2. oPineapple, Ananas comosus, family Bromeliaceae,
locally called ‘pina’ or ‘pinya’, is extensively cultivated
in the Philippines with Northern Mindanao,
SOCCKSARGEN, Bicol and CALABARZON as the
major producing regions. Pineapple is grown in small
to large landholdings.
oIt is mainly grown for its fruits, either fresh or in
processed forms. Pineapples may be cultivated from a
crown cutting of the fruit, possibly flowering in 20-24
months and fruiting in the following six months.
3. NUTRITIVE COMPONENTS
Fat <0.2g
protein 0.52g
Total sugars 12.78g
Vitamin C 33.18mg
Carbohydrate 13.20g
Energy Kcal/ 100g 61.25kcal
potassium 115.33mg
thiamin 0.08mg
riboflavin 0.02mg
6. SOIL PREPARATION AND
PLANTING
• Soil preparation and planting. In small-scale operations,
planting time is between March and August. Plant slips
and suckers 8 to 10 cm deep, 25 or 30 cm in row and 80 to
100 cm between rows. These spacing give population
density of 33,000 to 50,000 plants per hectare. Planting in
doublerows also gives the population per hectare. This
method requires distance of 25 to 30 cm in a row, 50 cm
within a double row and 100 cm between double rows.
This will result in about 44,000 to 53,000 plants per
hectare .
9. INTERCROPPING
In small scale plantings, pineapple is usually planted or
intercropped under coconut or papaya, coffee and even
bananas. Returns from intercropping can be greatly
increased by supplying the fertilizer requirements of all
crops.
13. DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF
PINEAPPLE
• Several varieties of pineapple are available in the
Philippines. One is the Smooth Cayenne or
Hawaiian, which is the heaviest, most popular, and
best for canning. The Queen or African Queen or
Formosa is the sweetest. The Native Philippine Red
or Red Spanish is cone-shaped and considered of
medium quality. It is also grown for its fiber.
14. Smooth Cayenne or Hawaiian
- Its production cycle is one of
the longest among the cultivars
- Low production of suckers to
stem shoots
- Prone to plagues and diseases
- High sugar content,13 to 19
°Bx
- Good tolerance to fruit
collapse
- Pale yellow pulp color
- Clear yellow color juice with
high sugar content
15. QUEEN OR AFRICAN QUEEN OR
FORMOSA
Intended for the freshmarket.
- Average weight 0.5 to1 kg.
- Pulp coloris gold yellow
- High sugarcontent,14 to 18 °Bx
- High tolerance to stress,plagues
and pathogens,Better than Cayena
lisa
- Highly susceptible to cold and
internal darkening.
-- Usually harvested prior to
maturation
16. NATIVE PHILIPPINE RED OR RED
SPANISH
Cultivated widely in the Caribbean
- Average weight of 1.2 to 2 kg.
Medium sugar
content, 12°Bx, with low acidity
- High ability to produce suckers
and stem shoots
- High tolerance to elevated
temperatures and droughts.
- Develops internal darkening and
breakdown
- Sensitive to nematodes and high
Manganese
content in the field.
17. PINEAPPLE CULTIVARS
• Among the cultivars of pineapple commonly
grown in the country Smooth Cayene (Hawaiian) is
the most favored for canning and fresh fruit
consumption. It matures in 18 months and yields
25,000 fruits per hectare.
18. Pineapple: Health Benefits, Risks &
Nutrition Facts :
Pineapples are tropical fruit that are rich in
vitamins, enzymes and antioxidents. They may
help boost the immune system, build strong
bones and aid indigestion. Also, despite their
sweetness, pineapples are low in calories.
19. HEALTH BENEFITS
Immune system support
• Pineapple contains all of the recommended daily value of
vitamin C, according to the FDA. Vitamin C is a primary
water-soluble antioxidant that fights cell damage,
according to the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State
University. This makes vitamin C a helpful fighter against
problems such as heart disease and joint pain.
