This document provides an introduction to the structure and structural role of elements in glasses. It discusses several key concepts:
- Glass formation occurs when liquids are cooled rapidly enough to avoid crystallization. Various structural models have been developed to explain glass formation ability based on factors like coordination number, bond type, and bond strength.
- Important early models include Goldschmidt's radius ratio criterion, which proposed tetrahedral coordination is needed for glass formation, and Zachariasen's random network theory, which described a 3D continuous random network of corner-sharing polyhedra.
- Later models accounted for properties of multicomponent oxide glasses and non-oxide glasses. The role of network formers and modifiers is
Ceramic materials are inorganic , nonmetallic
materials
made from compounds of a metal and a non metal.
Ceramic materials may be crystalline or partly crystalline.
The word ceramic comes from the Greek word keramiko
of pottery" or for pottery from keramos.
Ceramics materials are the phases containing a
compounds of metallic and nonmetallic
elements. In short
ceramics are the inorganic non metallic materials such as
silicates, aluminates, oxides, carbides, borides and
hydroxides. Since there are many possible combinations
of metallic and nonmetallic
atoms and there are many
several structural arrangement of each combination.
Ceramics always composed of more than one element.
Bonds are partially or totally ionic, can have combination
of ionic and covalent bonding (electronegativity)
Ceramic materials are inorganic, non-metallic materials made from compounds of a metal and a non metal. Ceramic materials may be crystalline or partly crystalline.
The word ceramic comes from the Greek word keramiko of pottery" or for pottery from keramos
Ceramic materials are inorganic, non-metallic materials made from compounds of a metal and a non metal. Ceramic materials may be crystalline or partly crystalline.
The word ceramic comes from the Greek word keramiko of pottery" or for pottery from keramos.
Ceramic materials are inorganic , nonmetallic
materials
made from compounds of a metal and a non metal.
Ceramic materials may be crystalline or partly crystalline.
The word ceramic comes from the Greek word keramiko
of pottery" or for pottery from keramos.
Ceramics materials are the phases containing a
compounds of metallic and nonmetallic
elements. In short
ceramics are the inorganic non metallic materials such as
silicates, aluminates, oxides, carbides, borides and
hydroxides. Since there are many possible combinations
of metallic and nonmetallic
atoms and there are many
several structural arrangement of each combination.
Ceramics always composed of more than one element.
Bonds are partially or totally ionic, can have combination
of ionic and covalent bonding (electronegativity)
Ceramic materials are inorganic , nonmetallic
materials
made from compounds of a metal and a non metal.
Ceramic materials may be crystalline or partly crystalline.
The word ceramic comes from the Greek word keramiko
of pottery" or for pottery from keramos.
Ceramics materials are the phases containing a
compounds of metallic and nonmetallic
elements. In short
ceramics are the inorganic non metallic materials such as
silicates, aluminates, oxides, carbides, borides and
hydroxides. Since there are many possible combinations
of metallic and nonmetallic
atoms and there are many
several structural arrangement of each combination.
Ceramics always composed of more than one element.
Bonds are partially or totally ionic, can have combination
of ionic and covalent bonding (electronegativity)
Ceramic materials are inorganic, non-metallic materials made from compounds of a metal and a non metal. Ceramic materials may be crystalline or partly crystalline.
The word ceramic comes from the Greek word keramiko of pottery" or for pottery from keramos
Ceramic materials are inorganic, non-metallic materials made from compounds of a metal and a non metal. Ceramic materials may be crystalline or partly crystalline.
The word ceramic comes from the Greek word keramiko of pottery" or for pottery from keramos.
Ceramic materials are inorganic , nonmetallic
materials
made from compounds of a metal and a non metal.
Ceramic materials may be crystalline or partly crystalline.
The word ceramic comes from the Greek word keramiko
of pottery" or for pottery from keramos.
Ceramics materials are the phases containing a
compounds of metallic and nonmetallic
elements. In short
ceramics are the inorganic non metallic materials such as
silicates, aluminates, oxides, carbides, borides and
hydroxides. Since there are many possible combinations
of metallic and nonmetallic
atoms and there are many
several structural arrangement of each combination.
Ceramics always composed of more than one element.
