises compared to C4, which showed greater gains in 1 exercise. There was little correlation between supplements and speed. The experiment provided limited evidence that creatine may provide small immediate strength benefits over C4, but more research is needed.
This document summarizes drugs used to treat asthma, rhinitis, and cough. It discusses classes of drugs like bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory agents, decongestants, antihistamines, antitussives, expectorants and mucolytics. Specific drugs are provided within each class, along with their mechanisms and brand names. The document also covers the inflammatory response underlying asthma and approaches to treatment, including relaxing bronchial smooth muscle, inhibiting mediator release, and blocking mediator effects.
THREE INGREDIENTS TO LOOK FOR IN A PRE-WORKOUT DRINKSteven Rhyner
There are a million excuses not to exercise, but nothing beats the old chestnut, “I just don’t feel like it.” That’s the one Energize tackles head-on. As the leadoff hitter in the Beachbody Performance lineup, this pre-workout supplement is formulated to get you up and running, both literally and figuratively, with just the right amount of lift to enhance performance and delay muscle fatigue.
Pre post workout nutrition manual for gaining muscleChristos Zafiris
This document provides a summary of pre-workout and post-workout meal and supplement strategies to maximize muscle and performance gains. It recommends eating a slow-digesting carbohydrate, lean protein, and fibrous carbs like vegetables within 2-3 hours before training. Supplements recommended within 30-60 minutes before include 100-400mg caffeine, 20g fast-digesting protein, 20-40g slow-digesting carbs, BCAAs, 5g creatine, and 1-3g beta-alanine. Within 30 minutes after training, it recommends a fast-acting protein shake with whey and casein, a fast-digesting carb drink, and plenty of BCAAs. The
Journal of Nutritional Health and Food Engineering-02-00046Patricia Funk
This document reviews the role of glutamine, arginine, and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplements in enhancing athletic performance and benefiting the body during times of stress, illness, and wound healing. Glutamine and arginine are conditionally essential amino acids that support immune function, protein synthesis, and nitrogen balance. HMB helps prevent muscle loss and breakdown. While these supplements have shown promise, larger and better designed studies are still needed to definitively establish their effects on athletic performance and lean body mass.
Journal of Nutritional Health and Food Engineering-02-00046Patricia Funk
This document reviews the role of glutamine, arginine, and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplements in enhancing athletic performance and benefiting the body during times of stress, illness, and wound healing. Glutamine and arginine are conditionally essential amino acids that support immune function, protein synthesis, and nitrogen balance. HMB helps prevent muscle loss and breakdown. While these supplements have shown promise, larger and better designed studies are still needed to definitively establish their effects on athletic performance and lean body mass.
Journal of Nutritional Health and Food Engineering-02-00046Patricia Funk
This article reviews the role of glutamine, arginine, and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplements in enhancing athletic performance and benefiting the body during times of stress, illness, and wound healing. It finds that glutamine, arginine, and HMB may help preserve lean body mass, decrease muscle breakdown, and support immune function and wound healing. However, the evidence for their effects on athletic performance is limited and contradictory. Larger, well-designed studies are still needed to define the potential benefits of these supplements for enhancing athletic performance and lean body mass.
This presentation include :
- introduction
-7 Reasons Why Everyone Should Take Nutritional Supplements
- Most important vitamins and supplements
-Top 4 Supplements for Recovery
-Can vitamin supplements improve athletic performance?
-Do athletes need supplementation?
-Summary
This summary provides the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses 3 studies that examined the effects of creatine monohydrate supplementation combined with resistance training on muscular strength and endurance. The studies found that subjects who took creatine monohydrate supplements showed significant increases in measures of muscular strength like 1 rep max for bench press and leg press compared to placebo groups. The studies support the hypothesis that creatine supplementation increases phosphocreatine levels and ATP production, leading to greater muscular strength and endurance gains with resistance training.
This document discusses creatine supplements and their use among athletes. It begins with an introduction noting the long history of supplement use among athletes. It then covers the rationale for using creatine to increase muscle mass and power. The document discusses the legal issues around supplements and the mechanisms by which creatine works. Research evidence is presented showing creatine can improve performance in short, high intensity exercise but not endurance activities. Potential side effects are addressed as well as conclusions that further research is still needed.
Creatine is a compound naturally produced in the body from amino acids that helps supply energy to muscles. It can be supplemented to increase phosphocreatine stores in the muscle and improve recycling of ATP, enhancing performance in short, explosive activities. Common side effects are minor and rare. While some early studies linked creatine use to heart issues, more research found no correlation. Creatine monohydrate is the most common and effective supplemental form.
