Essay Writing Service http://StudyHub.vip/Animal-Farm-And-The-Nature-Of-Revolutio

1. University of Halabja
College of Basic Education
Department of English Language
Undergraduate Research Project
Animal Farm- And The Nature of Revolution
A RESEARCH PAPER
SUBMITTED TO THE COUNCIL OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE – UNIVERSITY OF HALABJA
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR
IN
TEACHING ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
BY
Rebin Abdalrahman Najmalddin
SUPERVISED BY
Mr. Goran Omer
June, 2018

2. I
Certification
We certify that we have read this research paper entitled “Animal Farm- and The Nature of
Revolution”. After conducting the research defense and evaluation process, we declare that
this research paper meets the necessary requirements for conferring the Bachelor’s Degree
in English Language and Literature on the researchers.
Name
Signature:
Date
Name
Signature:
Date

3. II
Acknowledgment
My Sincere thanks and appreciation goes out to all those who encouraged me with their words for
the completion of this work.
All my teachers and friends who collaborated with this work directly and indirectly.
I can’t thank you enough for the time and effort you invested in me!

4. III
Dedication
To the two who gave me life
To everyone reading it
To the unknown!

5. IV
Abstract
In the beginning chapters of the research I have tried to lay the ground for the root
and nature of revolutions and how everything starts. The focus is on the ideologies,
movements, and conditions that are necessary, or are the circumstances and causes of the
sparkling of world historical revolutions. Understanding these range of circumstances and
ideologies aids in drawing a crystal picture about reforms and their outcomes.
Modernism, Marxism, Communism, and Socialism are the 19th
and 20th
century
movements and ideologies that paved the way for many rebellions and brought about huge
reforms in world societies and governments, either for better or worse. These concepts are
elastic terms that different countries and politics used it differently to shape their needs, but
reality is people cannot be fooled forever. And world’s greatest advancements are due to
the light and goodness in people’s mind, not sneaky and evil politics.
Throughout the second chapter my efforts are to portray the life of the great writer
Eric Blair, George Orwell, and to draw links between the events of his life and his narration
in Animal Farm; so as to present the influence of one’s life age events from childhood to
adultness on his life, ideology, and production. In this case, Blair’s life event and motives
on writing his masterpieces Animal Farm and Nineteen-Eighty-Four.
The Main focus of the paper is on drawing a realistic picture based on world
revolutions on the nature and course of revolutions. Revolutions have always been part of
our history, mostly bloody and devastating. My quest on the research is on finding out a
common pattern between the current and past revolutions, and whether they have pushed
our world forward and created real reforms or left us with more problem to deal with. Or

6. V
whether there could have been any other way to create social and political reform without
violence, and revolution; Animal Farm as a case study for efforts on creating a utopian
society.

7. VI
If you want a vision of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face - forever.
George Orwell
1903-1950

8. VII
Table of Contents
Acknowledgment............................................................................................II
Dedication .....................................................................................................III
Abstract .........................................................................................................IV
Table of Contents ........................................................................................ VII
Chapter One: Introduction
1.1 Modernism ...............................................................................................1
1.2 Elements of Modernism ...........................................................................4
1.3 Marxism....................................................................................................7
1.4 Communism..............................................................................................9
Chapter Two: George Orwell, and Animal Farm
. Orwell’s Biography .................................................................................12
. Orwell’s Major Works.............................................................................15
2.3 Animal Farm Synopsis ............................................................................17
Chapter Three: On Revolution
3.1 The Nature of Revolution .......................................................................19
3.2 Why Revolutions Occur ..........................................................................24
3.3 Animal Farm and Revolution..................................................................27
Conclusion ....................................................................................................34
References....................................................................................................36
Further Reading............................................................................................42

9. 1
Chapter One: Introduction
1.1 Modernism
Modernism is a complex term in nature and covers various types of philosophical
and artistic branches, among them; futurism, surrealism, expressionism, imagism,
vorticism, dada, and others. What makes the concept more complex is the fact that many of
the well-known modernists are not followers of any of the above-mentioned branches.
(Kirschen )
The origin of the movement goes back to the Enlightenment of the eighteenth
century, but it’s more based in the transformations of the European societies about the end
of nineteenth century and the start of twentieth century. (Slawson)
Virginia Woolf stated that “on or about December 1910 human nature underwent a
fundamental change during that time”. The idea of modernism encouraged the
contemporary authors with the motive of avoiding what is literary classic and were not
suitable to the new age of industrial revolutions, and world conflicts. (Poets)
The term Modernism originally means an extreme passion for what is novel and
fashion, and the contemporary ideas, or as what Abbé Gaudaud mentioned in the “La Foi
Catholique” an abuse for what is modern.
About three decades before 1914 a set of extreme changes occurred in the fields of
art, architecture, photography, music, literature, and the applied arts; modernism is the
umbrella term to portray these changes. (Münkler)

10. 2
And generally, in literature the concept is understood as the movement which battled the
classical tendencies. (Levenson).
The age is known for its rather quick social transformations, industrial revolutions,
and an increasingly rapid growth in science. The new sciences and schools in psychology,
philosophy, and political theory, opened a new path for contemporary writers, and they felt
a need for change to break away with the Victorian ethics. (Münkler)
The modern age began with worlds new inventions, vehicles, and airplanes were
upgrading our life style and Einsteins theories were changing our image of the universe, a
new era of creativity, energy and development broke a new ground for practice in all the
artistic fields, passionate people from everywhere were gathering in big cities like London
and Paris to learn and engage in the new movements like Cubism, Constructivism,
Futurism, Acmeism, and Imagism were among the most popular movements artists
followed. Artists and thinkers were in a new era of curiosity and practiced their art in
different ways, major artists of the time in painting were Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso,
in literature James Joyce and Gertrude Stein, in music Isadora Duncan in dance, and in
architecture Igor Stravinsky, and Frank Lloyd Wright. (Poets)
Charlis Darwin and Karl Marx, are two of the renowned thinkers and theorists of
the time who opened a new path for thinking, questioning, and the beginning of a new era
of investigation in biology, and politics. (Talbot)
Darwin’s theory in Modernism about natural evolution questions religion and the holiness
of human being, the theory was not to be accepted easily since it suggested that the Mosaic
Laws were outdated, proposing that human beings are the result of some evolutionary
process, and are not from a holy source. (Jackson)

11. 3
As for Marx he was apparently battling the same battle but from a political ground; he
demonstrated that the current condition with our economic issue is not the outcome of a
misconduct, or different environments. But the system is actually wrong from its roots and
is opposite to the system of Capitalism. (Slawson)
However, the excitement of modernism reached its top in 1914 with the start of WWI,
which massacred a generation of young people in Europe, and put Russia into devastating
revolutions, and set the base for worse conflicts in the years to come. (Poets)
Modernism had crucial impacts on different aspects of life and general curiosity, it
paved the way for the birth of new ideological breakthroughs, and a modern outlook; which
led to social mobilization. Because the current social order and economic system of the
time could not catch up with the developments and could not meet the needs of people; this
resulted in boosting social frustration. People couldn’t find enough financial opportunities,
or the economic growth probabilities were constrained.
The people become frustrated with the slow progress of the government and its
institutions and began to politically mobilize in an independent manner to decide for their
destiny and future; which actualized itself in political participation.
Usually such kind of situation results in political instability, mainly because of
governmental inefficiency in dealing with such situations of social mobilization in a
positive manner. And if continued unsolved, it will result in revolution. (S. P. Huntington)