Bonds are partially or totally ionic, can have combination
of ionic and covalent bonding (electronegativity)
An Experimental Enquiry into The Growth of Mordenite Nanocrystals Sans Seed A...Mohammad Hassnain
The importance of porous materials with very small crystal diameter is immensely increased because of their large range of applications in our daily life. Mordenite falls in the category which is a microporous, synthetic zeolite with an ideal unit cell composition of Na8. (AlO2)8. (SiO2)40. nH2O or Na8Al8Si40O96.nH2O and a lot of work is going on its synthesis according to its application.
But we have mainly focused on Mordenite synthesis in nanosize without adding seed and incorporating its effect on Mordenite morphology by comparing with standard Mordenite.
Synthesis of Mordenite nanocrystals was mainly divided into three steps. The first step covered the procedure for preparation of gel without adding seed. The gel is then converted into raw Mordenite under hydrothermal conditions in the second step. Finally, in third step raw Mordenite product is recovered into pure Mordenite crystals by applying washing with distilled water and drying techniques. The effect of sans adding seed and distilled water in the sample is then studied with the help of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Vast range of laboratorial and industrial applications of Mordenite are summarized into three major uses. These includes the use of Mordenite as a catalyst, as an adsorbent and as an ion exchanging sieve. Other uses of Mordenite are also discussed.
Ring n chain compounds
Silicates
Types of silicates
Principle of Silicate minerals
Soluble silicates
Amphiboles, Zeolites, Ultramarines,
Feldspars
Silicates in technology
Glass, quartz, micas
Fundamentals, synthesis and applications of Al2O3-ZrO2 compositesTANDRA MOHANTA
When the word “Ceramic” comes to our mind, we usually associate them with plates, saucers, cups and mugs. But, the word “Ceramic” encompasses more than just the word “plates” or “saucers”. Indeed, ceramic materials are hard and inherently brittle, but this is just the tip of the iceberg. They have multifarious properties and have acquired a status of high technical importance in the field of scientific research. Ceramics are the soul of the modern day’s structural applications owing to their high mechanical and thermal stability under different challenging conditions. They exhibit remarkable properties such as high hardness, high wear resistance, high corrosion resistance, high elastic modulus, high melting point and the ability to retain high strength at elevated temperatures. Alumina (Al2O3) is one such remarkable ceramic material known for its unique optical, mechanical and electrical properties. But the brittle nature of Al2O3 limits its use in certain engineering applications. Therefore, the strength of Al2O3 and Al2O3- based ceramics can be enhanced by tailoring the microstructural design through the application of strategic techniques that may involve secondary phase particle inclusion (such as Zirconia, ZrO2)
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
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The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
An Experimental Enquiry into The Growth of Mordenite Nanocrystals Sans Seed A...Mohammad Hassnain
The importance of porous materials with very small crystal diameter is immensely increased because of their large range of applications in our daily life. Mordenite falls in the category which is a microporous, synthetic zeolite with an ideal unit cell composition of Na8. (AlO2)8. (SiO2)40. nH2O or Na8Al8Si40O96.nH2O and a lot of work is going on its synthesis according to its application.
But we have mainly focused on Mordenite synthesis in nanosize without adding seed and incorporating its effect on Mordenite morphology by comparing with standard Mordenite.
Synthesis of Mordenite nanocrystals was mainly divided into three steps. The first step covered the procedure for preparation of gel without adding seed. The gel is then converted into raw Mordenite under hydrothermal conditions in the second step. Finally, in third step raw Mordenite product is recovered into pure Mordenite crystals by applying washing with distilled water and drying techniques. The effect of sans adding seed and distilled water in the sample is then studied with the help of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Vast range of laboratorial and industrial applications of Mordenite are summarized into three major uses. These includes the use of Mordenite as a catalyst, as an adsorbent and as an ion exchanging sieve. Other uses of Mordenite are also discussed.
