Course content for BAME Forth year first semester students.

1. CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
AM 703
Lectures : 3 Year: IV
Tutorial : 1 Part: I
Practical : 1.5
Course objective
To be familiar with the types, repair and maintenance and management of construction
equipment.
Course outline
1. Introduction to construction equipment (9 hours)
1.1 Classification of construction equipment based on: applications, truck type, crawl and
wheel type
1.2 Application of construction equipment
1.3 Terminologies used in construction equipment
1.4 Construction equipment: introduction, construction, types, applications and general
specifications of dozer, loader, excavator, grader, road roller, asphalt paving
equipment, crane
1.5 Farm tractor: layout, different types of implements, accessories and attachments,
tractor trolley
1.6 Special purpose vehicles: forklift, fire brigade, dumper, tripper, truck
2. Chassis components (9 hours)
2.1. Transmission system: clutches, mechanical transmission, hydraulic assist transmission,
power shift transmission, hydrostatic drive, torque converters, differential, final drive,
power take-offs, special drives
2.2. Undercarriage: track chain, idler, sprocket, track rollers, tyres
2.3. Implements and tools: blades, rippers, bucket
3. Hydraulic system (6 hours)
3.1. Basic principle of hydraulics
3.2. Elements of hydraulic system: hydraulic power pack, control valve and actuators
3.3. Types of hydraulic system: open center system, closed center system
3.4. Hydraulic oil: functions, storage, types, properties, specifications and requirements
3.5. Pumps: types and working principle
3.6. Valves: types and working principle
3.7. Actuators: purpose, types and working principle
3.8. Auxiliaries: accumulator, filter, reservoir, oil cooler, hose pipe, tubes and couplers, seals
and fluids

2. 4. Pneumatic system (3 hours)
4.1. Basic principle of pneumatics
4.2. Compressed air: functions, properties and preparation
4.3. Elements of pneumatic system: compressor, control valve and actuators
4.4. Compressor: types and working principle
4.5. Valves: types and working principle
4.6. Actuators: purpose, types and working principle
4.7. Auxiliaries: accumulator, filter, lubricator, air cooler, receiver, pipe
5. Hydraulic and pneumaticcircuit (6 hours)
5.1. Pneumatic circuits: basic pneumatic circuit, impulse operation, speed control,
pneumatic motor circuit, sequencing of motion, time delay circuits and their
applications
5.2. Hydraulic circuit: basic hydraulic circuit, impulse operation, speed control, hydraulic
motor circuit, sequencing of motion, time delay circuits and their applications
5.3. Maintenance and troubleshooting of hydraulic & pneumatic system
6. Electronic components (3 hours)
6.1. Functions and symbols of pressure sensor, pressure switch, proportional solenoid,
pump and valve controller, engine controller
7. Management of construction equipment (9 hours)
7.1 Safety inspections
7.2 Care and precautions
7.3 Equipment policy
7.3.1 Equipment acquisition: methods purchase, leasing, hiring
7.3.2 Comparison between leasing and purchasing
7.3.3 Estimation of owning and operating cost and hiring cost
7.3.4 Analysis of equipment utilization and price variance
7.4 Equipment procurement 7.4.1 Marketing aspects of construction equipment
(availability, dealers)
7.4.2 Procurements methods and practices
7.4.3 Commissioning of equipment
Practical:
1. Demonstration of hydraulic system
2. Demonstration of pneumatic system
3. Familiarization with hydraulic assisted transmission system
4. Assignments on procurement of construction equipment
5. Repair and maintenance of construction equipment
References:
1. Technical book, “Construction Machinery Training”, Instate, Imlambad

3. 1. Introduction to construction equipment (9 hours)
1.1 Classification of construction equipment based on: applications, truck type, crawl and
wheel type
Construction equipment refers to heavy-duty vehicles, specially designed for executing
construction tasks, most frequently ones involving earthwork operations. They are also
known as heavy machines, heavy trucks, construction equipment, engineering equipment,
heavy vehicles, or heavy hydraulics.
They usually comprise five equipment systems: implement, traction, structure, power
train, control, and information. Heavy equipment functions through the mechanical advantage
of a simple machine, the ratio between the input force applied and force exerted is multiplied.
Some equipment uses hydraulic drives as aprimary source of motion. Construction equipment
can be broadly classified according to application (use) and type.
1. Earthwork equipments:
 Earth cutting and moving equipment: Bulldozers, Scrapers, Front-end loaders, Motor
graders.
 Excavation and lifting equipment: Backhoes, Power shovels, Draglines, Clamshells.
 Loading equipment: Loaders, shovels, Excavators.
 Transportation Equipment: Tippers, Dump trucks, Scrapers, Conveyors.
 Compacting Equipment: Tamping foot rollers, smooth wheel rollers, Pneumatic rollers,
Vibratory rollers, plate compactors.
2. Concreting Plant and Equipments:
 Production Equipment : Batching plants, concrete mixers.
 Transportation equipment : Truck mixers, Concrete dumpers.
 Placing equipment : Concrete pumps, Conveyors, Hoists, Grouting equipment.
 Concrete Vibrating equipment: Needle vibrators, Plate compactors.
3. Material Hoisting Equipments:
 Hoists: Fixed, Mobile, Fork lifts.
 Mobile cranes: Crawler mounted, self propelled rubber tyred, truck mounted.
 Tower cranes: Stationary, Travelling type.
4. Special Purpose heavy construction plant and Equipments:
 Aggregate production equipment: Crushing plants, Rock blasting equipment, Screening
plants.
 Concrete paving equipment: Concrete paver finishers.
 Pile driving equipment: Pile driving hammers.
 Asphalt mix production and Placement equipment: Asphalt plants, Asphalt pavers.

4.  Tunneling equipment: Drill Jumbos, Muck hauling equipment, Rock bolters, Tunnel
boring machines.
5. Support & Utility services Equipment:
 Pumping and Dewatering equipment.
 Pipe laying equipment.
 Generators.
 Welding equipment.
According to theirtype, they are
1. Intermittent type
2. Continuous flow type
3. Mixed type
Intermittent type Construction Equipment:
These types of construction equipment have intermittent cycles of work. They are operated on a
series of work cycles and each cycle completes in itself. Examples of the intermittent type of
equipment are Power shovels, draglines, scrapers, bulldozers, concrete mixers, etc.
Continuous type Construction Equipment:
This type of construction equipment has a continuous flow of work turned out. Examples of
continuous flow type equipment are belt conveyors, pipelines, air compressors, etc.
Mixed type Construction Equipment:
This type of construction equipment has characteristics of both intermittent as well as continuous
type equipment. They are continuously operated over a defined surface area and after the
completion of a particular task the equipment needs to be readjusted to another area to resume
production. Examples of mixed-type construction equipment are motor graders, bulldozers,
scrapers, etc.
Constructionequipmentcanbecategorizedinto4mainsectionsbasedonpurposeand use;they
are:
1. Earth Moving equipment
2. Construction vehicle
3. Material Handling Equipment
4. Construction Equipment
Earth Moving equipment
Heavy equipment is essentialfor construction jobs of almost any size,from home building to large-
scale commercial and civil projects. Earth-moving equipment covers a broad range of machines
that can excavate and grade soil and rock, along with other jobs.
Earthmovers and other heavy equipment help to speed not only earthwork but also materials
handling, demolition, and construction. Many types of heavy construction equipment are
designed for multiple functions, making them indispensable on job sites.
Excavators Graders

5. Loaders Skid loader
Crawler loaders Backhoe
Bulldozers Trenchers
Scrapers Wheeled loading shovels
Construction vehicles
In general, construction companies are faced with challenges due to the fact that opportunities in
the construction sector are growing. But, straight proportionally to that construction companies
and employees are faced with project complexity.
Yet, in order to beat project complexity, construction companies have uncovered which are the
most popular types of construction vehicles that they are using in order to achieve great
performance. Still one must not forget that great performance leads to success.
(a) Tippers (b) Dumpers
(c) Trailers (d) Tankers
Material handling equipment
The term “material handling equipment” is a pretty broad one. There are plenty of situations
where it’s criticalto move large and often heavy materials in a production environment. Any piece
of equipment that helps with this process could be labeled ‘material handling equipment.
Plenty of items falls under this definition, from tools and storage units to vehicles and major
appliances. Anything that deals with the transportation, storage, and control at any stage of the
processing of materials can be classified as material handling equipment.
Crane
Conveyors
Hoists
ForkLifts
Types of equipment
Concrete Mixture
Compactors
Pavers
Road Rollers
1.2 Application of construction equipment
 1.3 Terminologies used in construction equipment