This document discusses caffeine and creatine, two widely used supplements in sports. Caffeine acts as an adenosine receptor antagonist, increasing lipolysis and fat oxidation. Studies show caffeine improves endurance performance but not high-intensity or strength performance. Creatine stores phosphocreatine in muscles, providing rapid energy. Supplementation increases phosphocreatine stores and may prolong high-intensity exercise. Both are generally regarded as safe when best practices like hydration and limited caffeine intake are followed. While each has individually shown ergogenic benefits, combining them may eliminate effects for some.
The document outlines the dietary requirements of athletes compared to normal requirements. It discusses how athletes have higher energy, carbohydrate, protein, and micronutrient needs. Specific guidelines are provided on recommended daily intake of these nutrients for athletes. The document also discusses some commonly used supplements for athletes and the scientific rationale for these supplements. Female athletes in particular are noted to be at risk for certain nutrient deficiencies due to low energy intake and sports that encourage leanness.
This study examined the effects of creatine monohydrate supplementation combined with a resistance training program on muscular strength. The study reviewed previous research that found creatine supplementation improved muscular strength during high-intensity exercise by generating ATP. This double-blind placebo controlled study tested the effects of 5 grams per day of creatine monohydrate supplementation over 4 weeks combined with a resistance training program. Results showed significant increases in bench press, leg press, arm flexor, and vertical jump strength in the creatine groups compared to the placebo groups. The findings support that creatine supplementation increases muscular strength when combined with resistance training.
A detailed PPT on Most important sports nutrition supplements like BCAAs (Branched chain amino acids), Proteins, Creatine, Omega 3, Glucosamine, Multivitamins, Green Tea, Caffeine, Glutamine, Nitric Oxide. You will learn information about them. A short PPT by www.sportsnu.in
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...Jim Jacob Roy
In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
Storyboard on Skin- Innovative Learning (M-pharm) 2nd sem. (Cosmetics)MuskanShingari
Skin is the largest organ of the human body, serving crucial functions that include protection, sensation, regulation, and synthesis. Structurally, it consists of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).
1. **Epidermis**: The outermost layer primarily composed of epithelial cells called keratinocytes. It provides a protective barrier against environmental factors, pathogens, and UV radiation.
2. **Dermis**: Located beneath the epidermis, the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands. It plays a vital role in supporting and nourishing the epidermis, regulating body temperature, and housing sensory receptors for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
3. **Hypodermis**: Also known as the subcutaneous layer, it consists of fat and connective tissue that anchors the skin to underlying structures like muscles and bones. It provides insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.
Skin performs essential functions such as regulating body temperature through sweat production and blood flow control, synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, and serving as a sensory interface with the external environment.
Maintaining skin health is crucial for overall well-being, involving proper hygiene, hydration, protection from sun exposure, and avoiding harmful substances. Skin conditions and diseases range from minor irritations to chronic disorders, emphasizing the importance of regular care and medical attention when needed.
CLASSIFICATION OF H1 ANTIHISTAMINICS-
FIRST GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-
1)HIGHLY SEDATIVE-DIPHENHYDRAMINE,DIMENHYDRINATE,PROMETHAZINE,HYDROXYZINE 2)MODERATELY SEDATIVE- PHENARIMINE,CYPROHEPTADINE, MECLIZINE,CINNARIZINE
3)MILD SEDATIVE-CHLORPHENIRAMINE,DEXCHLORPHENIRAMINE
TRIPROLIDINE,CLEMASTINE
SECOND GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-FEXOFENADINE,
LORATADINE,DESLORATADINE,CETIRIZINE,LEVOCETIRIZINE,
AZELASTINE,MIZOLASTINE,EBASTINE,RUPATADINE. Mechanism of action of 2nd generation antihistaminics-
These drugs competitively antagonize actions of
histamine at the H1 receptors.
Pharmacological actions-
Antagonism of histamine-The H1 antagonists effectively block histamine induced bronchoconstriction, contraction of intestinal and other smooth muscle and triple response especially wheal, flare and itch. Constriction of larger blood vessel by histamine is also antagonized.
2) Antiallergic actions-Many manifestations of immediate hypersensitivity (type I reactions)are suppressed. Urticaria, itching and angioedema are well controlled.3) CNS action-The older antihistamines produce variable degree of CNS depression.But in case of 2nd gen antihistaminics there is less CNS depressant property as these cross BBB to significantly lesser extent.