Ring n chain compounds
Silicates
Types of silicates
Principle of Silicate minerals
Soluble silicates
Amphiboles, Zeolites, Ultramarines,
Feldspars
Silicates in technology
Glass, quartz, micas
Fundamentals, synthesis and applications of Al2O3-ZrO2 compositesTANDRA MOHANTA
When the word “Ceramic” comes to our mind, we usually associate them with plates, saucers, cups and mugs. But, the word “Ceramic” encompasses more than just the word “plates” or “saucers”. Indeed, ceramic materials are hard and inherently brittle, but this is just the tip of the iceberg. They have multifarious properties and have acquired a status of high technical importance in the field of scientific research. Ceramics are the soul of the modern day’s structural applications owing to their high mechanical and thermal stability under different challenging conditions. They exhibit remarkable properties such as high hardness, high wear resistance, high corrosion resistance, high elastic modulus, high melting point and the ability to retain high strength at elevated temperatures. Alumina (Al2O3) is one such remarkable ceramic material known for its unique optical, mechanical and electrical properties. But the brittle nature of Al2O3 limits its use in certain engineering applications. Therefore, the strength of Al2O3 and Al2O3- based ceramics can be enhanced by tailoring the microstructural design through the application of strategic techniques that may involve secondary phase particle inclusion (such as Zirconia, ZrO2)
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
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Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
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▪ Transformative Technologies: From advanced robotics and brain interfaces to automated healthcare and beyond
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Session Overview
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3. Glass formation results when
• Liquids are cooled to below TM (TL) sufficiently fast to avoid crystallization
o Nucleation of crystalline seeds are avoided
o Growth of nuclei into crystallites (crystals) is avoided
ÞKinetic theory of glass formation (Turnbull and Cohen, 1960)
• Liquid is frustrated by internal structure that hinders both events
Glass families and glass forming ability
From glass to crystal -Nucleation, growth and phase separation: from research to
applications (2017)
D.R. Neuville, L. Cornier, D. Caurant, L. Montagne
9. Structural approach to glass-forming ability (GFA)
What internal structures promote glass formation?
How can structures be developed that increase the viscosity and
frustrate crystallization processes?
10. Structural approach to glass formation
Several models encompass most of the relevant aspects which are known to lead
to glass formation:
• Based on coordination number
– Goldschmidt’s radius ratio
– Zachariasen’s random network theory
• Based on bond type
– Smekal’s mixed bonding rule
– Stanworth’s electronegativity rule
• Based on bond strength
– Sun’s single bond strength criterion
• Based on field strength
– Dietzel’s field strength
• Based on Mott’s rule
– Phillips
11. Short range order (<3 Å):
– coordination, bond length, bond angle
– homopolar (-Se - Se- , -C - C-, -As - As) vs.
heteropolar (Si - O, B - O, Ge - S )
Medium (intermediate) range
order (3 – 10 Å typically):
– angles between structural units
– connectivity between structural units
(linkages by corner, edge, face)
– dimensionnality, rings
Almost no long range order
(no periodicity!) :
– phase separation
– inhomogeneities
Different structural ranges
14. Structural approach to glass formation
Several models encompass most of the relevant aspects which are known to lead
to glass formation:
• Based on coordination number
– Goldschmidt’s radius ratio
– Zachariasen’s random network theory
• Based on bond type
– Smekal’s mixed bonding rule
– Stanworth’s electronegativity rule
• Based on bond strength
– Sun’s single bond strength criterion
• Based on field strength
– Dietzel’s field strength
• Based on Mott’s rule
– Phillips
16. Goldschmidt’s radius ratio criterion
condition is fulfilled in the case of SiO2, B2O3, P2O5, GeO2 and BeF2
BeO with rBe/rO ~0.221 but does not form a glass
17. Structural approach to glass formation
Several models encompass most of the relevant aspects which are known to lead
to glass formation:
• Based on coordination number
– Goldschmidt’s radius ratio
– Zachariasen’s random network theory
• Based on bond type
– Smekal’s mixed bonding rule
– Stanworth’s electronegativity rule
• Based on bond strength
– Sun’s single bond strength criterion
• Based on field strength
– Dietzel’s field strength
• Based on Mott’s rule
– Phillips
23. B2O3 not composed primarily of CRN’s (continuous random network) of individual BO4
and BO3 units. These small units form structural grouping such as boroxol, diborate …
that exist in the crystalline compounds of the particular borate system. These larger
(but sill quite small) units are then connected randomly to each other to form the glass
structure.