6.  1.4 Construction equipment: introduction, construction, types, applications and general
specifications of dozer, loader, excavator, grader, road roller, asphalt paving equipment,
crane
 1.5 Farm tractor: layout, different types of implements, accessories and attachments,
tractor trolley
 1.6 Special purpose vehicles: forklift, fire brigade, dumper, tripper, truck
Co mmon Construction Terminologies
The construction industry is complicated, with thousands of terms and jargon that are
tough to grasp for anyone new to the industry.
If you’re just getting involved in construction management, or are trying your hand at your
own home project, it’s helpful to understand some of the basic terms used by the industry.
We’ve put together this handy construction glossary that identifies some of the most
common terms you’re likely to encounter as you get to work on your construction project.
1. Aggregate: A particulate material that is made up of sand or crushed stone. Aggregates
are used in materials such as concrete and are a fundamental part of building foundations.
2. Backfilling: The process of refilling trenches or holes created during excavation,
especially around foundations.
3. Beam: Beams run horizontally along the main walls of a building at ceiling level,
supporting the structure.
4. BIM: BIM (building information modeling) is the process of creating a computer model
of a building that includes all of the details of that structure, from its basic layout to the
smallest measurements.
5. BOQ: The bill of quantities is a contract document that contains a list of materials and
workmanship involved in a construction project. It is necessary for properly pricing a
project.
6. CAD: CAD (computer-aided design) refers to using architecture software to create
detailed models of buildings to speed up the design process, allow for more creativity, and
ensure greater accuracy in measurements.
7. Caulking: A flexible, rubbery type of material that is used to seal gaps in a joint.
8. Ceiling joist: Parallel framing members that support ceiling loads and are themselves
supported by load-bearing walls.
9. Circuit breaker: A switch in the electrical panel that shuts off power to certain parts of
the building.

7. 10. Concrete: A building material created by a hardened mixture of cement, gravel, sand,
and water. It is used for slabs, columns, and other types of structures.
11. Construction management software: This software is designed for construction
managers to help them more efficiently run a construction project; it can include features
to manage accounting and financials, documentation, and team workloads.
12. Dimension: A dimension is used in the planning stage and refers to a measure between
two points.
13. Drywall: A panel made from gypsum plaster that is wrapped in cardboard. It is
commonly used as a fundamental material for framing a building.
14. Ducts: Piping that carries air throughout a structure.
15. Egress: A way of exiting a structure, such as a window or door. Laws require a certain
number of egress windows in certain parts of a home.
16. Field measure: Taking measurements within the structure itself rather than relying on
blueprints.
17. Floor plan: The floor plan refers to the layout of the building. It is a drawing of the
horizontal section that shows how the different spaces relate to each other.
18. Girder: The main horizontal support of a structure that supports smaller beams.
19. HVAC: An abbreviation that stands for heat, ventilation, and air conditioning.
20. I-beam: A beam that has a cross-section that looks like the capital letter I. Girders often
have an I-beam cross-section.
21. Insulation: Material that’s designed to prevent heat from leaving or entering a
building. Insulation material is placed within the walls, ceiling, or floor of a structure.
22. Joist: The location where the surfaces of two components are joined.
23. King stud: A framing member that runs from the bottom to the top of a panel or sheet.
24. Lath: A metal wire on the frame of a building that serves as a base for laying down
stucco or plaster.
25. Load-bearing wall (partition): A partition or load-bearing wall carries the load of the
structure above it. As a result, they cannot be removed without compromising the integrity
of the structure.
26. Mortar: In masonry, mortar is the paste that is used to bind stones, bricks, and other
similar types of units used to construct the walls of a building. Mortar can be made up of a
variety of things, such as asphalt, pitch, or clay.
27. Particle board: A substitute for plywood that is composed of sawdust mixed with resin.
28. Plywood: A panel of wood that is made from multiple layers of veneer, compressed
together.

8. 29. PVC: Short for polyvinyl chloride, this common plastic is used most commonly for water
pipes and sometimes for flooring.
30. Rafter: A series of roof frame pieces that are connected to the supports and hold up
the roofing and sheathing.
31. Reinforced concrete: Concrete that is strengthened by adding steel bars or mesh within
the concrete.
32. Section: This is a drawing or model that shows what it would look like if you sliced
vertically through a building and were able to see its various components or layers,
showcasing exactly how a building is constructed top to bottom.
33. Skirting: Material that covers up the joint between the floor and a wall in the interior
of a building, for aesthetic purposes.
34. Stucco: A material made from aggregates, a binder, and water. It is often used as a
decorative coating on walls and ceilings.
35. Trim: The materials used to provide a clean finish of the building, such as moldings
around window and door openings, or the baseboards in rooms, for example.
36. Veneer: A very thin sheet of wood. It is typically a finer wood that is used as a
decorative cover for lower-quality wood.
37. Warping: A distortion of material, which can be a sign of water damage.
38. Zoning: A government regulation that involves restricting how a property is used. For
example, industrial buildings cannot be constructed in areas zoned solely for residential.
39. Asphalt
Asphalt is a material that is widely used in construction of roads. It is obtained by petroleum
processing and is brown to black in color.
40. Bulldozer
Bulldozer is a heavy driver operated machine used for grading and clearing lands. It is fitted with
dozer blade and is usually mounted on tracks.
41. Crawlers
Crawler is a track on which vehicles are mounted. Crawler helps the vehicle to operate in tough
geographical condition.
42. Conveyor Belt
Conveyor belts are the belts that are used for moving industrial and agricultural products. It
consists of two pulleys with continuous loop of materials that rotates about them.
43. Compactors Machineries
used for reducing the size of the waste materials through compaction is called as compactors.

9. There are different types of compactors like soil compactors, asphalt compactors, plate
compactors, vibratory plate compactors, etc.
44. Dumpers
Dumper is a small vehicle usually diesel powered usually used to carry heavy materials to various
construction sites like roads, buildings, ports etc.
45. Earth Moving Machines
Earth moving machines are those heavy and light machines that are used for various civil
engineering and construction projects. The popular earth moving machines are excavators,
loaders, cranes, bulldozers etc.
46. Excavators
Excavators are multi usage vehicles that are used for excavating, digging, loading of materials
and small demolition. It has a replaceable buckets which can be replaced by auger, grapples,
breakers and are generally mounted on the track.
47. Fork Lift
Fork lift is an industrial vehicle which is mainly applied for lifting and moving materials through
steel forks which is inserted under the loads. Forklift moves the loads which are stored on
pallets.
48. Gantry Cranes
Gantry cranes are heavy machines that are used for moving heavy loads. Gantry cranes can be of
different types like single girder, double girder, double leg, single leg, and cantilever styles for
indoor or outdoor service.
49. Girder
A girder is a horizontal structure that are aligned in such a fashion as to support vertical loads.
50. Hoist
Hoist is a device normally attached with cranes and is used for raising and lowering of heavy or
complex objects. Normally it is attached with cranes.
51. Loaders
Loaders are those machines which are either mounted on wheel or track and use a wide tilting
bucket on the end of movable arms to lift and move materials.
53. Material Handling Machines
Machines used for transporting and storage of materials both within the jobsite and outside, is
called as material handler. The popular examples of material handlers are cranes, trucks,
loaders, dumpers, etc.