12. 4
1.2 Elements of Modernism
Literary modernism is marked by its resistance against 19th
century conventions,
and its accord between reader and writer. Cuddon stated that “Modernism is an Anti-
Traditional movement”, and by this he meant that literature in modernism is the notion of
liberation from traditions, beliefs, writing style, classical conceptions. (Cuddon)
During the first world war the world saw how bad humans can go, and evil would
do. The American literary of the period is a portrait of the devastation and anarchy. But
these devastation and chaos were dealt with as a ladder, as they marked the end of the
western societies classical traditions. Modern writings broke the conventional orders, such
as racial roles and gender as in the “The Great Gatsby” by Scott Fitzgerald. Language
forms are shattered by breaking Syntax and structure rules, as in the “Sound and the Fury”
by William Faulkner, he fractured the language rules, created new words, and takes up first
person narration. (Farley)
One of the elements of modernism is the gradual diminish of the meaningful
costumes which were taken as fundamental like beliefs and family, which were backed by a
strong faith; all faded away. And turned into confusion, hopelessness, in a formless society
with no faith and the collapse of good ethics. The events after the WWI left more
pessimism and adversity.
Inner reality or what’s called stream of consciousness, or psychological reality is
one of the other most notable features of Modernism; representing the characters inner
conversation, this feature is linked with the collapse of classical omniscient point of view
(Kubušová ). Modern writers used this technique to portray the characters stream of
consciousness and state of mind, not disrupted by the series of events. (Zaib)

13. 5
A number of authors of the time were following realism or naturalism to depict life and
reality. On the other hand, modernist writers broke away from such forms of fantasizing or
portraying reality, they rather experimented with laying the light on the inner truth to reflect
reality and life. Hereby, experimentalism as a new form broke a new ground in modernism.
(Zaib).
Therefore, one of the main features of modern fiction is focusing on portraying inner truth,
along with a form of complexity, and a clash between surface and inner reality, as indicated
in the works of Woolf, and Joyce. Major forms of modern fictions of the time were narrated
with the stream of consciousness technique. (Bradbury and McFarlane).
Its mentioned by Asli in her research paper (Analyzing Elements of Modernism in
James Joyce ‘’Ulysses’’) that Joyce’s effort was not to re-narrate a story far from its
original, but rather showing some new aspects; and this was the main style for modernists,
going with the same traditional themes, but with a new style and form. This complexity in
form shows that intertextuality is not only a feature of post-modernism, but it was also a hit
among modernists (Molaci)
Another element of modernism is first person point of view and avoiding third
person point of view which was mostly popular in the nineteenth century literature.
Moreover; fragmentation is another characteristic of modern literature. (Zaib)
Fragmentation is one of the main elements of modernist literature which is celebrated both
as a theme and as a form, as in the plot, image, character, theme, and the narration form is
also fragmented. The poem "Waste Land" by T.S. Eliot is a clear example of fragmentation,
which is in a broken format of stanzas and sentences, and this theme of fragmentation
actually reflects the fractured environment and culture the writer speaks from, as a modern
man. Another example is the novel "Sound and the Fury" by William Faulkner, which is

14. 6
again broken in form and narration. All in all, fragmentation opposes the idea of totality or
wholeness as one of the Hegelian ideology, therefore in modernism fragmentation is
celebrated as one of the elements. (Farley)
Nevertheless, one of the worries of the modern writers were the fear of rejection or
not applauded. Modernists had self-confidence difficulties as their main mission was
ending the classical traditions. Their fearful concerns of not being accepted or ridiculed
obstructed them from their development. For instance, Yeats is one of the writers of the era
who underestimated himself for not being able to win the peoples voice. His poem "An acre
of grass" is a clear reflection of this claim. (Davins)
Two of the other important elements are time and obscurity; which gets the reader
to read cautiously so as to grasp the writing appropriately. Time is usually not arranged
accordingly, considering the flashback and flash-forward technics. A typical characteristic
of modernism is ambiguous endings; leaving the novel or the writings with an open ending,
again for reflecting the reality. (Kubušová )
Last but not least, modernism writing is popular for isolation and exile motifs. Since
modernism avoids traditional truths and believes, modernists broke away from religion. In
modernism individuals are encouraged to follow their gut and their own sense of morality.
However, this idea of individualism ends up in an impression of loss and exile. Earnest
Hemingway's writings are examples of these themes of isolation and exile. (Farley)

15. 7
1.3 Marxism
Karl Henrich Marx, was born in 5th
May, 1818 Trier, Germany, and died in 14th
March, 1883, London. Marx was a German revolutionary philosopher, historian and
economist. Marx and Engels's met in Paris about 1848, together they published the
Communist Manifesto, on the side of a group of workers. This pamphlet was actually
written for an international communist party, which had its origins in the workers societies
of the nineteenth century. Soon the pamphlet became so famous and a significant political
document as powerful as the French Declaration of Rights, and American Declaration of
Independence. (Woodfin and Zarate)
Marxism is basically Marx's ideas and approach on the growing conflict and
struggles between societies two main classes, rulers (the powerful), and the workers(the
subjugated), with the goal of liberation for the working class. (Ollman)
The lineage of Marxism can be traced back to the evolution of three European
intellectual movements, the revolutionary approach has its roots in the French revolution
ideas, the philosophical premise links up to the classical traditions of German, and the
political economy theory goes back to the British economics of the 14th century. (Woodfin
and Zarate)
Three approaches build up this analysis, and they are the labor theory of value, the
alienation theory, and the materialist conception approach, these three theories must be
understood well to understand Marxism. (Ollman)
Marx’s opinion was that, what we think and how we think is determined by the
work we do. Proposing that spiritual tendencies don not create material change, it’s actually

16. 8
vice versa, material changes that brings about spiritual changes. His main point was it’s the
economic transformations that push our history and societies forward. (Gaarder)
Briefly the idea suggests that the way you work influences your state of mind and thinking,
the same way our state of mind affects the way we work. When man influences nature, he
himself is influenced. (Gaarder)
Marx went behind the rules of capitalism, and the obvious order of clash between
the class of capitalists, those who possess the means of production, and the class of
workers, who must labor in order to survive. (Ollman)
In a capitalism, the way labor is arranged, is that lower class has to work for a higher social
class, having the worker transfer his own labor along with it their whole life to the higher
class of bourgeoisie. (Gaarder)
Marxism in contradict to all the theories related to “reformism” in society, Marxism
was revolutionary. However, it’s important to understand the difference between whatever
calls itself Marxism, with Marx’s own ideas. “it said of Marx at one stage he declared he
was not a Marxist”

17. 9
1.4 Communism
Communism is the theory of the liberation of society and workers. To form a
society in a way which all its citizens can thrive in freedom, and without violating the
social status. By replacing private ownership to community ownership (Marx and Engels )
Communism is the political and economic doctrine that aims to replace private property
and a profit-based economy with public ownership and depriving the economic system
from private property, to public control of the "means of production" for instance: the
factories, mines, and mills…etc. (Michie and Lobao)
At first, the term came to use around 1840s but the origin of the concept goes back
to Latin, meaning "Shared" or "Common", and the idea of a communist society is rooted in
the 4th BCE. In Plato's ideal world " The Republic" the ruling class dedicated themselves
for serving the society. Everything should be shared in common because personal
possession encourages jealousy. (Knopf and Pipes)
After Marx and Engels met and published “The Communist Manifesto” in1848,
they found it as a common interest to work on putting an end to capitalism; they proposed
that the fault is in the economic system that resulted in the victimization of the proletariat
class. They thought; the peasants and the laborers that were taken advantage of might
promote class awareness and this would lead to a struggle in social classes that would end
in revolution. Then a communist society would be established by the workers; in result of
revolting against the bourgeoisie. The workers class were considered as the citizens with
man power, and the bourgeoisie as the class of society who possess the means of
production in Capitalism. (Brians)

18. 10
Hereby we can say communism can be referred to as a political system that’s based on
Marxist ideology. And preparing society for communism is what Marxist ideology is for.
Marxists differentiate between two categories of communism: scientific, and
utopian. As for utopian communism demonstrates a future of a perfect and idealistic society
established on the political and moral values, of a how a society should be. While Marxism
is considered a “Scientific” theory, its analysis of communism is based on its social and
economic theory “historical materialism” of capitalism. (Sayers)
It should be considered that from the beginning capitalism as the current system didn’t had
a good reputation, that’s one reason why people welcomed socialism and communism as a
system, or predictions for a better future. (Kowalczyk)
The life of the proletariat solely depends on their labor and doesn’t have a share in
any kind of business, and their entire life depends on the request for labor, therefore the
working class of the 19th
century is the proletariat. (Bernstein)
It’s important to understand the difference between Communism and Socialism, In
one article Romm mentions that: “A common mistake is to confuse Socialism, the
economic system, with Communism, the political system. Communists are "socialist" in the
same way that Republicans are "compassionate conservatives". That is, they give lip
service to ideals they have no intention of practicing”. (Romm)
However; The Soviet Union is perceived as an ideal example of the failure of
socialism, and in fact The Soviet Union was not even a socialist country particularly about
the end of WWII.

