This document provides an overview of microprocessors and their applications. It consists of 5 units: (1) introduction to microcomputers and microprocessor architecture, (2) assembly language programming, (3) counters and timers, (4) conversions between numeric representations, and (5) interrupts and I/O interfaces. It also defines common hardware and software terms like bits, bytes, memory, and computer languages from machine code to fifth-generation languages. Translators like assemblers, compilers, and interpreters are discussed which convert programs to machine-executable code.
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Microprocessor and Its Applications
1. STAFF NAME: B.RAMA PRABHA,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE,
K.C.S.KASI NADAR COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCE
MICROPROCESSOR AND ITS
APPLICATION
SUBJECT CODE:SAZ3B
2. Unit 1:
Introduction to microcomputers-microprocessor and assembly languages-
microprocessor architecture and its operations-8085 MPU-8085 instruction set and
classifications
Unit 2:
Writing assembly level programs-programming techniques such as
looping-counting and indexing addressing modes-data transfer instructions-
arithmetic and log ic operations-dynamic debugging
Unit 3:
Counters and time delays-hexadecimal counter modulo 10 counter-pulse
timings for flashing lights-debugging counter and time delay program-stack-
subroutine-conditional call and return instructions
SYALLABUS
3. Unit 4:
BCD to binary and binary to BCD conversions-BCD to HEX and HEX to
BCD conversions-ASCII to BCD to ASCII conversions-BCD to seven segment LED
code conversions-binary to ASCII and ASCII to binary conversions-multi byte
addition-multi byte subtraction-BCD addition-BCD subtraction-multiplication and
division
Unit 5:
Interrupt-implementing interrupts-multiple interrupt 8085-trap-problems on
implementing 8085 interrupt-DMA memory interfaces-RAM & ROM –I/O interface-
direct I/O memory mapped I/O.
SYLLABUS(contd…)
4. SOFTWARE:
A Software is a set of programs, which is designed to
perform a well-defined function.
A program is a sequence of instructions written to solve a
particular problem.
BASIC TERMS USED IN MICROPROCESSOR
5. Hardware represents the physical
and tangible components of a
computer, i.e. the components that
can be seen and touched.
Examples of Hardware are the
following −
Input devices − keyboard, mouse,
etc.
Output devices − printer, monitor,
etc.
Secondary storage devices − Hard
disk, CD, DVD, etc.
Internal components − CPU,
motherboard, RAM, etc.
HARDWARE
6. DATA
BIT :
A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a
computer. A bit has a Single binary value, either 0 or 1.
NIBBLE :
A group of 4 bits is called nibble. (Eg:1011)
BYTE :
A group of 8 bits is called byte. A byte is the smallest unit,
which can represent a data item or a character. (Eg:10111100)
7. DATA
WORD :
A computer word, like a byte, is a group of fixed number of
bits processed as a unit, which varies from computer to computer but
is fixed for each computer.
WORD SIZE:
The length of a computer word is called word-size or word
length. It may be as small as 8 bits or may be as long as 96 bits. A
computer stores the information in the form of computer words.
8. MEMORY
A memory is just like a human brain.
It is used to store data and instructions.
Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data is to
be processed and instructions required for processing are stored.
The memory is divided into large number of small parts called cells.
Each location or cell has a unique address, which varies from zero to
memory size minus one.
11. Machine Language is a
low-level language and it is
coming under 1st generation
languages.
• Machine language uses
only the symbols ‘0’ and
‘1’.
• Machine language is a
Low-level language.
• This is the only language
computer can understand
directly.
MACHINE LANGUAGE
12. Assembly language is also a
low-level language and it is
coming under 2nd generation
Languages.
-Assembly language
uses Mnemonic codes in place
of 0s and 1s.
-Mnemonic is an abbreviation
of a binary instruction.
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
13. Third generation languages also called as High-level languages.
• Programs are written in English like manner.
• As this language is close to English programmers finds it easy to
learn and use.
• A language translator is required to convert high-level language
programs.
• Examples: C, C++, Java, BASIC, Pascal, FORTRAN, etc.
HIGHLEVEL LANGUAGES
14. 4GL are called as very high level languages.
• They have user-friendly interfaces.
• They are easier than high-level languages.
• They are very close to English language structure.
• Examples: APL, CSP, Power Builder, Access.
VERY HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES
15. • 5GL closely resemble to human speech.
• 5GL designed to make the computer solve a problem without a
program written by programmer.
• Fifth Generation languages are used in Artificial Intelligence research.
Examples: LISP (List processing), PROLOG
5TH GENERATION LANGUAGES
16. Since computer only understands binary codes, 0 and 1, all
programs written in any other language need to be translated to
machine language before execution. There are three types of
translator programs.
THEY ARE:
Assembler
Compiler.
Interpreter.
TRANSLATOR
17. ASSEMBLER:
Assembler is a system software which translates assembly
language to machine language.
INTERPRETER:
Interpreter is a system software which translates high-level
languages to machine language. Interpreter translates and executes the
programs line-by-line.
COMPILER:
Compiler is a system software which translates high level
language programs to machine language. Compiler translates the whole
program first and then start executing the program.
18. Bus is a group of conducting wires which carries
information, all the peripherals are connected to
microprocessor through Bus.
BUS
19. • Every microprocessor has a certain set of instructions
that it is capable of executing.
• This group of instructions is referred to as its instruction
set.
• Each type of microprocessor will have its own
instruction set it can interpret and executive.
Instruction Set