10. 54. Scrapers
Scrapers are those mechanical equipments which are used for digging, excavating and hauling of
materials.
55. Scaffolding
A temporary framework which is used to support people and material for the construction of
large structures is called as scaffolding. It is either made up of metal pipes or bamboo. It helps
the workers to gain access to high levels safely.
56. Trenchers
Trenchers are the machines which are responsible for digging trenches. With attachments like
backhoes, saws and reel carriers, trenchers are responsible for landscaping, irrigation, plumbing
and underground utility construction etc.
57. A/C
An abbreviation for air conditioner or air conditioning.
58. A/C Condenser
The outside fan unit of the Air Conditioning system. It removes the heat from the freon gas and
"turns" the gas back into a liquid and pumps the liquid back to the coil in the furnace.
59. Acoustics
The science of sound. In construction, acoustical materials used to keep down noise within a
room or to prevent it from passing through walls.
60. Activity
1. A scheduling term
2. The smallest work unit within a project; the basic building block of a project.
61. ADA
The Americans with Disabilities Act which gives civil rights protection to individuals with
disabilities similar to those provided to individuals on the basis of race, color, sex, national origin,
age, and religion. It guarantees equal opportunity for individuals with disabilities in public
accommodations, employment, transportation, State and local government services, and
telecommunications.
62. Addendum
(Addenda) Written information adding to, clarifying or modifying the bidding documents. An
addendum is generally issued by the owner to the contractor during the bidding process and as
such, addenda are intended to become part of the contract documents when the construction
contract is executed.
63. Agent
One authorized by a client (principal) to act in his/her stead or behalf and owes the client a
"fiduciary duty" (Trust). Example: Construction Manager for fee but classified as an independent

11. contractor for tax purposes. A construction manager for fee does not have any financial
responsibility where as a construction manager at-risk does have financial risk similar to a
general contractor.
64. Aggregate
A mixture of sand and stone and a major component of concrete.
65. Agreement
An arrangement between the parties regarding a method of action.
66. Allowance(s)
A sum of money set aside in the construction contract for items which have not been selected
and specified in the construction contract. For example, selection of tile as a flooring may
require an allowance for an underlayment material, or an electrical allowance which sets aside
an amount of money to be spent on electrical fixtures.
67. Alterations
1. A term used to describe partial construction work performed within an existing structure
2. Remodeling without a building addition.
68. Alternate Bid
Amount stated in the bid to be added or deducted from the base bid amount proposed for
alternate materials and/or methods of construction.
69. Application for Payment
Contractor's written request for payment for completed portions of the work and, for materials
delivered or stored and properly labeled for the respective project.
70. Arcade
A series of arches supported by a row of columns.
71. Arch
A curved structure that will support itself by mutual pressure and the weight above its curved
opening.
72. Architect
One who designs and supervises the construction of buildings or other structures.
73. Architects Basic Services
A recognized series of phases performed by an architect as follows: 1st Schematic Design Phase,
2nd Design Development Phase, 3rd Construction Document Phase, 4th Bidding or Negotiated
Phase, 5th Construction Phase.
74. Architect-Engineer
An individual or firm offering professional services as both architect and engineer.

12. 75. Architectural Drawing
A line drawing showing plan and/or elevation views of the proposed building for the purpose of
showing the overall appearance of the building.
76. Area wells
Corrugated metal or concrete barrier walls installed around a basement window to hold back the
earth.
77. As-Built Drawings (also known as Record Drawings)
Contract drawings marked up to reflect changes made during the construction process. It is good
practice to make As-Built drawings by marking the changes on reproducible drawings such a
sepias for the duplication purposes later.
78. Astragal
A molding, attached to one of a pair of swinging double doors, against which the other door
strikes.
79. Atrium
An open court within a building.
80. Back Charge
Billings for work performed or costs incurred by one party that, in accordance with the
agreement, should have been performed or incurred by the party to whom billed. Owners bill
back charges to general contractors, and general contractors bill back charges to subcontractors.
Examples of back charges include charges for cleanup work or to repair something damaged by
another subcontractor.
81. Backfill
The replacement of excavated earth into a trench around or against a basement /crawl space
foundation wall.
82. Backing
Frame lumber installed between the wall studs to give additional support for drywall or an
interior trim related item, such as handrail brackets, cabinets, and towel bars. In this way, items
are screwed and mounted into solid wood rather than weak drywall that may allow the item to
break loose from the wall.
83. Baffle
A partial blocking against the flow of wind or sound.
84. Ballast
A transformer that steps up the voltage in a florescent lamp.
85. Balloon Framed Wall
Framed walls (generally over 10' tall) that run the entire vertical length from the floor sill plate to
the roof. This is done to eliminate the need for a gable end truss.
86. Balustrade
The rail, posts and vertical balusters along the edge of a stairway or elevated walkway.

13. 87. Barge
Horizontal beam rafter that supports shorter rafters.
88. Barge Board
A decorative board covering the projecting rafter (fly rafter) of the gable end. At the cornice, this
member is a fascia board.
89. Base or Baseboard
A trim board placed against the wall around the room next to the floor.
90. Bat
A half-brick.
91. Beam
A structural member transversely supporting a load. A structural member carrying building loads
(weight) from one support to another. Sometimes called a "girder".
92. Bearing Partition
A partition that supports any vertical load in addition to its own weight.
93. Bearing Point
A point where a bearing or structural weight is concentrated and transferred to the foundation
94. Bearing Wall
A wall that supports any vertical load in addition to its own weight.
95. Bearing Header
1. A beam placed perpendicular to joists and to which joists are nailed in framing for a chimney,
stairway, or other opening.
2. A wood lintel.
3. The horizontal structural member over an opening (for example over a door or window).
Bedrock
A subsurface layer of earth that is suitable to support a structure.
Bid
1. An offer or proposal of a price
2. The amount offered or proposed. (see RFP)
Bid Bond
A written form of security executed by the bidder as principal and by a surety for the purpose of
guaranteeing that the bidder will sign the contract, if awarded the contract, for the stated bid
amount.
Bid Date/Time
The due date and time set by the owner, architect or engineer for receiving bids.
Bid Form
A standard written form furnished to all bidders for the purpose of obtaining the requested
information and required signatures from the authorized bidding representatives.

14. Bid Opening
The actual process of opening and tabulating bids submitted within the prescribed bid date/time
and conforming with the bid procedures. A Bid Opening can be open (where the bidders are
permitted to attend) or closed (where the bidders are not permitted to attend). (see Bid
Date/Time, Open Bid, Closed Bid)
Bid Price
The stipulated sum stated in the bidder’s bid.
Bid Tabulation
A summary sheet listing all bid prices for the purpose of analysing the bid results. Bid tabulations
include the required items of the invitation to bid and usually include bid amount, completion
time, addendas included, contract exclusions, bonding rate, etc. Often times, the apparent low
bidder is not the low bidder. (see Bid Form )
Bid Shopper
A buyer or client who seeks to play one proposed supplier or subcontractor against the other for
the purpose of reducing a purchase price.
Bidding Documents
The published advertisement or written invitation to bid , instructions to bidders, the bid form
and the proposed contract documents including any acknowledged addenda issued prior to
receipt of bids.
Bidding Period
The calendar period allowed from issuance of bidding requirements and contract documents to
the prescribed bid date/time. ( see Bid Date/Time)
Bidding Requirements
The written minimum acceptable requirements set forth by the owner to the contractor during
bidding process. The owner usually reserves the right to reject a bid if the Bidding Requirements
are not met. (see Bidding Documents)
Blue Print(s)
A type of copying method often used for architectural drawings. Usually used to describe the
drawing of a structure which is prepared by an architect or designer for the purpose of design
and planning, estimating, securing permits and actual construction.
Blue Stake
Another phrase for Utility Notification. This is when a utility company (telephone, gas, electric,
sewer and water, etc) comes to the job site and locates and spray paints the ground and/or
installs little flags to show where their service is located underground.
Bonding Company
A properly licensed firm or corporation willing to execute a surety bond, or bonds, payable to
the owner, securing the performance on a contract either in whole or in part; or securing
payment for labor and materials.