19. 11
On the matter of Socialism and the USSR, Chomsky argues that:
As far as socialism is concerned that term has been so evacuated of
content in the last century, its hard even to use it. The Soviet Union for
example, was called a socialist society, and it was called that by the two
major propaganda cooperation’s of the world, The U.S. and The Soviet,
they both called it socialism for opposite reasons. The west called it
socialism in order to defame socialism, by associating it with this
miserable tyranny. The Soviet Union called it Socialism in order to gain
benefit from the moral appeal that true socialism had among the large
parts of the general world population.
The core notion of Traditional Socialism is that working people have to
be in control of production, and community has to be in control of their
own lives. The Soviet Union is exact opposite of that, the working people
were not in control of anything, they were virtual slaves. And the collapse
of The Soviet Union is a small victory for Socialism. (Chomsky)
As for Communism, it does not divide society into classes; but obviously The
Soviet Union had the Communist Party as the ruling class, from some aspects we can say
that The Soviet Union was a “hyper-capitalist”.

20. 12
Chapter Two: George Orwell, and Animal Farm
2.1 Orwell’s biography
Eric Arthur Blair, George Orwell, born on 25th June, 1903, and died in England on
21st January, 1950. Essayist, novelist, critic, more known for two of his famous novels
Animal Farm, and Nineteen Eighty-four. (BBC)
Blair was born in India, during the time when the British empire was ruling India.
Blair's father, Richard Walmsley Blair, served in the Civil Service. At the age of one Blair's
mother, Ida Mabel, Blair, took him to Britain, Eric didn’t see his father again until 1907.
(Biblio) Orwell and his father didn’t actually have a good relation, he thought of his father
as conservative and boring, he actually didn't know his father until his retirement from duty
in 1912. ( A&E Television Networks)
Eric had his first experience of England schooling system in 1911 where he was
sent to St. Cyprian's boarding school in Eastbourne. He observed how the school dealt
differently with the richer and poorer students. He was not so liked among his friends, and
in times of difficulties he usually escaped into books to find comfort. (ibid)
Eric couldn’t pay for his university after finishing school, because of his family's financial
problems. He chose to take his family's way and go to Burma to work in the Indian
Imperial Police as assistant district superintendent. And served at several different positions.
But his passion for writing was still flaming inside him, later when he found out how the
British empire treated the Burmese against their will, he was embarrassed of his self as a
colonial police officer. (Osborne) After that, he went back to England and rejected
imperialism, he then used his experience in Burma in his novel "Shooting an Animal".

21. 13
Blair moved to Paris in spring 1928 and took a room in the blue-collar workers area. He
starting writing and publishing articles in English and French and wrote two novels which
later got lost. Afterwards he got sick with the pneumonia disease, and started working in a
kitchen as a dishwasher, he went back to England in 1929, stayed in his parents' home in
Suffolk to re-start writing and began to make some money out of his articles and lectures.
During that time, he wrote some parts of his first book, named "Down and out in Paris and
London" but not by his choice, and printed out in 1933. (Novelguide)
Gradually Blair reformed into George Orwell before the Down and Out got
published and acquiring the pseudonym George Orwell. It is not clear why he specifically
chose that name, its only known that he liked the River Orwell in Suffolk, and obviously
was interested in the name George. And some say he took the name George via Saint
George, the patron saint of England. (Biblio)
Orwell moved to Herfordshine in Spring 1936 and married Eileen O'Shaugnessy,
who graduated in English from Oxford, like Orwell she was a journalist and a teacher, and
later graduated from London in Psychology. Eileen was a good assistant to Orwell in
handling his job. (Novelguide)
Orwell took part in the Spanish Civil War, in December 1936 he went to Spain and
took part in one of the movements against General Francisco Franco, he got himself badly
shot in both the throat and the arm and was an unable to speak for a number of weeks. Only
after Eileen and Orwell left the country, they got sentenced for treason in Spain. His disease
and health problems worsened his condition after their return to England. ( A&E Television
Networks)

22. 14
The couple stayed married until Eileen's death in 1945. based on some accounts its
said that the two had an open marriage and he had a number of relationships in this
marriage. The pair adopted a son in 1944 and named it after one of orwell's ascendants,
Richard Horatio Blair, after the death of Elien the son was mainly raised up by Avril,
Orwell's Sister. (ibid)
“Between 1941 and 1943, Orwell worked on propaganda for the BBC. In 1943, he
became literary editor of the Tribune, a weekly left-wing magazine. By now he was a
prolific journalist, writing articles, reviews and books”. (BBC)
It's also said that Orwell before passing away proposed for another woman, Sonia
Bronwnell, and got married in 1949, a little while before his death Sonia inherited Orwell's
belongings and made a fortune out of maneuvering his legacy. ( A&E Television
Networks)

23. 15
2.2 Orwell’s Major Works
Contractedly to what people nowadays know Orwell for as a novelist, and mostly
for two of famous novels Animal Farm, and Nineteen Eighty-Four, Orwell during his life
was most known for his journalism in reviews, essays, as well as newspaper and magazine
columns. (Lombardi)
Nineteen Eighty-Four and Animal Farm were both terrific books foreshadowing a
future in which advanced machines take control over human life. For contributing to the
dystopian literature both Nineteen Eighty-Four and Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 got
awarded in 1941, later in 2011 his Animal Farm received the award as well. (Lombardi)
In 1945 and around the end of his life he published the masterpiece, The Animal
Farm, which was in form of a fairy story was in fact a satire against The Soviet Union,
presenting the events in the format of a manor farm, portraying the main protagonists,
Stalin and Trotsky as two pigs. The novel brought Orwell a good fortune and public
appraise. ( A&E Television Networks)
Subsequently in 1949 he printed out another outstanding novel, the 1984, portraying the
picture of a fractured world separated into three nations soon got popular and
argumentative among readers who discovered this fictional future too depressing. Orwell
attempted to show the reader how the world and life would be like when everything is
controlled by the government including their private lives and personal thoughts. The novel
along with Animal Farm got screened for T.V. and attracted enormous viewers all these
years. (ibid)

24. 16
It’s not only novels that Orwell was good at and is known for, he was also a talented
essayist who produced works as: ‘Why I Write’, ‘Inside the Whale’, ‘The Lion and the
Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius’, ‘Looking back on the Spanish War’, ‘Politics
and the English Language’, ‘Notes on Nationalism’, ‘The Prevention of Literature’, ‘Lear,
Tolstoy and the Fool’, ‘A Hanging’, ‘Shooting an Elephant’, ‘Charles Dickens’,
‘Marrakech’, ‘Literature and Totalitarianism’, ‘Writers and Leviathan’ in addition to many
articles, including ‘As I Please’, ‘You and the Atomic Bomb’, ‘Toward European Unity’,
‘Who are the War Criminals?’, ‘Pacifism and the War’, ‘My Country Right or Left’, ‘In
Front of Your Nose’, ‘Revenge is Sour’, ‘Future of a ruined Germany’... (Orwell.ru)
list of Novels
• 1934 - Burmese Days
• 1935 - A Clergyman's Daughter
• 1936 - Keep the Aspidistra Flying
• 1939 - Coming Up for Air
• 1945 - Animal Farm
• 1949 - Nineteen Eighty-Four
All in all, Orwell and his legacy will always stay loved and respected for all
his efforts in going against hypocrisy, poverty, money, and injustice. Over these
years his writing style inspired many modern authors and will inspire many more to
come. (Novelguide)
Nonfiction Books
• 1933 - Down and Out in Paris and
London
• 1937 - The Road to Wigan Pier
• 1938 - Homage to Catalonia
• 1947 - The English People
(Lombardi)