20. Bone strength
• Pineapple may help you keep standing tall and strong.
The fruit contains nearly 75 percent of the daily-
recommended value of the mineral manganese, which
is essential in developing strong bones and connective
tissue, according to the Linus Pauling Institute.
21. Digestion
• Like many other fruits and vegetables, pineapple contains
dietary fiber, which is essential in keeping you regular and in
keeping your intestines healthy, according to the Mayo
Clinic. But unlike many other fruits and veggies, pineapple
contains significant amounts of bromelain, an enzyme that
breaks down protein, possibly helping digestion, according
to the American Cancer Society.
22. Blood clot reduction
Flores noted that because of their bromelain levels,
pineapples can help reduce excessive coagulation of the
blood. This makes pineapple a good snack for frequent
fliers and others at risk for blood clots.
Common cold and sinus inflammation
In addition to having lots of vitamin C,
pineapple’s bromelain may help reduce mucus in
the throat and nose, according to the University of
Maryland Medical Center.
23. HEALTH RISKS
• “Because pineapple is a great meat tenderizer, eating
too much can result in tenderness of the mouth,
including the lips, tongue and cheeks,” Flores said.
• “Because of the high amount of vitamin C that
pineapples contain, consuming large quantities may
induce diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain or
heart burn,” she said.
24. • Additionally, extremely high amounts of bromelain can
cause skin rashes, vomiting, diarrhea, and excessive
menstrual bleeding, according to the University of
Maryland Medical Center.
• Bromelain can also interact with some medications.
Those taking antibiotics, anticoagulants, blood thinners,
anticonvulsants, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, insomnia
drugs and tricyclic antidepressants should be careful not
to eat too much pineapple.
26. SOILAND CLIMATIC
REQUIREMENTS OF PINEAPPLE
Soil
• Pineapple is grown on various types of soils including
very poor soils. The flavor and quality of fruit grown
on light soils is considered to be superior. However the
sandy and loamy soils rich in humus and the laterite
soils on the hillslopes in South India are suitable for its
cultivation. The plant is particularly sensitive to soil
being waterlogged. Therefore care should be taken to
ensure proper drainage.
27. Pineapple grows in warm and humid climate. The
optimum temperature is from 15° to 32°C for normal
growth. High temperature over 35 C is unfavorable
for the development of fruits, especially if the relative
humidity is low. Exposure of the fruits to strong
sunshine leads to sun scalding. It can be grown up to
an elevation of 1,100 m above the sea level, if these
places are free from frost, have a relatively high
atmospheric humidity and an average rainfall of 760-
1,000 mm.
28. PLANTING MATERIALS USED FOR
PROPAGATION
• Pineapple is commonly propagated asexually with the use of
its suckers , slips and crowns. Suckers are those that develop
at the base and axil of the leaves while slips and crowns are
those that develop at the base or above the ground part and
on top of the fruit.
• Planting materials should be obtained six to eight weeks after
harvesting. Choose planting materials similar in size and
type to drained uniform flowering and fruiting. The crown
will bear in 22 to 24 months; slips in 18 to 20 months; and
suckers in 16 to 18 months.
29. LAND PREPARATION
• The soil is brought to a fine tilth by 2-3 ploughing
and harrowing. In hilly and dry regions, planting is
done in trenches dug 90cm wide, 15-22cm deep
and 90cm apart. In coastal regions trenches 90cm
wide, 45cm deep and 90cm apart are dug. The
trenches are then filled with a mixture of soil and
FYM.
30. WEED CONTROL
• Hand weeding can be adopted in between plants
and spade weeding in interspaces. Weeds in
interspaces can be controlled by intercropping with
ginger, coleus, brinjal, bhendi etc. It can also be
controlled by sowing green manure crops like sunn
hemp or daincha which can be used as green
manure for pineapple by 2-3 months.