15. Breaker Panel
The electrical box that distributes electric power to each branch circuit (each plug and switch)
and composed of circuit breakers.
Breezeway
A roofed walkway with open sides.
Bridging
Small wood or metal members that are inserted in a diagonal position between the floor joists or
rafters at mid-span for the purpose of bracing the joists/rafters & spreading the load.
Budget (Construction Budget)
1. An itemized summary of estimated or intended expenditures for a given period of time
2. The total sum of money allocated for a specific project.
Building
1. To form by combining materials or parts
2. A structure enclosed within a roof and within exterior walls housing, shelter, enclosure and
support of individuals, animals, or real property of any kind.
Building Code
The legal requirements set up by the prevailing various governing agencies covering the
minimum acceptable requirements for all types of construction.
Building Envelope (Sometimes referred to as Building Shell)
1. The waterproof elements of a building which enclose conditioned spaces through which
thermal energy may be transferred to or from the exterior.
2. The outer structure of the building.
Building Inspector/Official
A qualified government representative authorized to inspect construction for compliance with
applicable building codes, regulations and ordinances. Courts have ruled that building
inspections are exempt from errors and omissions liabilities.
Building Permit
A written document issued by the appropriate governmental authority permitting construction
to begin on a specific project in accordance with drawings and specifications approved by the
governmental authority.
Building Process
A term used to express every step of a construction project from it’s conception to final
acceptance and occupancy.
Built-up Roof
A roofing composed of three to five layers of asphalt felt laminated with coal tar, pitch, or
asphalt. The top is finished with crushed slag or gravel. Generally used on flat or low-pitched
roofs.

16. Butterfly Roof
A roof with two sides sloping down toward the interior of the building.
Buttress
Vertical masonry or concrete support, usually larger at the base, which projects from a wall.
BTU
Abbreviation for British Thermal Unit; a standard unit for measuring heat gain or loss.
Back to the top
Caisson
A 10" or 12" diameter hole drilled into the earth and embedded into bedrock 3 - 4 feet. The
structural support for a type of foundation wall, porch, patio, monopost, or other structure. Two
or more "sticks" of reinforcing bars (rebar) are inserted into and run the full length of the hole
and concrete is poured into the caisson hole.
Cantilever
An overhang. Where one floor extends beyond and over a foundation wall.
Cantilevered Void
Foundation void material used in unusually expansive soils conditions. This void is "trapezoid"
shaped and has vertical sides of 6" and 4" respectively.
Cavity Wall
Double masonry wall having an air space between the wyths.
Ceiling Joist
One of a series of parallel framing members used to support ceiling loads and supported in turn
by larger beams, girders or bearing walls. Also called roof joists.
CFM (cubic feet per minute)
A rating that expresses the amount of air a blower or fan can move. The volume of air (measured
in cubic feet) that can pass through an opening in one minute.
Change Order
A written document between the owner and the contractor signed by the owner and the
contractor authorizing a change in the work or an adjustment in the contract sum or the
contract time. A change order may be signed by the architect or engineer, provided they have
written authority from the owner for such procedure and that a copy of such written authority is
furnished to the contractor upon request. The contract sum and the contract time may be
changed only by change order. A change order may be in the form of additional compensation or
time; or less compensation or time known as a Deduction (from the contract) the amount
deducted from the contract sum by change order.
Change Order Proposal (See Change order)
A change order proposal is the written document before it has been approved and effected by

17. the Contractor and Owner. A change order proposal can be issued by either the contractor or
the owner. The change order proposal becomes a change order only after it has been approved
and effected by the Contractor and Owner.
Change Order Request
A written document issued by the owner requesting an adjustment to the contract sum or an
extension of the contract time; generally issued by the architect or owners representative.
Check Valve
A valve that permits passage through a pipe in only one direction.
Circuit
The path of electrical flow from a power source through an outlet and back to ground.
Circuit Breaker
A device which looks like a switch and is usually located inside the electrical breaker panel or
circuit breaker box. It is designed to (1) shut of the power and (2) to limit the amount of power
flowing through a circuit (measured in amperes). 110 volt household circuits require a fuse or
circuit breaker with a rating of 15 or a maximum of 20 amps. 220 volt circuits may be designed
for higher amperage loads.
Class "A"
Optimum fire rating issued by Underwriter's Laboratories on roofing. The building codes in some
areas require this type of roofing for fire safety.
Class "C"
Minimum fire rating issued by the Underwriters' Laboratories for roofing materials.
Closed Bid/Estimate
A service where only invited bidders or estimators are given access to the project specific RFP
(Request for Proposal) information. This option is for those seeking bids/estimates from a
prequalified and selected list of professionals or service.
CO
An abbreviation for "Certificate of Occupancy". This certificate is issued by the local municipality
and is required before anyone can occupy a space. It is issued only after the local municipality
has made all inspections and all monies and fees have been paid.
Codes
Prevailing regulations, ordinances or statutory requirements set forth by governmental agencies
associated with building construction practices and owner occupancy, adopted and administered
for the protection of public health, life safety and welfare.
Cold Air Return
The ductwork (and related grills) that carries room air back to the furnace for re-heating.
Collar Beam
Nominal 1- or 2-inch-thick members connecting opposite roof rafters. They serve to stiffen the
roof structure.

18. Column
A vertical structural compression member which supports loads.
Combustion Air
The duct work installed to bring fresh, outside air to the furnace and/or hot water heater.
Normally 2 separate supplies of air are brought in: one high and one low.
Compressor
A mechanical device that pressurizes a gas in order to turn it into a liquid, thereby allowing heat
to be removed or added. A compressor is the main component of conventional heat pumps and
air conditioners. In an air conditioning system, the compressor normally sits outside and has a
large fan (to remove heat).
Concrete
The mixture of Portland cement, sand, gravel, and water. Used to make garage and basement
floors, sidewalks, patios, foundation walls, etc. It is commonly reinforced with steel rods (rebar)
or wire screening (mesh).
Condensate Line
The copper pipe that runs from the outside air conditioning condenser to the inside furnace (
where the a/c coil is located).
Condensing Unit
The outdoor component of a cooling system. It includes a compressor and condensing coil
designed to give off heat.
Conduit, electrical
A pipe, usually metal, in which wire is installed.
Construction Documents
All drawings, specifications and addenda associated with a specific construction project.
Construct
To assemble and combine construction materials and methods to make a structure.
Construction
The act or process of constructing.
Construction Cost
The direct contractor costs for labor, material, equipment, and services; contractors overhead
and profit; and other direct construction costs. Construction cost does not include the
compensation paid to the architect and engineer and consultants, the cost of the land, rights-of-
way or other costs which are defined in the contract documents as being the responsibility of
the owner. (see Soft Costs)
Construction Documents
A term used to represent all drawings, specifications, addenda, other pertinent construction
information associated with the construction of a specific project.

19. Construction Documents Phase
The third phase of the architect's basic services wherein the architect prepares working
drawings, specifications and bidding information. Depending on the architects scope of services
the architect may assists the owner in the preparation of bidding forms, the conditions of the
contract and the form of agreement between the owner and contractor.
Construction Document Review
The owners review of the borrowers construction documents (plans and specifications), list of
materials, and cost breakdowns for the purpose of confirming that these documents and
estimates are feasible and are in accordance with the proposed loan or project appraisal.
Construction Management
Organizing and directing men, materials, and equipment to accomplish the purpose of the
designer.
Construction Management Contract
A written agreement wherein responsibilities for coordination and accomplishment of overall
project project design and construction are given to a construction management firm. The
building team generally consists of the owner, contractor and designer or architect.
Construction Phase
The fifth and final phase of the architect's basics services, which includes the architect's general
administration of the construction contract(s).
Consultant
One hired by the owner or client to give professional advise.
Contract
1. An agreement between two or more parties, especially one that is written and enforceable by
law
2. The writing or document containing such an agreement.
Contract Administration
The contractual duties and responsibilities of the architect and engineer during the construction
phase of a specific project.
Contract Bond
A written form of security from a surety company, on behalf of an acceptable prime or main
contractor or subcontractor, guaranteeing complete execution of the contract and all
supplemental agreements pertaining thereto and for the payment of all legal debts pertaining to
the construction of the project.
Contract Documents
A term used to represent all executed agreements between the owner and contractor; any
general, supplementary or other contract conditions; the drawings and specifications; all
addenda issued prior to execution of the contract; and any other items specifically stipulated as
being included in the contract documents.