25. 17
2.3 Animal Farm Synopsis
The novel begins with the cruelty of Mr. Jones who is the drunk and rough farmer
of the Manor Farm. On one of the nights an old boar called Old Major calls for a gathering
of the animals of Manor Farm. Before dying the Od Major gives a speech to the animals
telling them that Man is their main cause of misery and the reason why animals suffer. The
old boar reminds the animals that all animals are equal and encourages them unite and
revolt against the famer. He encourages them toward revolution. The major died soon, but
his message stayed Snowball and Napoleon turned his idea into the Animalism Philosophy.
In about three months' time the animals revolted against Jones, defeated him, and renamed
the farm as "Animal Farm". (LitChart)
For some time, the animals were all united towards their shared goals as stated in
their seven commandments which confirms that all animals are equal. Snowball lectured
the animals on literacy, reading and writing, the animals enjoyed their utopia, not different
from the Soviet Union's early days. But Napoleon didn’t enjoy the situation so much seeing
the Snowball's success, therefore he began teaching his dogs to be loyal only to him
(Kaitlin Oglesby)
After a while, Snowball planned to construct a windmill in order to increase their
productivity, Napoleon’s dogs attacked him, and Napoleon claimed over the windmill that
it was all his idea and named Snowball for treason and being against the farm. (Kaitlin
Oglesby)

26. 18
However, time and the heavy labor made the animals to wish back Mr. Jones for the
farm. And, Napoleon was never seen outside his comfort, or very rarely visited the animals,
and they all had to thank him if anything good happened.
The construction of the windmill came to end in Autumn but it doesn’t last too long, the
men attacked the farm and ruined the windmill. The event angered the animals and they
kicked the men out of the farm and the Animals began drinking Whiskey. (UK Essays)
Time passes, now only a small number of the animals remained who experienced
the revolution. Even less remembers what it was for and its goals. The pigs are carrying
whips and are teaching themselves to walk on two legs. The Seven Commandments as
written on the wall are changed into " All animals are equal. But some are more equal than
others" so it would look like the pigs were not disobeying the commandments. At the end
of Animal Farm, the pigs started acting like humans, began celebrating peace with the
humans, drinking, wearing clothes, and playing cards. The animals were not able to tell the
difference between the pigs and the humans. (LitChart)

27. 19
Chapter Three: On Revolution
3.1 The Nature of Revolution
Our history has always been a story of revolution, and reform. Regardless of the
conditions or the environment we have always had our share in the uprisings and conflicts;
which has led to social change toward better or worse conditions. (Bin Uzayr)
These revolutions have been important elements for the creation of this modern
world. The concept can have different interpretations from transformative, or radical
change, to depicting different phenomena from the "Industrial Revolution" to the "Sexual
Revolution". From history we can say "revolution" have referred to violent movements set
out for the purpose of bringing down one regime through a process which influences
radical change in all governmental and societal institutions. From the French Revolution of
overthrowing the monarchy onward, the concept has become more of a synonym of radical
reform of the past. It became a public knowledge that modernity can only be achieved
through radical and violent transformations. (Nitzel)
The modern understanding of revolution is that something new, a new era and story
is about to unfold, in fact people came to this realization after the two renowned revolutions
of the 18th century. And in its early stages none of the actors had any prediction of what's
going to happen next, or how the drama is going to end. (Hannah)
Revolutions are rarely one single step, in spite revolutions are a process maybe of
military coups, negotiations, wars, or maybe to peaceful situations like the "democratic
breakthroughs" the supposed Bourgeois negotiations of Trotsky, nevertheless revolutions
have to continue till achieving all and its final goals. (Greene)

28. 20
Revolutions won't happen in a single point its rather more of a scale of conflict
intensity; from the revolutionist’s strength or strategy, to the governmental organization.
For example, revolutions are hard to happen in countries who have good organization of
their institutions like Switzerland, Germany, or the United Kingdom, but it's more likely to
occur when people understand they are impoverished of their rights by the government, or
when people push to modernize their society. (Huntington)
In the early stages of an uprising it's possible to have a peaceful revolution, a
revolution without violence; as given by Marcuse's theory, but this theory goes opposite to
the known definitions of revolution. But for example, we did have peaceful revolutions in
Tunisia and Egypt during the Arab Spring, till religious groups merged in and eventually
the events led to violence. (Venter)
In his book "The Anatomy of Revolution" Brinton made a comparison between
revolution and disease in which we can summarize the whole cycle of revolutions in. He
suggested that revolution resemblances a body disease with a high fever "As new desires
arise, or as old desires grow stronger in various groups, or as environmental conditions
change, and as institutions fail to change, a relative disequilibrium may arise and what we
call a revolution break out". similar to a body responding to a disease and recovering to its
first condition; similarly, revolutionized countries attempt to recover to their original
conditions before the revolution happened. Brinton pointed out this as the main factor
behind the failure of revolutions, or not achieving its stated goals. For instance, in 1815
French Revolution they even had a king back to the monarchy. (Brinton)
Normally revolutions start when the people become aware of their rights, refuse to
be controlled anymore, and acknowledge the fault in their rulers. With the recognition of
this stage people can transform into mass mobilizations quickly, from helpless individuals

29. 21
to freedom fighter. Starting strikes and organizing mass demonstrations against their
oppressors who are shielded with the armed forces. The persistence, sacrifice and heroism
of the revolutionists leads to the first triumph of revolution which is disintegrating their
rulers. And the final glory of revolution is when the armed forces of revolution is replaced
to that of the former rulers. (Mandel)
At the same time, Brinton added that revolutions become real after winning over the
military forces of the government, and after that comes a period of peace by the
moderators; which he calls honeymoon period. (Brinton)
The honeymoon is but a short ruling time by the moderators and won't last long as
various cliques among revolutionaries show up. Usually the moderators are the known
figures of the old opposition against the government like the richer or higher placed people;
and its only considered from them to take over the government. (Brinton) Withal their take
over once they are in the government they face with the same kind problems of the
previous regime, only with less power.
Once in power moderators face unstableness and war and are not decisive in managing their
challenges. In advance to that, because of their support to freedom of press, and human
rights they can't stamp down their enemies or are not willing to. Soon they face the
extremists group and radicals accusing them of betraying the revolution and stopping it.
Because of their discipline and well-organization, the extremists start to take control over
some events, on the other hand the moderators get more related to the previous regime and
get dishonored. "The necessity for a strong centralized government to run the war is one of
the reasons why the moderators failed". (ibid)
Another problem with revolutions, or governmental system is praetorianism, as
Huntington mentioned it "Praetorianism refers to the intervention of the military in

30. 22
politics." In underdeveloped societies, politics and governments lack independency, and
cohesion; all social institutions engage in politics. Countries with political army also have
political clergies, political universities, political bureaucracies and political labor unions.
The problem with the politicization of social forces is the open confrontation of power,
with no accordance to laws or court systems; which is caused by weak government
structure. Thus, no agreement exists among these forces as the main method for resolving
conflict. Consequently, this results in the intervention of military in politics in form of
military coup. (Huntington)
However, not all revolutions start from conflict or crisis, sometimes countries who
are even considered to be on the right model of government might face revolutions and
protests. Turkey is the current example of such situation. The 1979 Iranian revolution is
also another example, the protests started in a peaceful and developing society. The
uprisings under Khomeini was not a revolution against poverty, crisis, or hunger. The
revolution was merely a defiance against the regime, and an attempt to take over power.
(Bin Uzayr) But it’s important to understand the word revolution and revolutionary can
only be used to depict revolutions that’s set out to achieve freedom. (Hannah)
As the nature of revolutions, the starting point is when the people feel weak before
their rulers despite their superiority in out numbering them. Overcoming this feeling of
weakness is the precise point of starting revolution, when the people all refuses to kneel
anymore and thinks "We don't take it any longer". And the truth about societies is as what
stated by Abraham Lincoln "You can fool all of the people some of the time and some of
the people all of the time. But you cannot fool all of the people all of the time." However,
going against the political and social challenges locally and regionally is simply the nature
of revolts; and this revolt become revolutions when the whole nation is unified. (Mandel)

