4. • IMPORTANCE
• CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS
AND RAILWAY STRUCTURES
• ROAD AND RAILWAY
PATTERNS
• PLANNING SURVEYS
• ALIGNMENT AND SURVEYS
3CE-2 HIGHWAY & RAILROAD ENGINEERING 2023
5. 3CE-2 HIGHWAY & RAILROAD ENGINEERING 2023
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
After completing the module, the student should be
able to:
• To determine the different types of highway and
railroad planning and its important.
• To determine the classification of roads and
railways.
• To determine road and railway patterns and its
uses.
• Relate and review the topics in Engineering Surveys.
6. 3CE-2 HIGHWAY & RAILROAD ENGINEERING 2023
OBJECTIVES:
To gain knowledge on how to plan a safety and
increase efficiency of roads that will benefit of
everyone. Also, to educate us as a civil engineering
student , that planning helps us to gain control
over things. And decrease unnecessary pressure
from the organiser, and reduces the chance of
mistakes. Along with it improves creativity as well
as developing of a highway network or a good
system in our country.
7. INTRODUCTION
Highway engineering is an
engineering discipline branching
from Civil Engineering that involves
the planning, design, construction,
operation, and maintenance of
roads, bridges, and tunnels to
ensure safe and effective
transportation of people and
goods.
3CE-2 HIGHWAY & RAILROAD ENGINEERING 2023
9. 3CE-2 HIGHWAY & RAILROAD ENGINEERING 2023
(a) To plan a highway network for safe, efficient and fast movement of
people and goods
(b)To phase road development programs from considerations of
utility and importance as also of financial resource, and
(c) To evolve a financing system compatible with the cost and benefits.
IMPORTANCE
The objectives of
highway
planning are:
10. 3CE-2 HIGHWAY & RAILROAD ENGINEERING 2023
The importance of highway planning are briefly given below:
• To plan a road network for efficient and safe traffic operation, but a
minimum coast.
• To arrive at the road system and the lengths of different categories of
road which could provide maximum utility and could be constructed
within the available resource during the plan period under
construction.
• To fix up date wise priorities for development of each road link based
on utility as the main criterion for phasing the road development
program.
• To plan for future requirements and improvement of roads in view of
anticipated developments.
• To work out financing system.
12. Classification based
on the following:
1. Traffic Volume
2. Ownership
3. Level of Service
4. Material Used
5. Rigidity
6. Topography
7. Speed and Accessibility
3CE-2 HIGHWAY & RAILROAD ENGINEERING 2023
14. Public roads are those that
are owned and maintained
by the government on a
local or national level.
Private roads are those that
are owned and maintained
by certain people,
businesses, or corporations
as opposed to being publicly
accessible and owned by the
government.
3CE-2 HIGHWAY & RAILROAD ENGINEERING 2023
According
to
Ownership
15. Urban roads are
classified based on their
function and location:
1. Expressways
2. Arterial streets
3. Sub-arterial streets
4. Collector
5. Local streets
3CE-2 HIGHWAY & RAILROAD ENGINEERING 2023
According
to
Level of Service
18. According
To
Rigidity
3CE-2 HIGHWAY & RAILROAD ENGINEERING 2023
Flexible Road
Surface course, Base course,
Subbase course, and Subgrade
course make up its four (4) levels.
The pavement can "bend" because
of the layers, which over time
prevents damage and the need for
repairs.
Rigid Road
Only three (3) layers make up a
rigid road; the surface course, base
course, and subgrade course. They
require more repairs over time
since they are thinner than flexible
pavements.
22. ROAD PATTERNS
Road patterns are of great use in urban
highway planning. The choice of a road
pattern depends upon the extent of
land use or the distribution of
residential, industrial and business
areas in a city, the nature of the terrain,
and the planner’s preferences.
3CE-2 HIGHWAY & RAILROAD ENGINEERING 2023
25. RADIAL PATTERN
• Star & Block Pattern
• Star & Circular
Pattern
• Star & Grid Pattern
3CE-2 HIGHWAY & RAILROAD ENGINEERING 2023
26. Star & Block Pattern
• The area is divided
into a radial
network with block
pattern in between
3CE-2 HIGHWAY & RAILROAD ENGINEERING 2023
27. Arc de Triomphe
Paris France
3CE-2 HIGHWAY & RAILROAD ENGINEERING 2023
ARC DE TRIOMPHE PARIS FRANCE
28. Star & Circular
Pattern
• Radial roads,
radiate outward
from the center
and are joined by
the ring roads, or
concentric roads
3CE-2 HIGHWAY & RAILROAD ENGINEERING 2023
29. 3CE-2 HIGHWAY & RAILROAD ENGINEERING 2023
SUN CITY, ARIZONA, USA
30. Star & Grid Pattern
• From the center, a
radial network of
roads radiates
outward
• The grid pattern is
then used to
interconnect the
main radial streets
3CE-2 HIGHWAY & RAILROAD ENGINEERING 2023
31. 3CE-2 HIGHWAY & RAILROAD ENGINEERING 2023
PLAZA DEL EJECUTIVO, MEXICO CITY
32. MINIMUM TRAVEL
PATTERN
• The town is served by
sector centers, suburban
facilities, and
neighborhood centers in
this road plan.
• Sector centers can be
reached in the shortest
amount of time.
3CE-2 HIGHWAY & RAILROAD ENGINEERING 2023
33. HEXAGONAL
PATTERN
• Three roads meet the
built-up area boundary
at every corner of the
hexagon.
• The areas can be further
divided into suitable
sizes.
3CE-2 HIGHWAY & RAILROAD ENGINEERING 2023
34. 3CE-2 HIGHWAY & RAILROAD ENGINEERING 2023
Hexagonal Town
Avola Sicily, Italy
The Hexagon, Queenstown,
South Africa
37. 3CE-2 HIGHWAY & RAILROAD ENGINEERING 2023
Highway planning is the strategic process
of evaluating road needs, utilizing
economic/usage, and financial studies to
formulate a comprehensive master plan that
optimally serves an area's transportation
requirements and growth aspirations.
55. 3CE-2 HIGHWAY & RAILROAD ENGINEERING 2023
SESE RULE:
S – SHORT
E – EASY
S – SAFE
E - ECONOMICAL
PRECAUTIONS TO
TAKE WHILE SELECTING
ROAD ALIGNMENT
56. A two-lane highway (3.6m lanes) with a design
speed of 100 kph has a 200m radius horizontal
curve connecting tangents with bearing of
N48°E and S27°E. Determine the elements of
the curve and the stations of the TS, SC, CS and
ST, given the temporary station of P.I. is
15+000m. The length of the spiral should be
rounded up to the highest 10 m interval. Layout
the curve using 20m intervals. Let length of
spiral equal to be 240 m. (deflection angle = 180-
48-27=105) (Scale 1: 4000m or 1 cm = 40 units)
3CE-2 HIGHWAY & RAILROAD ENGINEERING 2023
SAMPLE PROBLEM