20. Contract Over-run (under-run)
The difference between the original contract price and the final completed cost including all
adjustments by approved change order.
Contract Payment Bond
A written form of security from a surety company to the owner, on behalf of an acceptable
prime or main contractor or subcontractor, guaranteeing payment to all persons providing labor,
materials, equipment, or services in accordance with the contract.
Contract Performance Bond
A written form of security from a surety company to the owner, on behalf of an acceptable
prime or main contractor or subcontractor, guaranteeing the completion of the work in
accordance with the terms of the contract.
Contract Period
The elapsed number of working days or calendar days from the specified date of commencing
work to the specified date of completion, as specified in the contract.
Contract Sum
The total agreeable amount payable by the owner to the contractor for the performance of the
work under the contract documents. (see Change Order)
Contract Time
The time period set forth established in the contract documents for completing a specific
project; usually stated in working days or calendar days. The contract time can only be adjusted
by valid time extensions through change order.
Contractual Liability
The liability assumed by a party under a contract.
Contractor
A properly licensed individual of company that agrees to furnish labor, materials, equipment and
associated services to perform the work as specified for a specified price.
Contractor's Option
A written provision in the contract documents giving the contractor the option of selecting
certain specified materials, methods or systems without changing in the contract sum.
Contractor's Qualification Statement
A written statement of the Contractor's experience and qualifications submitted to the Owner
during the contractor selection process. The American Institute of Architects publishes a
standard Contractor's Qualification Statement form for this purpose.
Contracting Officer
An official representative of the owner with specific authority to act in his behalf in connection
with a specific project.
Control Joint
Tooled, straight grooves made on concrete floors to "control" where the concrete should crack.

21. Cooling Load
The amount of cooling required to keep a building at a specified temperature during the
summer, usually 78° F, regardless of outside temperature.
Corbel
The triangular, decorative and supporting member that holds a mantel or horizontal shelf.
Corner Braces
Diagonal braces at the corners of the framed structure designed to stiffen and strengthen the
wall.
Cornice
Overhang of a pitched roof , usually consisting of a fascia board, a soffit and appropriate trim
moldings.
Cost Codes
A numbering systemgiven to specific kinds of work for the purpose of organizing the cost
control process of a specific project.
Cost of Work
All costs incurred by the contractor in the proper performance of the work required by the plans
and specifications for a specific project.
Cost Plus Fee Agreement (Cost-Plus)
A written agreement with the owner under which the contractor or the architect and engineer is
reimbursed for his/her direct and indirect costs and, in addition, is paid a fee for his services. The
fee is usually stated as a stipulated sum or as a percentage of cost.
Counter Flashing
A metal flashing usually used on chimneys at the roofline to cover shingle flashing and used to
prevent moisture entry.
Counterfort
A foundation wall section that strengthens (and generally perpendicular to) a long section of
foundation wall.
Crawl Space
Shallow space below the floor of a building built above ground, generally surrounded with a
foundation wall.
Cricket
A second roof built on top of the primary roof to increase the slope of the roof or valley. A
saddle-shaped, peaked construction connecting a sloping roof with a chimney. Designed to
encourage water drainage away from the chimney joint.
Critical Path
The set of activities that must be completed on time for the project completion date to be met.
Activities on the critical path have no slack time.

22. Critical Path Method (C.P.M.)
A planning scheduling and control line and symbol diagram drawn to show the respective tasks
and activities involved in constructing a specific project.
Cross Bracing
Boards nailed diagonally across studs or other boards to make framework rigid.
Cross Bridging
Diagonal bracing between adjacent floor joists, placed near the center of the joist span to
prevent joists from twisting.
Cross Tee
Short metal "T" beam used in suspended ceiling systems to bridge the spaces between the main
beams.
CSI
Construction Specification Institute
CSI Master Format
The CSI Master Format is a system of numbers and titles for organizing construction information
into a regular, standard order or sequence. By establishing a master list of titles and numbers
Master Format promotes standardization and thereby facilitates the retrieval of information and
improves construction communication. It provides a uniform system for organizing information
in project manuals, for organizing project cost data, and for filing product information and other
technical data.
Cull
Building material rejected as below standard grade.
Cupola
A small structure built on top of a roof to provide ventilation.
Cure
To allow concrete to dry slowly by keeping it moist to allow maximum strength.
Current Date Line
A vertical line on the chart indicating the current date.
Curtain Wall
An exterior wall that provides no structural support.
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Daily Construction Report
A written document and record that has two main purposes:
1. they furnish information to off-site persons who need and have a right to know important
details of events as they occur daily and hourly, and

23. 2. they furnish historical documentation that might later have a legal bearing in cases of
disputes. Daily reports should be as factual and impersonal as possible, free from the expression
of personal opinions and feelings. Each report should be numbered to correspond with the
working days established on the progress schedule. In the event of no-work days, a daily report
should still be made, stating "no work today" ( due to rain, strike, or other causes). The report
includes a description of the weather; a record of the total number of employees,
subcontractors by name, work started and completed today, equipment on the job site, job
progress today, names and titles of visitors, accidents and/or safety meetings, and a remarks
column for other job related information.
Date of Agreement
1. Usually on the front page of the agreement
2. If not on front page it may be the date opposite the signatures when the agreement was
actually signed
3. or when it was recorded
4. or the date the agreement was actually awarded to the contractor.
Date of Commencement of the Work
The date established in a written notice to proceed from the owner to the contractor.
Date of Substantial Completion
The date certified by the architect when the work or a designated portion thereof is sufficiently
complete, in accordance with the contract documents, so the owner may occupy the work or
designated portion thereof for the use for which it is intended.
Dead Load
All the weight in a structure made up of unmovable materials.
Demising Walls
The boundaries that separate your space from your neighbors' and from the public corridor.
Design
A graphical representation consisting of plan views, interior and exterior elevations, sections,
and other drawings and details to depict the goal or purpose for a building or other structure.
Design-Build Construction
When a Prime or Main contractor bids or negotiates to provide Design and Construction services
for the entire construction project.
Design-Construct Contract
A written agreement between and contractor and owner wherein the contractor agrees to
provide both design and construction services.
Design-Development Phase
The second phase of the architect's basic services wherein the architect prepares drawings and
other presentation documents to fix and describe the size and character of the entire project as
to architectural, structural, mechanical and electrical systems, materials and other essentials as
may be appropriate; and prepares a statement of probable construction cost.

24. Detail
1. An individual part or item
2. A graphical scale representation (drawing at a larger scale) of construction part(s) or item(s)
showing materials, composition and dimensions.
Direct Cost (or expense)
All items of expense directly incurred by or attributable to a specific project, assignment or task.
Direct Costs, Hard Costs, and Construction Costs are synonymous.
Dormer
An opening in a sloping roof, the framing of which projects out to form a vertical wall suitable for
windows or other openings.
Downspout
A pipe, usually of metal, for carrying rainwater down from the roof's horizontal gutters.
Draw
The amount of progress billings on a contract that is currently available to a contractor under a
contract with a fixed payment schedule.
Drawings
1. A term used to represent that portion of the contract documents that graphically illustrates
the design, location and dimensions of the components and elements contained in a specific
project
2. A line drawing.
Drywall (or Gypsum Wallboard (GWB), Sheet rock or Plasterboard)
Wall board or gypsum- A manufactured panel made out of gypsum plaster and encased in a thin
cardboard. Usually 1/2" thick and 4' x 8' or 4' x 12' in size. The panels are nailed or screwed onto
the framing and the joints are taped and covered with a 'joint compound'. 'Green board' type
drywall has a greater resistance to moisture than regular (white) plasterboard and is used in
bathrooms and other "wet areas".
Duration
The length of an activity, excluding holidays and other non-working days.
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Easement
The right to use land owned by another, such as a utility company's right-of-way.
Eaves
The horizontal exterior roof overhang.
Egress
A means of exiting a space. Normally a 4' X 4' window is the minimum size required.