31. PLANT PROTECTION
Sun burn
• During summer months it is necessary to protect
the fruits from scorching sun by putting dried
grasses, coconut leaves.
32. Insect pest and diseases their control by
using their natural enemies
33. MEALY BUG
Natural enemies : Redheaded lady beetle/mealy bug
destroyer.
Biological Control : Beauveria bassiana
41. HARVESTING
• When to pick a pineapple?
Basically, when the pineapple is mature, the individual
“fruitlets” flatten and the peel begins to change color from
green to yellow, starting at the bottom and moving to the top
of the fruit.
There are two other things to consider before harvesting
pineapple. Smell is a good indicator of ripeness. It should
emit a distinct sweet and tangy aroma. Also, tap the fruit. If it
sounds hollow, allow the fruit to remain on the plant to ripen
further. If it sounds solid, it’s likely pineapple harvest time.
42. How to Harvest a Pineapple Plant
To harvest the pineapple, simply cut it from the
plant with a sharp kitchen knife where the
pineapple joins the stalk. Then either leave it to
further ripen at room temp if need be, refrigerate
the fruit if completely ripe or, ideally, devour
immediately!
43. POST HARVEST
Transportation
Export logistics for pineapple
The harvested fruit is deposited in drawers and
transported to the packing plant, where it is submerged
in disinfectant in trays. this process is used especially to
export to United States and Europe. The boxes used in
the packing are revised to detect the presence of insects.
The fruit is placed in boxes of 10 - 20 kg and, finally,
put in pallets. The pallets, properly maintained in
refrigeration chambers are loaded in the refrigerated
containers.
44. • Each container has a capacity of 1500 boxes of 20
kg and/or 3000 approximately boxes of 10 kg. Is
important to offer and use an appropiate packing for
the pineapple, for the cultivation and preparation of
the fruit, because just with a safe and functional
protection it can keep the quality of the product until
arrival to the final market.
45. The product should be kept at temperature packing from
7 - 10° C, with a relative humidity of 90%. The
pineapples should be fixed inside the box, in order to
avoid wounds in the shell and/or the crown.
• GRADING
Graders remove any fruit that shows signs of fresh
mechanical damage or any of the conditions that qualify
the fruit for rejection in the pregrading stage. Remaining
pineapples are classified for packing based on size, stage
of ripeness, and, if applicable, shape. Fruits of different
shape may not be mixed in the same carton.
46. PACKING
• The preferred method of packing is to place the fruit
vertically on the base, and then to place dividers
between the fruits to prevent rubbing and movement.
Packaging:A full-telescopic two-piece fiberboard carton
with internal dividers between the fruit; bursting
strength 275 lb/in2. Top and bottom ventilation, in
addition to side vents are required, particularly where
sea-shipments in break bulk are used. Where staples are
used in carton construction, care should be taken to
ensure complete staples closure to prevent fruit damage.
47. Cooling system
• Pineapples are placed in an insulated room equipped
with refrigeration units and forced aircooling where
fans pull cool air through pineapple packages. After
storage the pineapple pallets are placed in refrigerated
containers with fresh air supply or controlled
atmosphere.
48. Storage of fruits and vegetables
Chilling damage arises in the varieties "Queen" and
"Smooth Cayenne" when they are stored for 14 days at
temperatures of < 7°C. The cargo and holds/containers must
be cooled before loading starts, to ensure that the cold chain
is unbroken and the quality of the fruit is not reduced.
Pineapples require particular temperature,
humidity/moisture and ventilation conditions.
Recommended ventilation conditions: air exchange rate 40 -
60 times per hour with constant supply of fresh air, so as
constantly to remove the ripening gases arising and to keep
the CO2 content of the hold air low.
49. • Marketing and physical distribution of fresh produce
inherently means moving the produce. The commodities
are handled, either manually or mechanically, many
times from harvest and through the distribution process
before the consumer buys and prepares them to eat.
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