4) Anticholinergic action- many H1 blockers
in addition antagonize muscarinic actions of ACh. BUT IN 2ND gen histaminics there is Higher H1 selectivitiy : no anticholinergic side effects
Fexofenadine is sold under the brand name Allegra.
It is a selective peripheral H1 blocker. It is classified as a second-generation antihistamine because it is less able to pass the blood–brain barrier and causes lesser sedation, as compared to first-generation antihistamines.
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Fexofenadine has been manufactured in generic form since 2011.
Allopurinol, a uric acid synthesis inhibitor acts by inhibiting Xanthine oxidase competitively as well as non- competitively, Whereas Oxypurinol is a non-competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/RvdYsTzgQq8
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/ECILGWtgZko
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
Receptor Discordance in Breast Carcinoma During the Course of Life
Definition:
Receptor discordance refers to changes in the status of hormone receptors (estrogen receptor ERα, progesterone receptor PgR, and HER2) in breast cancer tumors over time or between primary and metastatic sites.
Causes:
Tumor Evolution:
Genetic and epigenetic changes during tumor progression can lead to alterations in receptor status.
Treatment Effects:
Therapies, especially endocrine and targeted therapies, can selectively pressure tumor cells, causing shifts in receptor expression.
Heterogeneity:
Inherent heterogeneity within the tumor can result in subpopulations of cells with different receptor statuses.
Impact on Treatment:
Therapeutic Resistance:
Loss of ERα or PgR can lead to resistance to endocrine therapies.
HER2 discordance affects the efficacy of HER2-targeted treatments.
Treatment Adjustment:
Regular reassessment of receptor status may be necessary to adjust treatment strategies appropriately.
Clinical Implications:
Prognosis:
Receptor discordance is often associated with a poorer prognosis.
Biopsies:
Obtaining biopsies from metastatic sites is crucial for accurate receptor status assessment and effective treatment planning.
Monitoring:
Continuous monitoring of receptor status throughout the disease course can guide personalized therapy adjustments.
Understanding and managing receptor discordance is essential for optimizing treatment outcomes and improving the prognosis for breast cancer patients.
Can Traditional Chinese Medicine Treat Blocked Fallopian Tubes.pptxFFragrant
There are many traditional Chinese medicine therapies to treat blocked fallopian tubes. And herbal medicine Fuyan Pill is one of the more effective choices.
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
Applications of NMR in Protein Structure Prediction.pptxAnagha R Anil
This presentation explores the pivotal role of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in predicting protein structures. It delves into the methodologies, advancements, and applications of NMR in determining the three-dimensional configurations of proteins, which is crucial for understanding their function and interactions.
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Top 13 Pre-workout Ingredients
1. Pre-Workout Ingredients
The most popular ingredients found in pre-workout
supplements in the Sports Nutrition category.
By Richard Wang, MPH
2. Arginine
Arguably the most popular
ingredient because the
body readily converts it to
nitric oxide (NO), which in
theory allows for better
blood circulation. 1
3. Beta-Alanine
An amino acid that
combines with the
amino acid histidine in
muscle cells to form
carnosine. Carnosine is a
important foundation
for muscle strength and
is found concentrated in
the brain and muscle
tissue.
4. Beta-Alanine
According to a study at Adams State College,
effects of beta-alanine and a placebo were
compared between two sports: wrestling and
American football. The subjects taking beta-alanine
saw positive results. Wrestlers experienced
increased lean mass weight by 1.1 lb and American
football groups more than doubled their weight
gain of lean muscle mass. 2
5. Betaine
Modified amino acid known as trimethylglycine. It’s
effective for boosting muscle strength and power and
reduces LDL levels in athletes. A study proved Twelve
recreationally active men with a minimum of 3 months of
resistance training including back squat and bench press
participated in the study. A crossover design was utilized
and subjects were randomly assigned to either Betaine or
placebo group.
6. Betaine
Subjects performed an
acute exercise test (AET)
consisting of maximal
vertical jumps, isometric
bench press, isometric
squat, and a box lift test
before and after 14 days
of supplementation with
either betaine or
placebo. 3
7. BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINO ACIDS
(BCAAs)
Include the three amino
acids leucine, isoleucine,
and valine. BCAAs are the
fundamental blocks for
nurishing muscle tissue
during weight lifting.