25. Electrical Rough
Work performed by the electrical contractor after the plumber and heating contractor are
complete with their phase of work. Normally all electrical wires, and outlet, switch, and fixture
boxes are installed (before insulation).
Electrical Trim
Work performed by the electrical contractor when the project is nearing completion. The
electrician installs all plugs, switches, light fixtures, smoke detectors, appliance "pig tails", bath
ventilation fans, wires the furnace, and "makes up" the electric panel. The electrician does all
work necessary to get ready for and to pass the electrical final inspection.
Elevation
The drawings of the front, sides, or rear face of a building.
Engineer (see Professional Engineer)
Estimate
1. To calculate approximately the amount, extent or value of something
2. To form an opinion of estimated costs.
Estimate of Construction Cost, Detailed
A calculation of costs prepared on the basis of a detailed analysis of materials and labor for all
items of work, as contrasted with an estimate based on current area, volume or similar unit
costs. *195
Estimating
A process of calculating the amount of material, labor and equipment required for a given
project necessary to complete the work as specified.
Excavation
Cavity or pit produced by digging the earth in preparation for construction.
Expansion Joint
Fibrous material (@1/2" thick) installed in and around a concrete slab to permit it to move up
and down (seasonally) along the non-moving foundation wall.
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Fabrication
Work done on parts of a structure at the factory before delivery to the building site.
Facade
Face or front elevation of a building.
Facility or Site Analysis
A visual inspection of a building and on-site improvements for functional or physical
deterioration; prepare optional Replacement Cost Estimate for making recommendations to

26. improve functional and physical deficiencies to increase market value; AND/OR prepare a
Reserve Study over five (5) years to increase Net Operating Income (NOI) for the facility.
Fast Track Construction (Fast Tracking)
A method of construction management which involves a continuous design-construction
operation. When a prime or main contractor starts the construction work BEFORE the plans and
specifications are complete. (See Design-Build Construction)
FF&E
1. An abbreviation for furniture, fixtures and equipment
2. Items classified as personal property rather than real property
3. An abbreviation generally associated with interior design and planning of retail stores or office
facilities.
Field Order
A written order effecting a minor change or clarification in the work not involving an adjustment
to the contract sum or an extension of the contract time.
Field Report (see Daily Construction Report)
Field Work Order
A written request to a subcontractor or vendor, usually from the general or main contractor, site
for services or materials.
Final Acceptance
The action of the owner accepting the work from the contractor when the owner deems the
work completed in accordance with the contract requirements. Final acceptance is confirmed by
the owner when making the final payment to the contractor.
Final Inspection
A final site review of the project by the contractor, owner or owner’s authorized representative
prior to issuing the final certificate for payment.
Final Payment
The last payment from the owner to the contractor of the entire unpaid balance of the contract
sum as adjusted by any approved change orders.
Finish Date
The date that an activity or project is completed.
Fire-Resistive or Fire Rated
Applies to materials that are not combustible in the temperatures of ordinary fires and will
withstand such fires for at least 1 hour.
Fire Retardant Chemical
A chemical or preparation of chemicals used to reduce the flammability of a material or to retard
the spread of flame.
Fire-Stop
Tight closure material or blocking to prevent the spread of flame or hot gases within framing.

27. Fixed Fee
A set contract amount for all labor, materials, equipment and services; and contractors overhead
and profit for all work being performed for a specific scope of work.
Fixed Limit of Construction Costs
A construction cost ceiling agreed to between the owner and architect or engineer for designing
a specific project. (See Budget)
Flashing
Sheet metal or other material used in roof and wall construction to protect a building from
water seepage.
Floating
The next-to-last stage in concrete work, when you smooth off the job and bring water to the
surface by using a hand float or bull float.
Floating Wall
A non-bearing wall built on a concrete floor. It is constructed so that the bottom two horizontal
plates can compress or pull apart if the concrete floor moves up or down. Normally built on
basements and garage slabs.
Form
Temporary structure erected to contain concrete during placing and initial hardening.
Footprint
The outline of a building's foundation; used for site planning.
Foundation
The supporting portion of a structure below the first floor construction, or below grade,
including the footings.
Foundation Ties
Metal wires that hold the foundation wall panels and rebar in place during the concrete pour.
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Gable
The end, upper, triangular area of a home, beneath the roof.
Gambrel Roof
A roof with two slopes on each side, the lower slope steeper than the upper.
Gantt Chart
The schedule of activities for a project. A Gantt Chart shows start and finish dates, critical and
non-critical activities, slack time, and predecessor relationships.
General Conditions
A written portion of the contract documents set forth by the owner stipulating the contractor’s

28. minimum acceptable performance requirements including the rights, responsibilities and
relationships of the parties involved in the performance of the contract. General conditions are
usually included in the book of specifications but are sometimes found in the architectural
drawings.
General Contractor
Properly licensed individual or company having primary (prime) responsibility for the work.
General Contracting (the traditional method)
When a prime or main contractor bids the entire work AFTER the final design, plans and
specifications are complete and have been approved by the owner.
Girder
A large or principal beam of wood or steel used to support concentrated loads at isolated points
along its length.
Grade
Ground level, or the elevation at any given point. Also the work of leveling dirt. Also the
designated quality of a manufactured piece of wood.
Grid
The completed assembly of main and cross tees in a suspended ceiling systembefore the ceiling
panels are installed.
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Hard Costs (see Construction Costs and Direct Costs)
Heating Load
The amount of heating required to keep a building at a specified temperature during the winter,
usually 65° F, regardless of outside temperature.
Heat Rough
Work performed by the heating contractor after the stairs and interior walls are built. This
includes installing all duct work and flue pipes. Sometimes, the furnace and fireplaces are
installed at this stage of construction.
Heat Trim
Work done by the heating contractor to get ready for the Final Heat Inspection. This includes
venting the hot water heater, installing all vent grills, registers, air conditioning services, turning
on the furnace, installing thermostats, venting ranges and hoods, and all other heat related
work.
Hip
A roof with four sloping sides. The external angle formed by the meeting of two sloping sides of
a roof.
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29. I-beam
A steel beam with a cross section resembling the letter I. It is used for long spans as basement
beams or over wide wall openings when wall and roof loads bear down on the opening.
Independent Contractor
One free from the influence, guidance, or control of another or others and does not owe a
"fiduciary duty". Example: architect, engineer, prime or main contractor, construction manager
at-risk.
Improvements
1. A term sometimes used to describe TI'S or Tenant Improvements.
2. Improvements can be in the form of new construction or remodel work. (see TI'S)
Indemnification
1.The act of indemnifying.
2. The condition of being indemnified.
Indirect Cost (or expense)
A contractor’s or consultant’s overhead expense; expenses indirectly incurred and not
chargeable to a specific project or task. The terms Indirect costs and soft costs are synonymous .
(see Soft Costs)
Inspection
1. The act of inspecting.
2. An official examination or review of the work completed or in progress to determine its
compliance with contract requirements.
Inspection for Disbursement of Funds
An independent vehicle for the disbursement and accounting of construction funds allowing
construction obligations to be paid (progress payments) when work is completed, inspected and
approved. Job Costs are reviewed prior to making disbursements to establish that the actual
construction payments are within the confines of the original estimate confines or schedule of
construction values.
Inspection List (punch list)
A list prepared by the owner or his/her authorized representative of items of work requiring
immediate corrective or completion action by the contractor.
Inspection Report
Sometimes used to describe an Inspection List. (see Inspection List)
Inspector
One who is appointed or employed to inspect something.
Interior Finish
A term used to represent the visible elements, materials and applications applied to a building’s
interior excluding furniture, fixtures and equipment. (see FF&E)

30. Invoice
A list sent to a purchaser containing the items and charges of merchandise. (see Statement)
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Joist
Structural member which directly supports floors or ceilings adn is supported by bearing walls,
beam, or girders.
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Labor and Material Payment Bond
A written form of security from a surety (bonding) company to the owner, on behalf of an
acceptable prime or main contractor or subcontractor, guaranteeing payment to the owner in
the event the contractor fails to pay for all labor, materials, equipment, or services in accordance
with the contract. (see Performance Bond and Surety Bond)
Leasehold Improvements
A term used to mean Tenant Improvements. Generally, this term is used when building in retail
stores as contrasted with the term Tenant Improvements which are generally associated with
office buildings. The terms are often used interchangeably. (see TI'S)
Lien, Mechanic's or Material
The right to take and hold or sell an owner’s property to satisfy unpaid debts to a qualified
contractor for labor, materials, equipment or services to improve the property. (see Preliminary
Lien Notice)
Lien Release
A written document from the contractor to the owner that releases the Lien, Mechanic’s or
Material following it’s satisfaction.
Lien Waiver
1. An written document from a contractor, subcontractor, material supplier or other
construction professional(s), having lien rights against an owner’s property, relinquishes all or
part of those rights.
2. Lien waivers are generally used for processing progress payments to prime or main or
subcontractors as follows: Conditional Lien Waiver, Unconditional Lien Waiver, and Final Lien
Waiver.
Lintel
A horizontal structural member that supports the load over an opening such as a door or
window.

