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S1112ES-Ic-d-8.pptx
- 1. Is it possible to see how minerals are scattered throughout the underground without removing the top soil?
- 2. The process represents core drilling, a method done to investigate how the rocks underneath the Earth’s surface look like.
- 3. 1. Are the mineral deposits (represented by the orange clay for gold and blue clay for copper) evenly distributed in the bowl? Explain its relevance.
- 4. 2.Can the drill cores indicate how deep the mineral deposits are? 3.How can additional drillholes affect geological interpretations?
- 5. A mine is a place where rocks and minerals of value are extracted.
- 7. The first phase of mining is called EXPLORATION.
- 9. Satellites, airplanes and helicopters can be used to help find mineral deposits.
- 10. A geologist is a scientist who studies the Earth and it’s processes.
- 11. Radioactive minerals like uranium may be found with a Geiger counter.
- 12. If an area looks promising, a drill is moved to the site.
- 13. The drill goes deep into the Earth’s crust removing long cylinders of rock called cores.
- 15. What about the environment?
- 16. Before a mine can be opened, a complete environmental study is done so the land can be rehabilitated during and after mining.
- 17. Environmental Impacts Improper mining can cause flooding, erosion, subsidence, water and air pollution, damage to wildlife and habitat.
- 19. Measures to prevent or mitigate the harmful effects of irresponsible mining: Topsoil replacement using uncontaminated soil; reintroduction of flora and fauna; neutralizing acidic waters; backfilling and sealing of abandoned underground mines; stabilizing the slope of impacted area to reduce erosion, etc.
- 20. There are two methods of Mining: SURFACE MINING and UNDERGROUND MINING
- 22. Surface Mining
- 23. Surface Mining Kennecott Utah Copper’s Bingham Canyon Mine Two-story high haul trucks can carry hundreds of tons of ore.
- 24. Surface mining Albert Frei & Sons Sand Quarry in Idaho Springs, Colorado Rock of Ages Granite Quarry in Barre, Vermont
- 25. Underground Mining Nickel Miners Underground Drill
- 26. Underground Mining Longwall coal mining cuts a slice from the long wall. Notice the safety gear that these miners wear everyday.
- 27. 1. Surface Mining - Utilized to extract ore minerals that are close to Earth’s surface - Different types include open pit mining, quarrying, placer mining and strip mining
- 29. Open-pit mining -surface mining in which huge portions of earth are dug from the surface to extract the desired mineral within them, resulting in a large pit. Open-pit mines are used when deposits of commercially useful minerals or rock are found near the surface.
- 30. QUARRYING
- 33. 2. Underground Mining - Utilized to extract ore minerals from the ore body that is deep under the Earth’s surface
- 34. Extraction is the process of removing mineral resources from the Earth’s crust.
- 35. Drilling to set charges for a blast.
- 36. Carefully controlled blasting breaks up the rock.
- 37. Blasted ore is hauled to the crusher.
- 38. Crushers/grinders break up the ore to the size of small pebbles or sand.
- 39. Minerals are different so many different types of processing are needed to remove them from the rock. Following are just a few processes.
- 40. Milling This rock contains gold. Milling is the process of separating the desired mineral from the unwanted rock (called gangue.) See if you can find the specks of gold.
- 41. What factors did you consider in selecting where to start mining the rocks?
- 42. How has mining change the land? Possible answers include, change in elevation
- 43. What have you done to rehabilitate the land after mining?
- 45. The materials extracted or “mined" are rocks composed of both ore and waste material (part of the rock which contain very little or no element or mineral of economic value). The extracted rocks will undergo processes of mineral (e.g. metal) separation and recovery.
- 46. Recovering the minerals from the ore and waste materials can involve one or more processes wherein the separation is usually done in a mill.
- 47. Crushing and screening are the first stages of controlled size reduction followed by grinding where the rocks are pulverized
- 48. 1. Heavy media separation: The crushed rocks are submerged in liquid where the heavier/denser minerals sink thus are separated from the lighter minerals. This is commonly used to separate chalcopyrite from quartz before the refining processes of extracting copper.
- 49. 2. Magnetic separation: If the metal or mineral is magnetic, the crushed ore is separated from the waste materials using a powerful magnet.