Branched-chain amino
acids are essential amino
acids that stimulate
muscle synthesis and
contribute to the amino
acid pool for building
muscle proteins.4
8. Caffeine
A powerful stimulant that increases alertness by binding to
receptors in the brain. This keeps nerve activity up and
decreases fatigue response. It produces increased
wakefulness, faster and clearer flow of thought, increased
focus, and better general body coordination 5
9. Citrulline Malate
A combo of the amino acid citrulline and malic acid. It
increases energy levels by removing ammonia from the
body—a process that delays fatigue and improves recovery.
Citrulline malate is sold as a performance-enhancing
athletic dietary supplement, which was shown to reduce
muscle fatigue in a preliminary clinical trial. 6
10. Creatine
Provides muscles with
the quick energy they
need during workouts. It
also pulls more water
into the muscles for a
greater pump, which
turns on processes that
lead to greater longterm muscle growth.
11. Creatine
Who Uses It?
There have been over 300 studies on creatine and
the consensus is that it does help with athletic
performance. Creatine supplements are used by
athletes, bodybuilder, wrestlers, sprinters, and
other who wish to gain muscle mass, typically
consuming 2 to 3 times the amount that could be
obtained from a very-high protein diet.
12. Ginseng
Contains different
ginsensosides and have
shown to have a
remarkable effect on
performance and
recovery. Notably, RG1
has shown in preclinicals to increase
glycogen delivery to
muscle tissue.
13. Taurine
An amino acid that helps to increase muscle endurance and
strength. It can increase blood flow to muscles by
enhancing nitric oxide production. Taurine also draws water
into your muscles for larger muscle appearance. A study of
mice hereditarily unable to transport taurine suggests that
it is needed for proper maintenance and functioning
of skeletal muscles. 9
14. Tyrosine
An amino acid that boosts
energy, mood, and mental
focus by producing
hormones and
neurotransmitters that
boost your intensity during
workouts. According to
studies, Tyrosine shows
improvements in cognitive
and physical performance.10
15. References:
1Alba-Roth
J, Müller O, Schopohl J, von Werder K (1988). "Arginine stimulates growth hormone secretion by suppressing
endogenous somatostatin secretion". J Clin Endocrinol Metab 67 (6): 1186–9.doi:10.1210/jcem-67-6-1186. PMID 2903866.
2Benjamin
Kern, Tracey Robinson (July 31, 2009). "Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on performance and body
composition in collegiate wrestlers and American football players". Journal of the International Society of Sports
Nutrition. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-6-S1-P2.
3Apicella,
Jenna M., "The Effect of Betaine Supplementation on Performance and Muscle Mechanisms" (2011). Master's
Theses. Paper 109.
http://digitalcommons.uconn.edu/gs_theses/109
4Zhang
Y, Kobayashi H, Mawatari K, Sato J, Bajotto G, Kitaura Y, & Shimomura YJ. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol.. 2011.vol. 57. Pg
114-117.
5Bolton
S (1995). "Caffeine: Psychological Effects, Use and Abuse". Orthomolecular Psychiatry 10 (3): 202–211.
16. References:
6Bendahan
D, Mattei JP, Ghattas B, Confort-Gouny S, Le Guern ME, Cozzone PJ (Aug 2002). "Citrulline/malate promotes
aerobic energy production in human exercising muscle". Br J Sports Med 36 (4): 282–
9. doi:10.1136/bjsm.36.4.282. PMC 1724533. PMID 12145119.
7 Harris
RC, Söderlund K, Hultman E. Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine
supplementation. Clin Sci (Lond). (1992)"Creatine - Sources in the Diet". Examine.com. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
8U.
Warskulat, U. Flogel, C. Jacoby, H.-G. Hartwig, M. Thewissen, M. W. Merx, A. Molojavyi, B. Heller-Stilb, J. Schrader and
D. Haussinger (2004). "Taurine transporter knockout depletes muscle taurine levels and results in severe skeletal muscle
impairment but leaves cardiac function uncompromised". The FASEB Journal18 (3): 03–0496fje. doi:10.1096/fj.030496fje.PMID 14734644.
9Qi
LW, Wang CZ, Yuan CS (June 2011). "Ginsenosides from American ginseng: chemical and pharmacological
diversity".Phytochemistry 72 (8): 689–99.doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.02.012. PMC 3103855.PMID 21396670.
10Deijen
JB, Wientjes CJ, Vullinghs HF, Cloin PA, Langefeld JJ (1999). "Tyrosine improves cognitive performance and
reduces blood pressure in cadets after one week of a combat training course". Brain Res. Bull. 48 (2): 203–
9. doi:10.1016/S0361-9230(98)00163-4.PMID 10230711.