31. Live Load
The total of all moving and variable loads that may be placed upon a building.
Load Bearing Wall
Includes all exterior walls and any interior wall that is aligned above a support beam or girder.
Loggia
A roofed open gallery, often on an upper level.
Lumens
Unit of measure for total light output. The amount of light falling on a surface of one square
foot.
Lump Sum Bid
A single entry amount to cover all labor, equipment, materials, services, and overhead and profit
for completing the construction of a variety of unspecified items of work without the benefit of a
cost breakdown.
Lump Sum Contract
A written contract between the owner and contractor wherein the owner agrees the pay the
contractor a specified sum of money for completing a scope of work consisting of a variety of
unspecified items or work.
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Mansard Roof
A roof with two slopes on each side, with the lower slope being nearly vertical and the upper
slope nearly horizontal.
Masonry
Stone, brick, concrete, hollow-tile, concrete block, or other similar building units or materials.
Normally bonded together with mortar to form a wall.
Meeting Attendance Form
A form consisting of three columns (individuals name, individuals title, and company the
individual represents). This form is given to all persons attending any meeting. Each person
attending the meeting will complete their respective information. The date of the meeting
should be included for reference.
Meeting Notes
A written report consisting of a project number, project name, meeting date and time, meeting
place, meeting subject, a list of persons attending, and a list of actions taken and/or discussed
during the meeting. Generally, this report is distributed to all persons attending the meeting and
any other person having an interest in the meeting.

32. Milestone
An activity with a duration of zero (0) and by which progress of the project is measured. A
milestone is an informational marker only; it does not affect scheduling.
Millwork
Generally all building materials made of finished wood and manufactured in millwork plants.
Includes all doors, window and door frames, blinds, mantels, panelwork, stairway components
(ballusters, rail, etc.), moldings, and interior trim. Does not include flooring, ceiling, or siding.
Monolithic
Term used for concrete work poured and cast in one piece without joints.
Monopost
Adjustable metal column used to support a beam or bearing point.
Mylar
Plastic, transparent copies of a blueprint.
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NEC (National Electrical Code)
A set of rules governing safe wiring methods. Local codes—which are backed by law—may differ
from the NEC in some ways.
Nonbearing Wall
A wall supporting no load other than its own weight.
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OC- On Center
The measurement of spacing for studs, rafters, and joists in a building from the center of one
member to the center of the next.
Open Bid/Estimate
A service where any bidder or estimator is given access to project specific RFP (Request for
Proposal) information. This option is for those seeking bids/estimates from any interested
professionals or service with out prequalifying them.
Orientation
The positioning of a building on a lot in relation to the sun, wind, view, and noise.
Outrigger
An extension of a rafter beyond the wall line. Usually a smaller member nailed to a larger rafter
to form a cornice or roof overhang.

33. Owner
An individual or corporation that owns a real property.
Owner-Architect Agreement
A written form of contract between architect and client for professional architectural services.
Owner-Builder
A term used to describe an Owner who takes on the responsibilities of the general contractor to
build a specific project.
Owner-Construction Agreement
Contract between owner and contractor for a construction project.
Owner-Construction Management Agreement
Contract between construction manager and client for professional services.
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Parapet
A wall placed at the edge of a roof to prevent people from falling off.
Partition
A wall that subdivides spaces within any story of a building or room.
Performance Bond
1. A written form of security from a surety (bonding) company to the owner, on behalf of an
acceptable prime or main contractor or subcontractor, guaranteeing payment to the owner in
the event the contractor fails to perform all labor, materials, equipment, or services in
accordance with the contract.
2. The surety companies generally reserve the right to have the original prime or main or
subcontractor remedy any claims before paying on the bond or hiring other contractors.
Performance Specifications
The written material containing the minimum acceptable standards and actions, as may be
necessary to complete a project. Including the minimum acceptable quality standards and
aesthetic values expected upon completion of the project.
Pergola
Open, structural framework over an outdoor area, usually covered with climbing vines to form
an arbor.
PERT
An abbreviation for Program Evaluating and Review Technique. (see Activity; Critical Path
Method)

34. PERT Schedule
A diagram that illustrates, charts and reports a projects estimated start and completion times;
and work in progress.
Pier
A column of masonry, usually rectangular in horizontal cross section, used to support other
structural members. (Also see Caisson)
Pitch
The incline slope of a roof or the ratio of the total rise to the total width, i.e., a 6-foot rise and
24-foot width is a one-fourth pitch roof. Roof slope is expressed in the inches of rise, per foot of
horizontal run.
Plan
1. A line drawing (by floor) representing the horizontal geometrical section of the walls of a
building. The section (a horizontal plane) is taken at an elevation to include the relative positions
of the walls, partitions, windows, doors, chimneys, columns, pilasters, etc.
2. A plan can be thought of as cutting a horizontal section through a building at an eye level
elevation.
Plan Checker
A term sometimes used to describe a building department official who examines the building
permit documents.
Plan View
Drawing of a structure with the view from overhead, looking down.
Planner
A person who forms a scheme or method for doing something; an arrangement of means or
steps for the attainment of some object; a scheme, method, design; a mode of action.
Plans
A term used to represent all drawings including sections and details; and any supplemental
drawings for complete execution of a specific project.
Plumbing Rough
Work performed by the plumbing contractor after the Rough Heat is installed. This work includes
installing all plastic ABS drain and waste lines, copper water lines, bath tubs, shower pans, and
gas piping to furnaces and fireplaces.
Plumbing Trim
Work performed by the plumbing contractor to get ready for a final plumbing inspection.
Includes installing all toilets (water closets), hot water heaters, sinks, connecting all gas pipe to
appliances, disposal, dishwasher, and all plumbing items.
Post-and-Beam
A basic building method that uses just a few hefty posts and beams to support an entire
structure. Contrasts with stud framing.

35. Precast
Concrete shapes made separately before being used in a structure.
Pre-Construction Planning and Team Building
A process used for the purpose of establishing below market dollar budget(s), overall project
scheduling and design criteria; also identification and selection of the most feasible project
design and construction team.
Predecessor
An activity that must be completed before another activity can begin.
Preliminary Drawings
1. The drawings that precede the final approved drawings.
2. Usually these drawings are stamped or titled "PRELIMINARY"; and the "PRELIMINARY" is
removed from the drawings upon being reviewed and approved by the owner.
Preliminary Lien Notice
A written notice given to the property owner of a specific project by the subcontractors and any
person or company furnishing services, equipment or materials to that project. The notice states
if bills are not paid in full for the labor, services, equipment, or materials furnished or to be
furnished, a mechanic's lien leading to the loss, through court foreclosure proceedings, of all or
part of the property being so improved may be placed against the property even through the
owner has paid the prime contractor in full. The notice explains how the owner can protect
himself against this consequence by 1. requiring the prime contractor to furnish a signed release
by the person or firm thus giving the owner notice before making payment to the prime
contractor or 2. any other method or device which is appropriate under the circumstances. The
state of California mandates that a Preliminary Lien Notice must be given to the property owner
not more than 20 days after starting the work on the specific project.
Pre-qualification of prospective bidders
A screening process wherein the owner or his/her appointed representative gathers background
information from a contractor or construction professional for selection purposes. Qualifying
considerations include competence, integrity, dependability, responsiveness, bonding rate,
bonding capacity, work on hand, similar project experience, and other specific owner
requirements.
Types of Heavy Construction Equipment
Different types of heavy equipment commonly used in the construction are as follows:
1. Excavators
2. Backhoe
3. Bulldozers