- 50. 3. Flotation: The powdered ore is placed into an agitated and frothy slurry where some minerals and metals based on physical and chemical properties may either sink to the bottom or may stick to the bubbles and rise to the top thus separating the minerals and metals from the waste.
- 51. 4. Cyanide heap leaching: This method used for low-grade gold ore where the crushed rock is placed on a “leach pile” where cyanide solution is sprayed or dripped on top of the pile. As the leach solution percolates down through the rocks, the gold is dissolved into the solution. The solution is processed further to extract the gold.
- 52. 5. Smelting Smelting uses high heat and chemicals to remove base metals and impurities from concentrates. Smelting furnaces can reach temperatures above 1064°Celcius.
- 53. 6. Electrowinning Starter sheets are lowered into a solution. An electrical charge passes through causing copper ions to stick to the sheets.
- 54. Reclamation Modern mines reclaim and rehabilitate the land during and after mining is completed, returning the land to useful purposes.
- 56. Measures to prevent or mitigate the harmful effects of irresponsible mining: Topsoil replacement using uncontaminated soil; reintroduction of flora and fauna; neutralizing acidic waters; backfilling and sealing of abandoned underground mines; stabilizing the slope of impacted area to reduce erosion, etc.
Editor's Notes
- How does this definition differ from the students’?
- Introduction Question How long do you think the mining process takes? 1 – 5 years?, 6 – 10? The entire process can take more than 50 years! This slide shows the basic process of mining. The time required to find, plan, and build a working mine can take decades. Sometimes, no deposit is even found. Here are just a few of the laws and regulations that mining operations must abide by before, during and after mining. Extension Activity Further research the following: Clean Air Act – permits Clean Water Act – permits Wetlands permits issued by Corps of Engineers Storm water permits National Pollutant Discharge Elimination permits (Individual federal or state issued water discharge permits) Endangered Species Act National Environmental Policy Act Environmental Assessments Environmental Impact Statements Surface Mining & Reclamation Act – Federal law for activities on Public Lands State reclamation laws for activities on private lands Resource Conservation and Recovery ACT (RCBA) permits for non-hazardous solid waste disposal Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (Superfund Law) for cleanup of sites contaminated with hazardous substances Local business licenses State and local zoning permits Federal or state issued mining permits/permits to operate State issued land disturbance permits State or federal bonding requirements – money put up by mining companies to guarantee that disturbed lands will be reclaimed
- Definition Exploration is the searching, sampling, mapping, drilling and other work involved in locating new, mineable ore deposits. In the past, exploration was called prospecting, but the days of pick ax and mule are long gone. For many years people were able to find useful mineral resources on the Earth’s surface. Today, most mineral resources are buried deep beneath the Earth’s crust and are difficult to find. Locating new mineral resources takes new exploration techniques. Discussion Questions We learned that the entire mining process can take more than 50 years. How long do you think the exploration phase take? Exploration takes many years and costs millions of dollars. Some mines may take up to 20 years before they can be opened. Many laws and regulations must be followed during this process. All of these must be considered during the exploration phase. Extension Activities Create a timeline of the mining industry in your state. How has the mining industry changed over time? How important is the mining industry to the economy of your state? How important is the mining industry to today’s lifestyle?
- Definition Explore - 1. to examine or investigate, especially systematically 2. to travel to or into (unfamiliar or unknown regions), especially for organized scientific purposes Extension Activity Ask the students to further define the terms ‘explore’ and ‘exploration’. Discuss why geologists and other scientists explore. What are they looking for?
- Satellites, airplanes or helicopters are made from a wide variety of rocks and minerals. They are used to help locate substantial mineral deposits. Discussion Question How can something so high in the air locate minerals located deep in the Earth? High tech equipment is used including advanced gravity and magnetic measuring equipment (gravimeters), photogrametric digital cameras and imaging sensors among others. Of course, this equipment is also made from the very rocks and minerals they help scientists discover. Search online (Google, Yahoo, etc.) to find videos and information on satellites, airplanes and helicopters being used to help find mineral deposits.
- Definition Geologist - A scientist who studies the origin, history, structure and composition of the Earth and it’s processes. Geologists explore and survey land and rock formations in search of mineral deposits. Definition mineral deposits – Aggregate of a mineral in an unusually high concentration. Activity Ask the students to write a definition for mineral deposits in their own words.