Intermediate between the micro-crystallite and the CRN models
Borate glass
About ~75% of B atoms are in boroxol rings
Neutron diffraction: Hannon et al., J. Non-Cryst. Solids 177 (1994) 299
Ab initio simulations: Ferlat et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 (2008) 065504
the boroxols allow one to maintain a low-
energy structure while keeping a liquidlike
density
Þ Importance of medium range order in
GFA ?
Þ Gerald Lelong
28. Zones rich with network modifiers
Zones rich with network formers
Modified random network - MRN (Greaves, 1985)
Relationships with conductivity, alteration etc
Multicomponent oxide glasses
32. P in tetrahedral position
Phosphate glasses
P : (Ne)3s23p3 : 5 valence electron => ions P5+
Terminal oxygen
Bridging oxygen
Oxygen position in glass structure:
- bridging oxygen
- non-bridging oxygen
- terminal oxygen
Þ Francisco Munoz & Lionel Montagne
33. Y = NBO/T = Nbre d’O pontant par tétraèdre (Y=6-200/p with p the mol% of
SiO2)
SiO2 Y=4
R2O-2SiO2 Y=3
R2O-SiO2 Y=2 (metasilicate = SiO4 chains)
After Zachariasen’s hypothesis, glasses with Y<3 are
not possible
For Y<2, it is named invert glass
Importance of free oxygens in
those compositions
Free-oxygen : oxygen not bonded
to any network-former
Invert glasses
3D network
Trap & Stevels, Phys. Chem. Glasses, 1 (1960) 181
Oxygen position in glass structure:
- bridging oxygen
- non-bridging oxygen
- terminal oxygen
- free oxygen
Þ Louis Hennet
Þ Grant Henderson
35. Network former or modifier ? The case of Pb2+
xPbO (100 x)SiO2
x = 90, 67, 50, 33, 25
Takahashi et al., J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 88 (2005) 1591
Modifier at
low PbO
content
Netwok
former at
high PbO
content
40-60 mol% PbO
36. Network former or modifier ? The case of Pb2+
Low PbO content
- PbO3+3 unit is dominant
- Pb2O4 units participate in the glass network constructed
by SiO4 tetrahedra even at low
PbO content
High PbO content
PbO acts as a network former
consisting of PbO3 trigonal pyramids
Modifier at
low PbO
content
Netwok
former at
high PbO
content
37. Case of Pb
High PbO content
PbO acts as a network former consisting
of PbO3 trigonal pyramids
PbO3 trigonal pyramids are linked to each
other by edge sharing to form Pb–O–Pb
network => Pb2O4 units
6p2 Ion Pb2+
Pb atom tends to have small coordination numbers differing from other
divalent elements
Þ reason that PbO is a good glass forming material ?
39. Structural approach to glass formation
Several models encompass most of the relevant aspects which are known to lead to glass
formation:
• Based on coordination number
– Goldschmidt’s radius ratio
– Zachariasen’s random network theory
• Based on bond type
– Smekal’s mixed bonding rule
– Stanworth’s electronegativity rule
• Based on bond strength
– Sun’s single bond strength criterion
• Based on field strength
– Dietzel’s field strength
• Based on Mott’s rule
– Phillips
40. Smekal’s mixing bond
Pure covalent bonds incompatible with random arrangement (sharply defined
bond-lengths and bond-angles)
Purely ionic or metallic bonds lack any directional characteristics
ÞPresence of ‘mixed’ chemical bonding necessary
• inorganic compounds, e.g. SiO2, B2O3, where the A-O bonds are partly
covalent and partly ionic
• Elements (S, Se) having chain structures with covalent bonds within the chain
and van der Waal’s forces between the chains
• organic compounds containing large molecules with covalent bonds within
the molecule and van der Waal’s forces between them
Smekal, J. Soc. Glass. Technol. 35 (1951) 411
Adolf Gustaf Smekal (1895–1959)
44. Structural approach to glass formation
Several models encompass most of the relevant aspects which are known to lead
to glass formation:
• Based on coordination number
– Goldschmidt’s radius ratio
– Zachariasen’s random network theory
• Based on bond type
– Smekal’s mixed bonding rule
– Stanworth’s electronegativity rule
• Based on bond strength
– Sun’s single bond strength criterion
• Based on field strength
– Dietzel’s field strength
• Based on Mott’s rule
– Phillips
45. Sun’s bond strength model
Glass formation is brought about by both
• Connectivity of bridge bonds
• Strong bonds between atoms (ions)
Sun classified oxide according to their bond strengths
• Glass formers form strong bonds to oxygen – rigid network ,high
viscosity
• Modifiers form weak bonds to oxygen - disrupt, modify network
• Intermediates form intermediate bonds to oxygen – can’t form glasses
on their own, but aid with other oxides to form glasses
49. Al2O3 satisfied Zachariasen’s criteria but Al2O3 does not form a glass
According to Sun’s criteria
Ed = 317-402 kcals
CN =4 79 < ESun < 101kcal mol-1 network former
CN =5 63 < ESun < 80kcal mol-1 ?