36. 4. Graders
5. Wheel Tractor Scraper
6. Trenchers
7. Loaders
8. Pavers
9. Compactors
10. Dump Trucks
1. Excavators
Excavators are important and widely used equipment in construction industry. Their general
purpose is to excavation but other than that they are also used for many purposes like heavy
lifting, demolition, river dredging, cutting of trees etc. Excavators contains a long arm and a
cabinet. At the end of long arm digging bucket is provided and cabinet is the place provided for
machine operator. This whole cabin arrangement can be rotatable up to 360o which eases the
operation. Excavators are available in both wheeled and tracked forms of vehicles.
Fig.1: Tracked/belted excavator
2. Back hoe
Backhoe is another widely used equipment which is suitable for multiple purposes. The name
itself telling that the hoe arrangement is provided on the back side of vehicle while loading
bucket is provided in the front. This is well useful for excavating trenches below the machine
level and using front bucket loading, unloading and lifting of materials can be done.

37. Fig.2: Back hoe
3. Bulldozers
Bulldozers are another type of soil excavating equipment which are used to remove the topsoil
layer up to particular depth. The removal of soil is done by the sharp-edged wide metal plate
provided at its front. This plate can be lowered and raised using hydraulic pistons. These are
widely used for the removal of weak soil or rock strata, lifting of soil etc.
Fig. 3: Bulldozer
4. Graders
Graders also called as motor graders are another type of equipment used in construction
especially for the construction of roads. It is mainly used to level the soil surface. It contains a
horizontal blade in between front and rear wheels and this blade is lowered in to the ground
while working. Operating cabin is provided on the top of rear axle arrangement. Motor Graders
are also used to remove snow or dirt from the roads, to flatten the surface of soil before laying
asphalt layer, to remove unnecessary soil layer from the ground etc.

38. Fig. 4: Graders
5. Wheel Tractor Scrapers
Wheel Tractor Scrapers are earth moving equipment used to provide flatten soil surface through
scrapping. Front part contains wheeled tractor vehicle and rear part contain a scrapping
arrangement such as horizontal front blade, conveyor belt and soil collecting hopper. When the
front blade is lowered onto the ground and vehicle is moved, the blade starts digging the soil
above the blade level and the soil excavated is collected in hopper through conveyor belt. When
the hopper is full, the rear part is raised from the ground and hopper is unloaded at soil dump
yard.
Fig. 5: Wheel tractor scrapers
6. Trenchers
Trenchers or Trenching machines are used to excavate trenches in soil. These trenches are
generally used for pipeline laying, cable laying, drainage purposes etc. Trenching machines are
available in two types namely chain trenchers and wheeled trenchers. Chain trenchers contains a

39. fixed long arm around which digging chain is provided. Wheeled trenchers contain a metal wheel
with digging tooth around it. To excavate hard soil layers, wheeled trenchers are more suitable.
Both types of trenchers are available in tracked as well as wheeled vehicle forms.
Fig. Trencher
7. Loaders
Loaders are used in construction site to load the material onto dumpers, trucks etc. The
materials may be excavated soil, demolition waste, raw materials, etc. A loader contain large
sized bucket at its front with shorter moving arm. Loader may be either tracked or wheeled.
Wheeled loaders are widely used in sites while tracked or crawled loaders are used in sites
where wheeled vehicles cannot reach.
Fig. 7: Loader
8. Paver
Paver or Asphalt paver is pavement laying equipment which is used in road construction. Paver
contains a feeding bucket in which asphalt is continuously loaded by the dump truck and paver
distributes the asphalt evenly on the road surface with slight compaction. However a roller is
required after laying asphalt layer for perfect compaction.

40. Fig. 8: Paver
9. Compactors
Compactors or Rollers are used to compact the material or earth surface. Different types of
compactors are available for different compacting purposes. Smooth wheel rollers are used for
compacting shallow layers of soil or asphalt etc. sheep-foot rollers are used for deep compaction
purposes. Pneumatic tyred rollers are used for compacting fine grained soils, asphalt layers etc.
Fig. 9: Compactor
10. Dump Trucks
Dump trucks are used in construction sites to carry the material in larger quantities from one site
to another site or to the dump yard. Generally, in big construction site, off-road dump trucks are
used. These off-road dump trucks contains large wheels with huge space for materials which
enables them to carry huge quantity of material in any type of ground conditions.

41. Fig. 10: Dump Truck
Seven Major Types of Hauling Equipment
If you are new to construction and drilling, it’s important to understand the types of equipment
that will be used on the job. Hauling equipment, in particular, is used to move building/drilling
supplies, soil, and other materials. Below is an overview of the types of hauling equipment
commonly used in construction and more:
1. Cranes
Equipped with wire ropes, sheaves, and a hoist, cranes are used to lift and move materials and
supplies during construction. Cranes are also useful for demolishing buildings and other
structures. In construction, the two basic types of cranes are mobile and fixed.
 Mobile cranes – Consist of trusses mounted onto mobile platforms, such as trucks or
flatcars.
 Fixed cranes – Are able to lift heavier loads and have better reach due to their increased
stability. Tower cranes, used in high-rise building construction, are an example of a fixed
crane mounted on top of a steel tower.
2. Bulldozers
Though commonly used to refer to the entire vehicle, the term bulldozer actually refers to the
front-mounted dozer plate, which is attached to a separate tractor. The bulldozer is used to
loosen hard soils and shift dirt, and can work on tough terrain. It is also great for creating pilot
roads, as it can clear land from trees and stumps. Bulldozers can be wheel-based or track-based.
For muddy or sandy terrains, track-type bulldozers are best, as the tracks distribute the
bulldozer’s weight over a larger area, reducing the risk of sinking.

42. 3. Excavators
Excavators are vehicles equipped with a digging bucket attached to the end of an extendable
arm. One of the more versatile types of hauling equipment, excavators are used to dig holes,
demolish buildings, and lift and load heavy supplies among others. Due to their large size,
excavators require the fewest passes when loading trucks with materials.
4. Loaders
These vehicles are used to load loose materials, such as sand, dirt, or gravel, and take them to
another machine, such as a dump truck or conveyor belt. Oftentimes, these destination
machines are at a higher elevation than the location of the materials. Loaders can also be used
to transport other machinery. Similar to bulldozers, loaders can be track-based or wheel-based,
and the selection depends on the terrain to be worked on.
5. Shovels
Shovels are used for digging and loading rocks and soil for mineral extraction. The ability to dig
into very hard material and lift large objects, such as boulders, are their greatest strengths.
Shovels can be electric powered or hydraulic powered. Electric shovels use a revolving deck with
a power plant, while hydraulic shovels have a simpler power systemthat requires fewer
components.
6. Tractors
Though most commonly used for pulling and pushing other equipment in construction, the great
advantage of tractors is the available parts that can be used to accomplish different jobs.
Available components include the quick hitches, backhoes, buckets, and blades. Similar to
bulldozers and loaders, tractors can be track-based or wheel-based. Like other track-based
equipment, these tractors are able to work through muddy terrains. However, they operate at
much slower speeds.
7. Trucks
Their high travel speeds allow for quicker transportation of materials when traveling on
established roads. Their low hauling costs also allow for flexibility when determining the total
hauling capacity or in the event of a change in destination/route.
 Dump trucks – Used to move clay, dirt, soils, and sands. Side and rear dump trucks
dispose of materials through the body attached to the chassis of the truck. Bottom dump
trucks have two gates that open from the bottom to dispose of materials. For tougher
terrain, articulated dump trucks are used.
 Hauling trucks – Used to transport a fleet of equipment (for general, military, or service
construction) from one location to another.