31. 23
Huntington separates two "pattern of revolution" which are Eastern and Western revolution.
The sequence of events in the Western pattern starts with collapse of political institutions,
and then various groups assemble with political view in benefits. The Eastern sequence of
events start with the occurrence of various new groups with the goal of collapsing the
current regime. (Huntington)
Revolutions will stay as facts of life because of the paramount nature of political
power, its production and relations. More reasonably because these relations are rooted
deep, and each ruling class resist the termination of this relations, until a revolution
emerges in as a tool for overthrowing these relations. (Mandel)
In the "Animal Farm" revolution the animals wished to achieve equality, freedom, a
better life and prosperity. They achieved this in the beginning of the revolution; the
honeymoon period. But in the end the revolution was merely a failure.
History tells us the societies that went through revolution are still suffering conflicts
and struggle over one issue or another. We can argue that fundamentally the
transformations in revolution leaves after itself a negative outcome on the social and
economic aspects of that society and it takes a lot of time for that society to recover or
develop toward better. (Stewart)

32. 24
3.2 Why Revolutions Occur
It's crucial to recognize the main reasons behind the various revolutions in history.
Though it's not possible to point out one mutual factor as main reason behind those
revolutions, but it should be mentioned that not all revolutions occur because of class
conflicts. It can be one of the factors, but generally it's not the whole story. It's been
theorized that political conflict conditions are the point where revolutions spark, then
political movements become the revolutions social forces. Goldstone also identifies
political issues as the prime causes of revolutions. He discusses that revolutions are due to
attacking the government by some groups instead of aiding the situation and forcing
political change. (Krajka)
In one of his books Lenin identifies four general condition in which a revolution
might happen which can be applied to both social, and political revolutions. He explained
the basic rules of revolution, which has been affirmed by revolutions in general and more
especially the three Russian revolutions of the twentieth century, and they are as the
following: in order for a revolution to start it's not enough only for the burdened people to
realize they can’t take it any longer, and require changes, it's necessary that the oppressors,
the rulers should not be able to continue the old way. The crisis should affect both sides, a
nation-wide crisis is when the lower-classes refuse to live the same way anymore and the
upper-classes cannot preserve in the same way; here a revolution can triumph.
It's also necessary that the majority of the workers and the thinking-class understand that a
revolution is utmost necessary and should be ready to fight and make great sacrifice.
Turmoil amongst the middle class is another necessity; a situation in which the middle class
is wavering between the working class and the capitalists. Moreover; among the proletariat

33. 25
a revolutionary party and leadership should raise and grow, and the armed forces of this
revolutionists should be at its advanced stage. (Lenin)
However, it's an undeniable fact that all these revolutions have economic factors
backing them; people in Turkey are upset with private ownership of public space, the
Greeks on the other hand are not satisfied with economical condition of their government.
Egypt, Iran, Spain, Greece, and Turkey, or anywhere else: all have ideological and political
causes, or social causes. In these middle, financial crises are one of the other main factors
why revolutions spark; global capitalism and economic conditions have a huge role to play
in revolutions. Nevertheless, the people don't hate capitalism when they revolt against it,
they don’t hate it as it’s, the anger is against the local ill implementation of the system.
Believe it or not, we can alter the situation and rest protesters anger by providing jobs; for
instance, the Greeks demanding a transformation in their economic conditions, yet they are
given jobs, and the majority won't care about the system or the national debts. (Bin Uzayr)
In the French, Russian, and English revolutions, their governments all had financial
crises earlier to their revolution, and they all followed the same pattern. Beginning with
normal protests, later events led to their climax, reigns of terror, and their downfall ending
in dictatorship under (Napoleon, Cromwell, and Stalin). (Brinton)
Among other reasons that impact the progress of a revolution include inequality and
depriving society, the extent to which the society is divided, foreign interference, loyalty of
the armed forces. Out of these factors five elements play crucial role in the development of
revolutions and if occur simultaneously make up a sufficient condition for the success of
the revolution; according to the studies of renowned scholars, those factors are "Mass
frustration resulting in local uprising, Dissident elites, Powerful unifying motivations, A

34. 26
severe crisis paralyzing state administrative & coercive powers, A permissive or tolerant
world context". (DeFronzo)
Anyhow, our history has never been bloodless, even great achievement like
collapsing the Soviet Union had its side effects, violent wars sprung out after the
termination of the communist Yugoslavian state in the Balkans. Russia became a
playground for dark market and mafias, a brutal situation which sowed the seed of its
current position into authoritarianism. (the independent)
The attempt of all these revolutionists either from social, political, or religious
revolutions; was their insistence of having their heaven, here, now, on earth. An eagerness
to conquer evil once and for all.

35. 27
3.3 Revolution on Animal Farm
Orwell's work in Animal Farm is considered a unique novel for political satire and
allergy. The novel is known to be a Marxist novel, all the characters in the novel share a
common goal toward change, throughout the novel the writer attempts to depict the living
example of oppressed and impoverished masses attempting to bring about a classless
society. And the endeavors for creating an ideal society on peace, equality, and a life of
harmony for the animals. At the same time presenting serious critique on Stalin's regime,
and communism. (Bartleby)
The first stages of the Animal Farm revolution start with the Old Majors
speech to the animals of the Manor Farm, what we can draw from his speech is that he has
had great potential in the farm, since everyone gathered around him to listen for his speech.
He passes on his experience to the animals and emphasizes that he has had " a long life…
had much time for thought" and " understands the nature of life on this earth as well as any
animal now living " such speech on his life age, and wisdom and knowledge gave him more
authority and credibility among the animals and made it easier for him to convince the
animals and stimulate the other animals. (Johnson)
He utilized language technics and rhetorical strategies to even more emphasize on
encouraging the animals and stimulate their feelings. He goes on by asking the cows "You
cows that I see before me, how many thousands of gallons of milk have you given during
this last year? And what has happened to that milk…? And you hens, how many eggs have
you laid in this last year, and how many of those eggs ever hatched into chickens?... And
you Clover, where are those four foals you bore…?" these questions rhetorically presents
the injustices been done to the animals by Jones, and by focusing more on the individuals

36. 28
the Old Major could get into the mind and heart of the animals and strike feelings of
resentment in them. (Bartleby)
Old Major is the sound of disapproval against Jones, demonstrating Jones's tyranny
toward the animals; starving the animals, and killing the animals when they grow old or
weary. Nevertheless; later in the novel his idea became a disaster for the animals of the
Manor Farm because of internal conflicts, the results brought about a dystopia for the farm
instead of a utopian living. (Deniz)
The ruler of Manor Farm, Mr. Jones, who is also the villain of the story, is a
drunk incompetent farmer, he leaves out the animals, starves them, and is carless. Clues
from the novel for this claim is "Mr. Jones, of the Manor Farm, had locked the hen-house
for the night but was too drunk to shut the popholes" this shows how carless Jones is for the
wellbeing of his animals, he neglects them and is too drunk to close the popholes, by
leaving it open the chickens would get cold. In addition to his carelessness; he is also a
cruel and tyrant farmer, clue for this is Old Major's speech on Jones "As for the dogs, when
they grow old and toothless, Jones ties a brick round their necks and drowns them in the
nearest pond." Old major attempts to hint that Jones instead of taking care of his dogs when
they are 'old and toothless' 'he drowns them in the nearest pond' while he should look after
them. The image portrayed here by Old Major is an image of brutality and cruelty. (BBC)
Mr. Jones’s cruelty and tyranny is an image of oppressors and dictators, who don’t care for
his people, and the development of his country. It’s Jones’s brutality that the animals revolt
against. They are obviously frustrated with their living situation.
The song "Beasts of England'' and the slogan "All men are enemies; all animals are
comrades!" are true depictions of political campaigns. Orwell tried to utilize strategies and
characteristics of political rallies, so as to draw a true image of this revolution. The impact

