This document discusses DNA mutation. It defines DNA and its role in carrying genetic information across generations. It then defines mutation as a change in DNA that can cause changes in an organism's appearance, behavior, and physiology. The document outlines different types of gene mutations such as missense, nonsense, insertion, deletion, duplication, and frameshift mutations. It also discusses how mutations can be inherited or acquired somatically and examples of beneficial, neutral, and harmful mutations. It provides sickle cell anemia as an example of a point mutation causing disease.

1. DNA MUTATION
RAKSHIT KUMAR

2. DNA-INTRODUCTION
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid.
Carries genetic information of family over generations.
Basic building block of life.

3. DNA is a molecule composed of two
chains that coil around each other to
form a double helix carrying
the genetic instructions used in the
growth, development, functioning
and reproduction of all known
living organisms and many viruses.
 DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
are nucleic acids;
alongside proteins, lipids and complex
carbohydrates (polysaccharides), nucleic
acids are one of the four major types
of macromolecules that are essential for
all known forms of life.

4. MUTATION
• A mutation is a change in DNA,
the hereditary material of life. An
organism's DNA affects how it
looks, how it behaves, and its
physiology. So a change in an
organism's DNA can cause changes
in all aspects of its
life. Mutations are essential to
evolution; they are the raw
material of genetic variation

5. WHAT KINDS OF GENE MUTATIONS
ARE POSSIBLE?
Missense Mutation
Nonsense Mutation
Insertion
Deletion
Duplication
Frameshift Mutation
Repeat Expansion

6. HOW DO MUTATIONS
OCCUR?
Gene mutations can be classified in two major ways:
1. Hereditary mutations are inherited from a parent
and are present throughout a person’s life in
virtually every cell in the body. These mutations
are also called germline mutations because they are
present in the parent’s egg or sperm cells, which
are also called germ cells. When an egg and a
sperm cell unite, the resulting fertilized egg cell
receives DNA from both parents. If this DNA has a
mutation, the child that grows from the fertilized
egg will have the mutation in each of his or her
cells.

7. • Acquired (or somatic) mutations
occur at some time during a person’s
life and are present only in certain
cells, not in every cell in the body.
These changes can be caused by
environmental factors such as
ultraviolet radiation from the sun, or
can occur if an error is made as DNA
copies itself during cell division.
Acquired mutations in somatic cells
(cells other than sperm and egg cells)
cannot be passed to the next
generation.

8. EXAMPLES OF B
ENEFICIAL MUTATION
Nylonase: Nylon Bacteria.
Antibiotic Resistance: Bacteria.
Gene Mutation: Almond Trees.
Murray Gray: A Breed of Beef
Cattle.
CCR5-delta 32: HIV Immunity in
Humans.

9. EVOLUTION
 Evolution is the change in the
characteristics of a species over
several generations and relies
on the process of natural
selection. The theory
of evolution is based on the
idea that all species? are related
and gradually change over time.

10. EXAMPLES OF NEUTRAL AND
HARMFUL MUTATION
Change in eye colour
Change in hair colour
Cystic fibrosis
Skin colour
Malaria resistance
DDT resistance
developed by
mosquitoes

11. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
One example of a point mutation
is sickle cell anemia. A point
mutation caused a single nitrogen
base in a codon for one amino acid
in the protein called glutamic acid to
instead code for the amino acid
valine. This single small change
causes a normally round red blood
cell to instead be sickle-shaped.