- Geologists use many tools. Some are as simple as a pick ax while others are very high-tech. One of the tools they use is the Geiger counter. The Geiger counter was developed in 1909 by Hans Geiger with Walther Müller. The Geiger counter is a type of particle detector that measures ionizing radiation. It is only useful in finding radioactive materials like uranium. Search online (Google, Yahoo, etc.) to find videos and information on Hans Geiger and the Geiger counter. Related MEC resources Minerals Database - Uranium http://www.mineralseducationcoalition.org/elements/uranium
- A core sample is a piece of rock, soil, or ice that is carved, or cut, from the ground using a piece of equipment that works a lot like an apple-corer. If you have ever scooped the core out of an apple you would get an idea of how a core sample is cut. The reason scientists cut core samples is to get a piece from the interior, or underlying, layers of rock/ice/soil and look at the parts they couldn't otherwise see. By studying core samples scientists can get clues about events that happened in the past at the time the rock/soil/ice was being formed. Core samples are organized according to the area and depth where they were drilled. This information is useful in creating geologic maps, determining the presence/grade/depth of desired rocks and minerals and whether or not it is economically feasible to open a mine in the area. Hands-on Activity Search online (Google, Yahoo, etc.) to find videos and information on Layer Cake Core Drilling activity. Related MEC resources For more details on responsibilities of geologists, visit http://www.mineralseducationcoalition.org/careers-mining.
- A geologic map is a map upon which geologic information is plotted. The distribution of the formations is shown by means of symbols, patterns, or colors. Deposits at or near the Earth’s surface may or may not be mapped separately. Folds, faults, mineral deposits, etc., are indicated by appropriate symbols.
- How will a mine affect the environment? Mining inevitably disturbs land. Modern mines reclaim the surface during and after mining is completed, returning the land to useful purposes. A complete plan for reclamation needs to be submitted at local, state and federal levels. The plan must be approved before a mine ever opens. Reclaimed mine lands are often more attractive to wildlife and human uses than before mining started. Related MEC resources http://www.mineralseducationcoalition.org/reclamation-stories
- More about this in Part Three.
- Definition Underground mining - various underground mining techniques used to excavate hard minerals (hard rock mining), mainly those containing metals such as gold, silver, iron, copper, zinc, nickel and lead, but also involves using the same techniques for excavating ores of gems such as diamonds. In contrast soft rock mining refers to excavation of softer minerals such as salt, coal or tar sands. Underground mining extracts mineral resources lying deep below the Earth’s surface. In this slide you can see an entrance called a portal and tracks where ore is moved out of the mine for processing. The pipes overhead are part of the ventilation system that moves clean air throughout the mine. Definition Solution Mining - In-situ leaching (ISL), also called in-situ recovery (ISR) or solution mining, is a mining process used to recover minerals such as copper and uranium through boreholes drilled into a deposit. The process initially involves drilling holes into the ore deposit. Explosive or hydraulic fracturing may be used to create open pathways in the deposit for solution to penetrate. Leaching solution is pumped into the deposit where it makes contact with the ore. The solution bearing the dissolved ore content is then pumped to the surface and processed. This process allows the extraction of metals and salts from an ore body without the need for conventional mining involving drill-and-blast, open-cut or underground mining. Wikipedia Free Dictionary, July 2014 Related MEC resources Find various mining videos here: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfJNfxvptTGdn31iAnBgXUA
- Definition Surface mining - method of extracting minerals near the surface of the Earth. The three most common types of surface mining are open pit mining, strip mining, and quarrying. Placer mining is also a type of surface mining although it is not listed in this definition. www.Britanica.com, July 2014
- Other Resources http://www.kennecott.com/ore-to-more http://www.cat.com/groundrules (This is a comprehensive program on mining that includes standards, lesson plans and hands-on activities.) Link check July 2014
- Aggregates operations, including sand and gravel, are a type of surface mining. The sand and gravel obtained from these operations are used in sidewalks, buildings, roads, bridges, foundations, homes, etc. Definition Quarry - a kind of open-pit mine from which rock or minerals are extracted. Quarries are normally utilized for extracting building materials, like dimension stone. Quarries are normally shallower than other kinds of open-pit mines. The type of material extracted from quarries include chalk, clay, granite, gypsum, limestone, marble, slate and sandstone among others. Related MEC resources http://www.mineralseducationcoalition.org/mineral-resource-statistics http://www.mineralseducationcoalition.org/minerals
- Mine Safety The mining industry takes safety very seriously. Every shift at the mine starts with a “Safety Share” meeting. These meetings help every employee focus on safety before starting the job. Employees share safety tips and alerts from home and on the job. These tips run the gamut from reminding folks to wear safety glasses while mowing the lawn at home, driving safely through a new construction area, to reminders about maintenance on mining equipment. Every employee is required to attend regular safety classes and become certified in mine safety. Safety gear and equipment must be used at all times. Although rare, mining accidents do happen and are widely reported in the media. Mining can be a dangerous job if safety measures are not followed. Related MEC resources Find various mining videos here: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfJNfxvptTGdn31iAnBgXUA
- Related MEC resources Find various mining videos here: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfJNfxvptTGdn31iAnBgXUA
- The following slides show the basic steps in extraction.