37. 29
of the Old Major's speech can be seen in the animals provoked behavior. The way they
repeat the song on their free- well demonstrates how sneaky politicians take advantage of
their audience and stimulate behavior, while they don't even belong to the class of society
they tend to represent. (Fonseka)
After the Old Major' speech the animals revolt against Jones and kick him out along
with the rest of humans of the farm. Next, the name of the farm is changed from Manor
Farm to Animal Farm, they brought about a set of rules "The Seven Commandments" for
everyone to obey and live by. Soon after, the pigs thought about running the farm by
themselves and take control over the rest of the animals. Napoleon, who is the powerful
pig, tends to brainwash the animals, he succeeds in manipulating the animals through his
strategies, and in the process he himself turns into a manipulative dictator. (Weir)
The revolution’s honeymoon period of the farm goes well, the pigs live happily
together, living a much better life than how they used to live in times of Jones. Meanwhile;
Boxer, the horse, with his motto 'I will work harder!' works all time with lots of effort for
the progress of the farm. Not after so long, the inequality between the pigs and the other
animals begin, when Napoleon and other pigs steal milk and take extra apples for
themselves and threaten the animals if they don't get what they need from food, Jones
might return. And that was enough to persuade them. (BBC)
Day after day the utopia of the animals turn into a dystopia. Radical changes
happen, The Seven Commandments who were once thought of as good and rules to live by
now has all changed. The pigs change the rules with their intertest "No animals shall sleep
in bed" is changed into "No animals shall sleep in bed with sheets" they take advantage of
the animals’ illiteracy and replace all the rules with new ones like "All animals are equal
but some are more equal than others". In the further steps the animals’ society is divided

38. 30
into two classes, the pigs and dogs as superior, and the other animals in the lower class.
(Johnson)
Evidently the animals lack education and self-confidence in spite of the active role
which most of them played in the first rebellion and, in the case of some, are naturally
stupid. Orwell is not implying by this the hopelessness of a proletarian revolution: he rather
points to the need for education and self-confidence in any working-class movement if it is
to remain democratic. (Letemendia)
Things get worse but not better, animals are enslaved by the pigs and dogs, more
work to do with less food. “Throughout the spring and summer, they worked sixty hours a
week, and in August Napoleon announced that there would be work on Sunday afternoon
as well. This work was strictly voluntary, but any animal who absented himself from it
would have his ration reduced by half.” Meanwhile Napoleon, the big pig, creates a luxury
life for themselves in the house! And the rest of the animals to the barn. (Johnson)
The animals' fate seems mirror rather closely that of the common people as Orwell
envisaged it some six years before commencing Animal Farm: "what you get over and over
again is a movement the proletariat which is promptly canalized and betrayed by astute
people at the top, then the growth of a new governing class. The one thing that never
arrives is equality. The mass of the people never gets the chance to bring their innate
decency into the control of affairs, so that one is almost driven to the cynical thought that
men are only decent when they are powerless." (Letemendia)
At first, Napoleon was actually one of the three pigs who were the founders of
"Animalism", based it on the ideas of the Old Major. Animalism is the system of ideology
that encourages animals to revolt. Napoleon was not in any way talented, but he knew well
how to make things go his way. He made good use of various technics and strategies, just

39. 31
as politicians. He won the sheep's support, and encouraged them to utter "four legs good,
two legs bad" so as to prevent others make any speech. From the beginning he took two
puppies from their mother and looked them after, when they grew up he used them as tools
to take control over the farm. (BBC)
Napoleon is one of the main characters of the novel, and obviously a metaphor for Stalin.
He is the character representing the reason of the failure of any revolution, human frailties.
Orwell wanted to demonstrate that we can never adopt socialism or have a socialist
country, although its perfect ideally, but reality is not possible because of the irresponsible
nature of human and its greediness to power. As its presented in the novel Napoleon had a
good role in the beginning, but then he overcome by his sins and became hungry for power.
The same way Stalin left the original values of socialism for power. (Kibin)
Napoleon exercised radical power and violence to hold his position in the farm. For
instance, he took the puppies and raised them up, but not to educate them for their own
good. He took advantage of them, used them to overthrow anyone standing in his way, and
protect him. He was even willing to go against his allies and break his coalitions only for
his benefit. Snowball was another pig, one of the other pigs who took the idea from Old
Major and turned them into Animalism, yet Napoleon turned against him when they
disagreed on where to build the windmill. Napoleon had his dogs banish him from the farm
and called "kill the traitors who had leagued themselves with Snowball"
Associating Stalin's tyranny to the puppies becoming soldiers by Orwell in the novel,
intensifies the mood of the novel, because the impact here is on the victims than if
Napoleon tended to choose any other type of animal. Puppies are the stereotype of cuteness
and pets that are not harmful. Dogs are also thought after as friendly creatures and man's
friend. Thus, training these puppies by Napoleon to become his soldiers, protectors, and

40. 32
slaughter anyone who disagreed with him creates a puzzling feeling for the reader.
Consequently, the events and tactical violent become more memorable to the audience.
(Weebly)
Orwell himself in one of his letter to Dwight Macdonald, explained that he purposefully
narrated the novel in satire to the Russian Revolution, Orwell writes:
I intended it primarily as a satire on the Russian revolution. But I did mean
it to have a wider application in so much that I meant that that kind of
revolution (violent conspiratorial revolution, led by unconsciously power-
hungry people) can only lead to a change of masters. I meant the moral to
be that revolutions only effect a radical improvement when the masses are
alert and know how to chuck out their leaders as soon as the latter have
done their job. The turning-point of the story was supposed to be when the
pigs kept the milk and apples for themselves. If the other animals had had
the sense to put their foot down then, it would have been all right.
(nybooks)
Napoleon deceives the other animals from the truth that he is altering the original
vision of Animal Farm. He kills anyone who rebels against him or does not agree with him.
And keeps the animals working harder all day long on building the windmill, the farm, or
building a school. Keeping the animals busy with an unending labor is just a technic for
keeping them busy, so as not to be able to, or free enough to think what is happening to
them or their lives. And animals should praise him for anything good happening to them.
Napoleon's character does not change in the novel, he remains cruel and greedy, and always

41. 33
turn things his way. He gets worse on wanting more and becoming even more power-
hungry because of his never-ending greed. (Lacy)
In Animal Farm, the pigs are like the sneaky politicians. They both convey the use
of deceptive language to gain control over people. Politician’s main goal is to lead the
people of their country, just as the pig’s goal is to lead their farm. (Weir)
The idea of Socialism seemed for the animals of Animal Farm as a utopia, and
wanted to bring down the system of Capitalism which has deprived them from their rights,
freedom… etc.
They sought after a classless society, but what reality and the novel shows us in
conclusion is the transformation of this utopian dream into a dystopian reality, after taking
over power and control the animals had to experience classism again this time under
animals. (Jahangeer)
In conclusion, all these illustrations further prove Orwell's ideology on the
failure of revolution. Revolutions fail because it ends with replacing one tyrant with a new
one. From the novel, Napoleon's accession and his oppression over the animals is a clear
proof on Orwell's philosophy on revolution. (Essaychief )

42. 34
Conclusion
Developing and Modernizing societies and countries undergo situations that urge
them for change toward better. The appearance of new inventions and birth of novel
ideologies are the motives that direct societies toward common goals for reform. On the
other hand, the quest of human beings for doing more, living better, i.e. creating a heaven
in earth, is a never-ending endeavor because of human being’s nature of always wanting
more. The idea of revolution has been thought of for centuries as the tool for pushing our
lives forward and means of creating real reforms, different ages had different motives and
ideologies, and factors as the engine of their revolutions. But the course of history shows us
the nature of human beings had not let these dreams come true, and whatever ideologies
and new systems proposed for altering human’s life, again have been used by greedy and
sneaky humans to suit their need and further intensify their own interest on people.
However; what we draw from all this, is the harsh reality that the concept revolution
has lost its meaning and evacuated its content of bringing about reform for societies.
Instead it’s been used by certain people as a ladder for their advantage, fooling people to
follow different movements to create them a new life, and taking power. In Animal Farm, a
while after Old Major, Napoleon takes the opportunity to raise to power and used other
animals such as Squealer and the dogs to maintain control and did not give any of the other
animals a clue in what went on. To keep his power Napoleon engraves fear into the
animals' minds, exploits their hard work and bends the rules to suit his needs.
Throughout history revolutions have rarely brought about real changes in societies,
they have rather been a system of replacement from one administration to another and left
the societies and governments with more problems to deal with. From a technical

43. 35
perspective; people follow revolutions with a hope and to express their anger and
frustration, once this is done, everything goes back to its previous state, much like a
volcano’s need to erupt once in a while. Around the end of the novel the farm loses its
democracy, and Napoleon creates a luxury life only for the pigs.