CN =6 53 < ESun < 67kcal mol-1 modifier ?
No Al2O3 glass can be formed
But formation of 3CaO-2Al2O3 glass
Case of Al3+
Þ Louis Hennet
51. Structural role
Cations in the glass were catagorized according to their role in the glass network
Network former
- Can form a glass network alone
- Strong directional bonding
- Example: Si4+, B3+, P5+, Ge4+, As3+, Be2+, with CN of 3 or 4
Network modifier
- Break the linkages between network formers
- More ionic bonding
- Example: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Ba2+, with CN ≥ 6
Intermediates (conditional network former)
- May reinforce (CN = 4) or further loosen the network further (CN 6 to 8)
- Can substitute to a network former but cannot form a glass per se
- Example: Al2O3, TiO2, Ga2O3, As2O3, Sb2O3, Bi2O3, TeO2, V2O5, MoO3, WO3
53. - Ratio of the bond strength to the energy available at the freezing point (~3/2 Tm)
- Glass formation is better correlated with Eb/Tm, where Tm is the melting
temperature, and Eb/Tm > 0.05 for glass forming systems
- The higher the value, the lower the probability for bonds to break at Tm, and
hence the higher the tendency for glass formation
- Point out the significance of the liquidus temperature
Þeutectic favors glass formation
Vitrification if high bond strength with a liquidus temperature with the lowest
possible melting temperature
Rawson’s criteria
Rawson, Proc. IV Internat. Congr. on Glass (1956)
SiO2 : Eb = 106 kcals mol-1 Tm=1600°C Eb/Tm = 0.066
ZrO2 : Eb = 81 kcals mol-1 Tm=2715°C Eb/Tm = 0.030 => cannot form glass due to its
high melting point
B2O3 : Eb = 119 kcals mol-1 Tm=450°C Eb/Tm = 0.264 => never crystallizes
56. Structural approach to glass formation
Several models encompass most of the relevant aspects which are known to lead
to glass formation:
• Based on coordination number
– Goldschmidt’s radius ratio
– Zachariasen’s random network theory
• Based on bond type
– Smekal’s mixed bonding rule
– Stanworth’s electronegativity rule
• Based on bond strength
– Sun’s single bond strength criterion
• Based on field strength
– Dietzel’s field strength
• Based on Mott’s rule
– Phillips
57. Dietzeld and field strength criteria
Sun classifies Al as both a network former and an intermediate
• Al2O3 does not form glass at normal quenching rates
• More factors are important than just bond strength
o Small cations with high charge – network formers
o Large cations with small charges – modifiers
o Medium size cations with medium charge - intermediates
59. Dietzeld and field strength criteria
Fs = ZC / a2
ZC = valence of the cation
a is the distance between cation and oxygen
High field strength (for C it is 2.4) => covalent bonds, difficulty to form a glass
Intermediate field strength (1-2) => mixed bonds, can form glasses
Low field strength => ionic bonds, do not form glasses
62. SiO2–B2O3
Si4+ (in SiO4) Fs = 1.57
B3+ (in B2O3) Fs = 1.63
Small difference in field strength : tendency for the division of the O2- ions
between the two competing cations => formation of immiscible glasses
Dietzeld and field strength criteria
Vogel “Glass chemistry” (1994)
Mixing two network forming elements
Þ Thibault Charpentier
63. SiO2–P2O5
Si4+ (in SiO4) Fs = 1.57
P5+ (in PO4) Fs = 2.1
P higher field strength => favor the formation of PO4 tetrahedra
Si cannot compete with P to maintain SiO4 tetrahedra => SiO6 octahedra
P often promote phase separation due to its high field strength
Dietzeld and field strength criteria
65. Structural approach to glass formation
Several models encompass most of the relevant aspects which are known to lead