- All mining operations, surface and underground, require blasting to break up rock so that processing can occur. Drilling and blasting professions require specific training, including safety precautions. Good blasters are valued because they are able to eliminate flying rock during an explosion. There are many careers connected to mining. Many require degrees but other needed skills are learned in trade schools and on the job. Related MEC resources This link shows many job descriptions in the mining industry, the classes to take in high school to prepare for them, and what type of education or training is required. http://www.mineralseducationcoalition.org/sites/default/files/uploads/rolesinminingppt6.pdf
- Blasting is done in well-thought out patterns in order to control the amount of rock and dust being displaced and safety. Blasters are highly trained and well paid. They are employed in the mining industry, tunneling, road construction, home and commercial construction and a number of other industries. Search online (Google, Yahoo, etc.) to find videos on blasting. Extension Activities What types of blasting are used to control the size and location of the blast? Related MEC resources Find specific blasting roles here http://www.mineralseducationcoalition.org/sites/default/files/uploads/rolesinminingppt6.pdf
- Haul trucks are at least two stories tall and carry hundreds of tons of ore. A built-in ladder is required to access the cab. Drivers are specially trained to operate these vehicles.
- Minerals necessary to produce thousands of products are contained within the ore. It is necessary to grind and crush the rock to manageable sizes in order to extract the minerals. Grinders and crushers are huge, heavy-duty pieces of equipment. Many are run by computer operators who keep a close eye on the amount of ore being fed into the machines at one time. You might compare this equipment to blenders and food processors at home. If large chunks of ice are placed in either one, they are broken down into chunks or even slush-sized bits depending on the desired end product.
- Students can see the small gold specks in this photo, however, many rocks containing gold and other ores are completely opaque and the mineral cannot be seen with the naked eye. Extension Activities Search online (Google, Yahoo, etc.) to find “Cookie Mining”. This activity demonstrates how much waste or gangue is left when extracting the desired mineral(s). Much of the gangue will be used during the reclamation process. Related MEC resources http://www.mineralseducationcoalition.org/reclamation-stories
- 1064°Celsius = 1947.2° Fahrenheit. Smelting is one of the processes used in metal mining. Some metals can only be purified and separated from the rock through a pyrometallurgical process called smelting. Pyro is the Greek word for fire. Other Resources www.gogeometry.com/mining/bingham_canyon_copper_mine_smelting_sx_ew_process.html Link checked July 2014
- Related MEC resources To see more on electrowinning and other steps in processing copper, view Copper in Our Electrical World video http://www.mineralseducationcoalition.org/videos
- If an area has good mining potential, a complete environmental study is done. All the plants, animals, birds and insects of an area and their habitats are identified, researched and documented. Waterways are very carefully studied. Clean water and a healthy environment are as important to miners as they are to the rest of us. Plans are developed to keep the environment in healthy condition. It is no secret that in the distant past, mining has created problems for the environment. Today’s mining operators take the responsibility of being good stewards of the land very seriously. Technological advancements in rehabilitating and reclaiming the land are put in place every year by environmental engineers employed by the mining industry. Closed loop water systems are employed during active mining operations to prevent contamination. Local streams and waterways are monitored on a regular basis. Underground mines are backfilled whenever possible, and land is reseeded with natural grasses and foliage. When a mine site is closed, the land is reclaimed for useful purposes. Related MEC resources http://www.mineralseducationcoalition.org/reclamation-stories