44. 36
References
A&E Television Networks. "George Orwell Biography." 15 February 2018. The
Biography. 07 March 2018. <https://www.biography.com/people/george-
orwell-9429833>.
Baldick, Chris. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. New York : Oxford
UP , 2001. Book .
Bartleby. "Bartleby.com." n.d. How effective is Old Major's speech: Animal Farm
Essay. 16 May 2018. <https://www.bartleby.com/essay/How-effective-is-
Old-Majors-speech-Animal-P3CAHN4KTJ>.
"How Is Marxism Portrayed in 'Animal Farm' by George Orwell ." 2018.
bartleby.com. 14 April 2018. <https://www.bartleby.com/essay/How-Is-
Marxism-Portrayed-in-Animal-Farm-P3LXV43VJ>.
BBC. "Animal Farm- Plot Summary." n.d. BBC.com. 16 May 2018.
<https://www.bbc.com/education/guides/z9w7mp3/revision>.
"George Orwell." n.d. BBC. 08 March 2018.
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/orwell_george.shtml>.
"Mr. Jones." n.d. BBC.com. 16 May 2018.
<https://www.bbc.com/education/guides/zqxhn39/revision/6>.
"Napoleon." n.d. BBC.com. 16 May 2018.
<https://www.bbc.com/education/guides/zqxhn39/revision/3>.
Bernstein, Eduard. Draft of a Communist Confession of Faith. Moscow : Progress
Publishers, 1847.
Biblio. "George Orwell." n.d. Biblio. 07 March 2018.
<https://www.biblio.com/george-orwell/author/456>.
Bin Uzayr, Sufyan. "On the Nature of Revolutions and Protests." 05 July 2013.
Counterpunch. 09 April 2018.
<https://www.counterpunch.org/2013/07/05/on-the-nature-of-revolutions-
and-protests/>.
Bradbury, M. and J. McFarlane. Modernism: A guide to European Literature. London
and New York: Penguin Books ltd., 1991. Book.

45. 37
Brians, Paul. Marx and Engels The Communist Manifesto. 14 June 1995. 18
February 2018. <https://brians.wsu.edu/2016/10/12/the-communist-
manifesto/>.
Brightkite. "Animal Farm And The Russian Revolution - Essay." 2018.
Brightkite.com. 14 April 2018. <https://brightkite.com/essay-on/animal-
farm-and-also-the-russian-revolution>.
Brinton, Crane. The Anatomy of Revolution. New York: Prentice Hall, 1965.
Chomsky, Noam. In Depth program Brian Lamb. 1 June 2003. <https://www.c-
span.org/video/?176809-1/depth-noam-chomsky>.
Cuddon, J. A. A Dictionary of literary terms. Revised Edition . London, 1979.
Davins, Benu. "Elements of modernism in Yeats poetry." n.d. Academia. Document.
31 December 2017.
DeFronzo, James. Revolutions and revolutionary movements. Boulder: CO:
Westview Press., 2011.
Deniz, Mahmut. "Collapse of Animal Farm and the Dream of Revolution." 17 June
2004. Discover Literature . 14 April 2018.
<http://discoverliterature.blogspot.com/2013/06/mahmut-deniz-17-june-
2004-collapse-of.html>.
Essaychief . "Failed Revolutions And Tyrants In Animal Farm ." 2018.
Essaychief.com. 14 April 2018. <http://essaychief.com/research-essay-
topic.php?essay=1594359&title=Failed-Revolutions-And-Tyrants-In-Animal-
Farm>.
Farley, Audrey. Synonym. n.d. Document. 26 December 2017.
<http://classroom.synonym.com/elements-modernism-american-literature-
2872.html>.
Fonseka, EA Ga i i. " HOW “WNI“H…! YET… – A CRTICAL ANALYSIS OF GEORGE
O‘WELL “ ANIMAL FA‘M." .d. Academia.edu. 13 May 2018.
<https://ruhuna.academia.edu/EAGaminiFonseka>.
Gaarder, Jostein. Sophie's World: A Novel About the History of Philosophy . New
York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007.
Greene, Thomas H. Comparative revolutionary movements. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:
Prentice-Hall, 1974.

46. 38
Hannah, Arendt. On Revolution. New York: Penguin Books, 1962.
Huntington, Samuel P. Political order in changing societies. London: Yale University
Press, 2006.
Political Order in Changing Societies. London : Yale University Press, 2006.
Jackson, Wayne. "What is Modernism?" n.d. ChristianCourier.com. Document. 26
December 2017. <https://www.christiancourier.com/articles/299-what-is-
modernism>.
Jahangeer, Aniqa. "Marxist Analysis of "Animal Farm"." 2 December 2017.
academia.edu. 14 April 2018.
<https://www.academia.edu/19616590/Marxist_Analysis_of_Animal_Farm_
>.
Johnson, Brandon. "Animal Farm by George Orwell: a Novel Depecting How Animal
Lives in England Were Full of Misery and Slavery." n.d.
https://freebooksummary.com/. 16 May 2018.
<https://freebooksummary.com/animal-farm-by-george-orwell-a-novel-
depicting-how-animal-lives-in-england-were-full-of-misery-and-slavery-
27631>.
Kaitlin Oglesby. "Animal Farm: Plot Summary." n.d. Study. 08 March 2018.
<https://study.com/academy/lesson/animal-farm-plot-summary.html>.
Kibin. "A Character Sketch of Napoleon from Animal Farm, a Novel by George
Orwell." n.d. Kibin.com. 16 May 2018. <https://www.kibin.com/essay-
examples/a-character-sketch-of-napoleon-from-animal-farm-a-novel-by-
george-orwell-JUFGdG7e>.
Kirschen , Robert Michael . "Handouts." 11 February 2011. University of Nevada,
Las Vegas. Handout. 25 December 2017.
<https://faculty.unlv.edu/kirschen/handouts/modernism.html>.
Knopf, Alfred A. and Richard Pipes. "THE IDEA OF PROPERTY." The New York Times
(1999).
Kowalczyk, Henryk. "Capitalism, Socialism and Communism." 11 November 2015.
Huffington post. 09 April 2018. <https://www.huffingtonpost.com/henryk-a-
kowalczyk/capitalism-socialism-and-_b_8523486.html>.

47. 39
Krajka. "Revolutions... What is the cause?" 08 February 2015. French and Haitian
Revolutions. 10 April 2018. <https://blog.uwgb.edu/revolutions/revolutions-
what-is-the-primary-cause/>.
Ku ušo á , Le ka . "Ele e ts of Moder is a ifested i a short story E eli e y
James Joyce." 27 November 2014. Academia. Document. 31 December
2017.
<https://www.academia.edu/9547375/Elements_of_Modernism_manifeste
d_in_a_short_story_Eveline_by _James_Joyce.>.
Lacy, George. "Animal farm character analysis of napoleon." n.d. essay.uk.com. 16
May 2018. <http://www.essay.uk.com/coursework/animal-farm-character-
analysis-of-napoleon.php>.
Le i , Vladi ir Ilʹi h. "Left-Wing" Communism, an Infantile Disorder. New York:
International Publishers, 1920.
Letemendia, V. C. "Revolution on Animal Farm: Orwell's Neglected Commentary."
Journal of Modern Literature 18 (1992): 127-137. 18 May 2018.
<http://www.jstor.org/stable/3831551>.
Levenson, M. Modernism. Cambridge : Cambridge UP, 2002. Book.
LitChart. "Animal Farm Summary." n.d. litcharts. 08 March 2018.
<https://www.litcharts.com/lit/animal-farm/summary>.
Lombardi, Esther. "George Orwell - List of Works." 15 Ocotober 2016. ThoughtCo,.
08 March 2018. <www.thoughtco.com/george-orwell-list-of-works-
740980.>.
Mandel, Ernest. "What is a Revolution?" 30 December 2003.
Internationalviewpoint. 10 April 2018.
<http://www.internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article159&var_recherch
e=what%20is%20a%20revolution>.
Marx, Karl and Frederick Engels . The Communist Manifesto . Moscow : Progress
Publishers, 1848.
Michie, Jonathan and Linda Lobao. "Ownership, control and economic outcomes."
Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society (2012): 307-324.
<https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rss015>.

