This document discusses various mechanical, physical, biological, and chemical methods for pest management. Mechanical methods include hand picking of pests, destruction of infested plants and fruits, and use of barriers. Physical methods involve treatments with heat, light, and controlled atmospheres. Biological control uses predators, parasitoids, and plant-based insecticides. The document also outlines relevant legislation and introduces some new invasive pests. Integrated Pest Management for red gram is provided as an example, combining intercropping, habitat manipulation, microbial agents, botanical extracts, traps, and tillage.

1. Lecture no. 9
MECHANICAL, PHYSICAL AND
LEGAL METHODS FOR PEST
MANAGEMENT
RK Panse
Assistant Professor
Department of Entomology
CoA, Balaghat, M.P.
Subject: Principles of Integrated pest and Disease Management

2. • Suppression by manual devices: Human Labour
• Hand picking & destruction(Egg & Larvae) Eg. S.litura,
Hairy caterpillar, top borers.
• Destruction of fallen & infested fruits (fruit flies and fruit
borers)
• Destruction of termite mound
• Digging of trenches(hairy caterpillar and snails)
• Providing metal sheets to tree trunk(rats, squirrels in
coconut)
• Covering of fruits with paper or polythene bags or nylon
nets(Anar butterfly,fruit sucking moths)
• Sticky & slippery bands on tree trunk (Mealy bugs, leaf
hoppers in mango)
• Pruning & destruction of infested and floral parts (Scales,
mealy bugs in grape, citrus, ber, fig, custard apple &
shoot & fruit borers in bringal)

4. Larval Hatching

5. Sunflower – Larval Collection Helicoverpa

6. Shaking of Redgram Plants

7. Helicoverpa Larvae along with Flowers

9. Covering of Whole
Plant
Covering of Individual
Fruits

10. Methyl eugenol traps - Food attractants
Collection & destruction of egg masses as well as grown uplarvae
Yellow sticky traps
Polythene sheet/Alkethane/Grease
banding of tree trunk
Covering nursery bed with nylonmesh

11. Extraction of adult rhinoceros beetle using iron hook Passing rope in paddy to dislodge case worm
Contd….. Mechanical methods
Collection & destruction of affected plants Use of screens / barriers

12. Yellow Sticky trap leaf minor

13. Yellow Sticky trap

14. • Sugarcane setts-hot water or hot air treatment (scales)
• Hot water-Plant storage organs roots, bulbs, corns (bulb
flies & nematodes)
• Light traps (White grubs, RHHC etc)
• Flame throwers (Locust)
• Sticky traps
• Bird perches
• Exposure of stored grains to sunlight (storage pest)
• Cold storage (Fruit flies, PTM & Pathogens)

15. Light Trap

16. Physical
methods
Petromax light Light traps
Hot water treatment
Drying of grains under sun
Cold treatment / storage
Alternation of O2 & CO2level
Controlled atmospheric storage

17. First Act in the country was passed in 1906 under the
“Sea Customs Act of 1878” to stop the entry of Maxican
Cotton boll weevil
“Cotton Pest Act” – 1911 in Madras State-Cotton stalks
had to be removed by 1st August every year to minimize
the incidence of PBW
“Destructive Insects and Pests Act of 1914” which also
includes Plant Quarantine Act. This prevents prohibition
of movement of any class of plants or plant products or
pests from foreign country or Inter State or locally from
one territory to another

18. “Insecticide Act of 1968” Regulate the import,
manufacture, Sales, transport, distribution and use of
insecticides. This was enforced from April 1, 1971. Later
amendments were made.
 “The prevention of Food Adulteration Act of 1954”
Pesticide residues-Tolerance limits.

19. LEGAL METHOD
Some of the recent introductions are
 Tomato leaf miner,Tuta absulata
 Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis
 Rugose spiraling whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus
 Solanum white fly, Aleurothrixus trachoides
 Fall army worm, Spodoptera frugiperda
Seaport quarantine station

20. Biological methods
Predators Parasitoids
Microbial insecticides Plant based insecticides

21. Dipha aphidovora
Micromus sp.
Hoverfly
Chrysopa sp.
Ground beetles
Anthocorid bug
Mirid bug Prying mantid
PREDATORS
Lady bird beetles

22. PARASITOIDS
Trichogramma spp. - Egg parasitoids
Goniozus nephantidis - Larval parasitoid Brachymeria nephantidis - Pupal parasitoid

23. Plant based insecticides
Neem (Limonoides), tobacco (Nicotine), chrysanthemum (Pyrethrum), Derris plant
(Rotenone), pongamia, mahua, custard apple, Vitex nigundo, Parthenium hysterophorus
Neem – PROMISING ONE

24. Effectiveness of neem on different insect pests

25. VIRUS
MICROBIAL INSECTICIDES
FUNGI
BACTERIA

26. CHEMICAL METHOD

27. IPM : in red
gram
Against Helicoverpa armigera
Management
Sorghum as a inter crop
Installation of bird perches
Use of NPV
Use of NSKE Spray insecticides
Use of sex pheramone traps
Deep summer ploughingÀ