Judging the Relevance and worth of ideas part 2.pptx
Basinal distribution of Pakistan and Evolution
1. Presentation Topic:
Sedimentary Basins and their Evolution
Presented To:
Prof. Dr. Naveed Ahsan
Presented By:
M. Qasim Javed
4th Prof.
Roll # 14
Section: Structural/Petroleum Geology
Institute of Geology University of the Punjab 1
2. What is a Basin?
A large, bowl-shaped depression in the surface of the land or ocean
floor.
A low lying area in earth’s crust in which sediments have
accumulated.
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3. Types of Basin
Rift basin: The down-dropped basin formed during
rifting because of stretching and thinning of the
continental crust. (e.g., East Africa Rift)
Types of Basin
• Passive margin basin: Subsidence along a passive margin, mostly due to long-
term accumulation of sediments on the continental shelf. (e.g., East coast of North
America)
Types of Basin
• Trench (accretionary wedge): Downward flexure of the subducting and non-
subducting plates (sites of accretionary wedges).
Types of Basin
• Foreland basin: A depression caused by the weight of a large mountain range pushing the
adjacent crust below sea level. (e.g., The sediment filled plain south of the Himalayas )
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4. Basinal Distribution of Pakistan
Pakistan is comprised of two main sedimentary basins.
1. Indus Basin
2. Baluchistan Basin
These two basins were formed during Cretaceous-Paleocene along
Chaman/Ornachnal Strike slip faults.
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5. There is an other newly discovered basin known as
Kakar Khorasan Basin (Pishin Basin).
Figure1: Sedimentary Basins of Pakistan (after Abul Farah at al, 1984)
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6. Indus Basin
Indus Basin is further divided into two main parts:
2. Lower Indus Basin
a) Central Indus Basin
b) Southern Indus Basin
1. Upper Indus Basin
a) Potwar sub-basin
b) Kohat sub-basin
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7. Two modern recognized basins are;
a) Peshawar Basin
b) Campbellpur Basin
• Upper Indus Basin is located in Northern Pakistan and is separated from
Lower Indus Basin by Sargodha High and Pezu uplift shown in figure 1.
• Northern and eastern boundaries coincide with MBT that runs through
Margalla Hills, Kala Chitta Range and Kohat Ranges.
Upper Indus Basin
Kohat-Potwar Basin
The Kohat-Potwar Basin also called Upper Indus Basin is situated in northern
Pakistan and located between lat. 32° and 34° N and, long. 70° and 74° E.
Fig 2.Location of Kohat-Potwar plateau, Pakistan (C.J.Wandrey et al, 2004)
Sedimentation in the Kohat-Potwar area began in the Precambrian and lasted until
the Pleistocene.
Three major unconformities in the area are Ordovician to Carboniferous , Mesozoic
to late Permian and K/T Boundary.
Salt Range Formation which is overlain metamorphic rocks reported as the oldest
sedimentary rocks in the Kohat-Potwar Basin
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8. Lower Indus Basin
Lower Indus Basin is sub-divided into
Central Indus Basin
Southern Indus Basin
Central Indus Basin:
a. Punjab Platform
b. Sulaiman Depression (Zindapir Anticline and Mari Bugti Hills)
c. Sulaiman Fold Belt
Southern Indus Basin:
a. Thar Platform (Sindh Monocline)
b. Karachi Trough
c. Kirthar Foredeep and Fold Belt
Lower Indus Basin
Central Indus Basin
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9. Jacobabad and Mari Kandh-Kot High separates the Central Indus
Basin from the Southern Indus Basin also termed as Sukkur (Rift raza
et al, 1989).
Figure3: Jacobabad High dividing Southern and Central Indus Basin
Indus Basin
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10. Punjab Platform
Marks eastern segment of Central Indus Basin with no surface outcrop.
Tectonically, it is a broad monocline dipping towards Suleman
Depression
Figure 4:Tectonic elements of the Central Indus Basin (modified after Raza et al. 1989)
Suleman Depression
It is longitudinally oriented area of subsidence that becomes arcuate at the southern rim.