48. 40
Molaci, Asli. "Analyzing Elements of Modernism in James Joyce "Ulysses"." n.d.
Academia. Document from Web site. 31 December 2017.
<https://www.academia.edu/12834705/Analyzing_Elements_of_Modernis
m_in_James_Joyce_Ulysses_>.
Molyneux, John. "Do revolutions always fail?" April 2014.
http://socialistreview.org.uk. 14 April 2018.
<http://socialistreview.org.uk/390/do-revolutions-always-fail>.
Münkler, Herfried . Turning points of the 20th century. 6 12 2014. 14 5 2018.
<https://www.deutschland.de/en/topic/politics/germany-europe/turning-
points-of-the-20th-century>.
Neitzel, Laura. What is Revolution? New Jersey : Brookdale Community College,
2012.
Novelguide. "George Orwell Research." n.d. Novelguide. 07 March 2018.
<http://www.novelguide.com/reportessay/biography/historical-
figures/george-orwell-research>.
y ooks. " A i al Far : What Or ell ‘eally Mea t." July . nybooks.com.
16 May 2018. <http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2013/07/11/animal-farm-
what-orwell-really-meant/>.
Ollman, Bertell. "Dialectical Marxism, The Writings of Bertell Ollman." n.d. New
York University. 09 February 2018.
<https://www.nyu.edu/projects/ollman/index.php>.
Orwell, George. "Letter from George Orwell to Dwight Macdonald, written in
December 1946." Davison, Peter. George Orwell: A Life in Letters. New York:
Liveright Publishing Corporation, 2013.
Orwell.ru. "Biography." n.d. Orwell.ru. 08 March 2018. <www.orwell.ru>.
Os or e, La ra e. "I Mya ar, ‘etra i g George Or ell s “teps." The New York
Times (2013). <https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/15/t-
magazine/myanmar-george-orwell.html>.
Ousby, I. Cambridge paperback guide to literature in English . Cambridge:
Cambridge UP, 1996.
Poets. "Text." 21 May 2004. Academy of American Poets. Document. 26 December
2017. <https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/text/brief-guide-modernism>.

49. 41
Romm, Dave. "Dave Romm's Portal." April 2004. Romm. 09 February 2018.
<http://www.romm.org/soc_com.html>.
Sayers, Sean. "The Idea of Communism." November 15h, 2015.
Slawson, Larry. "Imperialism, Revolution, and Industrialization in 19th-Century
Europe." 5 June 2018. owlcation.com. 5 June 2018.
<https://owlcation.com/humanities/Imperialism-Revolution-and-
Industrialization-in-Nineteenth-Century-Europe>.
Stewart, Frances. "Root causes of violent conflict in developing countries." 9
Febreuary 2002. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 9 May 2018.
<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1122271/>.
Talbot, Chris. Marx and Darwin: Two great revolutionary thinkers of the nineteenth
century. 17 June 2009. 14 May 2018.
the independent. Independent. 09 November 2009. 09 April 2017.
<https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/editorials/leading-article-a-
revolution-that-reshaped-our-world-1817279.html>.
UK Essays. "Animal Farm: Chapter by Chapter." 23 March 2015. ukessays. 08 March
2018. <https://www.ukessays.com/essays/english/animal-farm-chapter-by-
chapter-summary.php>.
Venter, J.C.M. & Bain, E.G. "A DECONSTRUCTION OF THE TERM REVOLUTION."
Koers - Bulletin for Christian Scholarship (2015).
Weebly. "Relation to Napoleon in Animal Farm." n.d. Weebly.com. 16 May 2018.
<http://animalfarmmichilo103.weebly.com/joseph-stalin.html>.
Weir, Melanie. "Forget The Three Little Pigs, Try Mischievous Pigs." n.d.
Academia.edu. 13 May 2018.
<https://www.academia.edu/31619558/Animal_farm_paper>.
Woodfin, Rupert and Oscar Zarate. Introducing Marxism. Cambridge: Icon
Books.ltd, 2004.
Zaib, Sabah. "Exploring the Elements of Literary Modernism in Alice Walker's Novel
The Color Purple ." Karoonjhar (2017): 14-27. Research Journal.

50. 42
Further Reading:
• Sass, Louis A. (1992). Madness and Modernism: Insanity in the Light of Modern Art,
Literature, and Thought. New York: Basic Books.
• Lewis, Pericles. The Cambridge Introduction to Modernism (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2007).
• Ayers, David. Modernism: A Short Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004.
• "Lenin and Philosophy" and Other Essays, Louis Althusser, Monthly Review
Press(2002).
• A Marx for Our Times: Adventures and Misadventures of a Critique, Daniel Bensaid,
Verso Books (2002).
• Sayers, S. (1999). Communism and the individual. In S. Sayers, Plato’s Republic: An
introduction. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.
• Badiou, Alain 2010, ‘The Idea of Communism’, in The Idea of Communism, edited
by Costas Douzinas and Slavoj Žižek, London.
• Blackledge, Paul 2012, Marxism and Ethics: Freedom, Desire, and Revolution,
Albany: State University of New York Press.
• Perry Anderson, Modernity and Revolution
• The Russian Avant-Garde and Radical Modernism, An Introductory Reader, by
Dennis G. IOFFE and Frederick H. WHITE, Boston 2012.
• Arslanian, V.A., 2013, ‘Beyond revolution: Ending lawlessness impunity during
revolutionary periods’, Boston College International and Comparative Law Review.
• Cohan, A.S., 1975, Theories of revolution: an introduction. Thomas Nelson & Sons,
London.

51. 43
• Fukuyama, F., 2006, In Huntington, S.P. Political order in changing societies
(Foreword), Yale University Press, London.
• Greene, T.H., 1990, Comparative revolutionary movements: search for theory and
justice, 3rd ed. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
• Venter, J.C.M. & Bain, E.G., 2015. "A deconstruction of the term “revolution”".
KOERS Bulletin for Christian Scholarship, 80(4). Available at:
http://dx.doi.org/10.19108/koers.80.4.2246
• DailyEvergreen.com (http:/ / www. dailyevergreen. com/ story/ 29050), Vive la
Révolution!: Revolution is an Indelible Phenomenon Throughout History by Qasim
Hussaini
• HANNAH ARENDT, On Revolution, USA 1963.
• John Kekes, City-Journal.org Why Robespierre Chose Terror. The lessons of the firs
totalitarian revolution (http:/ / www. city-journal. org/ html/ 16_2_urbanities-
robespierre. html), City Journal, Spring 2006.
• Ernest Mandel, "The Marxist Case for Revolution Today", 1989 (http:/ / www.
marxists. org/ archive/ mandel/1989/ xx/ rev-today. htm)
• The Failure of a Revolution France, Germany and The Netherlands in 1848: A
Comparative Analysis. Willem Cleven, MA Comparative History Utrecht University
Spring 2008
• Wooldridge, Ian. "Ian Wooldridge – Animal Farm". Archived from the original on 27
June 2008. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
• Lenin Collected Works, Volume 31, April–December 1920. PROGRESS
PUBLISHERS, MOSCOW.