to glass formation:
• Based on coordination number
– Goldschmidt’s radius ratio
– Zachariasen’s random network theory
• Based on bond type
– Smekal’s mixed bonding rule
– Stanworth’s electronegativity rule
• Based on bond strength
– Sun’s single bond strength criterion
• Based on field strength
– Dietzel’s field strength
• Based on Mott’s rule
– Phillips
72. System Ge-S or Ge-Se
➪ GeS4 units
GeS4 tetrahedra linking S chains
S
chains,
rings ➪
GexSe1-x
GeS4 are
connecting chains
Ge
All Ge are in 4-fold
coordination (iso-
structural to a-Si)
➪
Tetrahedra can shares
corners and edges≠silicates
Glass GeSe 2
Structure of chalcogenide glasses
73. System As-S or As-Se
cristal
•Modifiers ?
Structure of chalcogenide glasses
Þ Annie Pradel
Þ Bruno Bureau
Þ Eugene Bychkov
74. Notion of network former applicable
to all kind of glasses ?
Possible to define network former or modifier in
- metallic glasses ?
- organic glasses ?
75. Structure of metallic glasses
Consider packing of dense spheres
Most compact configuration for spheres which are all identical in a 3D-space
(cfc, hc)
Þ compacity 0.74
Proposed by J. Kepler in 1611, this results was demonstrated only in 1998 by T.
Hales
Compacity is the ratio between the volume of particules within the cell and the
volume of the cell. It is the degree of filling of the space
cfc, hc C=0.74
cc C=0.68
77. Cavités canoniques de Bernal
Þ dense random packing of spheres
Tetrahedron Icosaedron
Canonical cavities of Bernal
Archimedes anti-
prism
Tetragonal
dodecaedron
Octahedron
Structure of metallic glasses
John
Desmond
Bernal
(1901-
1971)
Local arrangements for a model
of dense random packing
78. Tang et al., Nature 402, 160 (1999)
Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5
Metal (Fe,Ni,Al,Cr,Pd)
Metalloids (P,Si,B,Ge)
Mixing various elements with different sizes
Structure of metallic glasses
A more complicated chemical composition translate into a greater number of
compounds that could nucleate and, thus, in mutual competition such that crystal
nucleation and growth is frustrated and does not take place on sufficiently rapid
cooling
Principle of confusion
From ’Silicate glasses and melts: properties and structure’
Mysen & Richet (2005)
79. + medium range order (2006)
Stacking of blocks with 5-fold symmetry
Sheng et al., Nature 439, 419(2006)
icosaedron
Miracle, Nature Materials 2004
Yavari, Nature Materials 2005
Sheng et al, Nature 2006
Yavari, Nature 2006
Structure of metallic glasses
Þ Lindsey Greer
81. Structures of polymers
Chain entanglement: Long polymer
chains get entangled with each other
= random coil model
Modèle de pelote aléatoire
chains packed in a regular way => crystal
Both amorphous and crystalline areas can
exist in the same polymer
82. Structures des polymères
(a) Linear structure : van der Waals
bonding between chains
(b) Branched structure : Chain packing
efficiency is reduced compared to linear
polymers - lower density
(c) Cross-linked structure : Chains are
connected by covalent bonds. Often
achieved by adding atoms or molecules
that form covalent links between chains
(d) Polymerized structure : Three active
covalent bonds - Highly cross-linked
Direction
of
increasing
strength
83. 3 main structural atomic models for non-crystalline
solids
•Random Network
Continuous random network ® ioni-covalent glasses SiO2
Modified random network ® ioni-covalent glasses Na2O-SiO2
• Random Close Packing
Empilement aléatoire compacte ® metallic glasses
• Random Coil Model
Modèle de pelote aléatoire ® polymeric organic glasses