• The western part includes Zindapur Inner Folded Zone
• Mari Bugti Inner Folded Zone lies in south
• East merges into Punjab Platform
• Seismic evidence shows that the area has some buried anticlines i.e. Ramak
FIGURE 4 Formation of anticlines with buried subsurface basement faults: (A) Listric normal fault in the basement with undisrupted
sedimentary cover. Reactivation of the fault in (A) as a low angle fault in (B) and a high angle fault in (C) (Numan and Al-
Azzawi, 1993).
Central Indus Basin
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11. Suleman Fold Belt
A major tectonic feature in proximity of Collision zone with large number of disturbed
anticlines
• Decollement zone is present that is provided by shale
• Oldest unit is Wulgai Formation of Triassic age
• Lithostratigraphic variations observed in Paleocene/Eocene Period in Suleman Fold
Belt from north to south and from east to west
Central Indus Basin
Southern Indus Basin
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12. Southern Indus Basin
Bounded by Indian Shield in east and marginal zone of Indian Plate
in west.
Triassic is oldest unit observed in Jhat Pat and Nabisar wells.
Khairpur-Jacobabd High separates Central and Southern Indus
Basin
Paleocene facies are different on both northern and southern side
of high.
Thar Platform
• Gently sloping monocline analogous to Punjab Platform
• Differs from Punjab Platform in that it depicts the structures formed due to extension
resulted from clock-wise rotation of Indian Plate
• Eastern side is bounded by Indian Shield
• In west, this merges into Kirther and Karachi Trough
And
Northern margin is bonded by Mari-Bugti Inner Folded Zone
Southern Indus Basin Karachi Trough
Southern Indus Basin
• It is an embayment opening into Arabian Sea
• Trough is marked by thick early Cretaceous indicating last stage of marine
sedimentation
• Early, middle and late Cretaceous rocks are well exposed in that area
• Interesting features is continued deposition along K/T Boundary wherein
Karora Shales were deposited and the basal part represents the Danian
sediments.
Kirthar Fold Belt
Southern Indus Basin
• It is north-south trending tectonic feature quite similar to Sulaiman fold belt in
structural style and stratigraphic equivalence.
• Marks the closing of Oligocene-Miocene seas
• Western part is adjoining the Baluchistan basin that marks the western margin
of Indus Basin
• Western margin is associated with hydrothermal activities
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13. Table: Generalized Stratigraphic Column of the Northern Kirthar Range.
Figure: Structural Setting of Southern Indus Basin (nodified after Quadri & Shoaib)
Southern Indus Basin
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14. Offshore Indus Basin
The Indus Offshore exhibit two play types i.e. Miocene & Pliocene are deltaic
sequence having source, reservoir and seal and Eocene / Oligocene
carbonate buildup/ platform remnant with Paleocene shales below (source)
and Eocene Oligocene shales above(seal).
Table: Generalized Stratigraphy of Southern Indus Basin
Table: Generalized Stratigraphy of
Central Indus Basin
Baluchistan Basin
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15. Baluchistan Basin
This onshore—0ffshore basin, covers an area of about 300,000
sq. km, is the least explored in Pakistan.
In the east it is separated by Chaman Transform Zone whereas
the western part extends into Iran.
From south to north this arc-trench system is divided into Makran Trench, Coastal Makran
Depression, Makran (Panjgur) Accretionary Prism,Harnun-i-Mashkel (Kharan) Fore-Arc
Basin, Ras Koh Arc, Mirjawa—Dalbandin Trough (Inter Arc region) and Chagai Arc .
Figure: Baluchistan Basin ( After Farah et al, 1984) 15
17. References
Quadri, V. U. N., & Shuaib, S. M. (1986). Hydrocarbon prospects of southern
Indus basin, Pakistan. AAPG bulletin, 70(6), 730-747.
Khalid, P., Qayyum, F., & Yasin, Q. (2014). Data-driven sequence stratigraphy
of the Cretaceous depositional system, Punjab Platform, Pakistan. Surveys in
Geophysics, 35(4), 1065-1088.
Kadri, I. B. (1995). Petroleum geology of Pakistan. Pakistan Petroleum Limited.
Raza, H. A., Ahmed, R., & Ali, S. M. (1991). A New Concept Related to
Structural and Tectonic Behaviour of Balochistan Basin? Pakistan and Its
Implication on Hydrocarbon Prospects. Pakistan Journal of Hydrocarbon
Research, 3(1), 1-17.
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