Internal disease

1. DISEASE OF HEMATOPOETIC
ORGANS
BY DAGAR PRASHANT

2. ANEMIA
• Anemia (An-without,emia-blood)is a decrease in the RBC
count, hemoglobin and/or Hematocrit values resulting in a
lower ability for the blood to carry oxygen to body tissues
.

3. CAUSES OF ANEMIA
• Iron deficiency.
• Vitamin B12 deficiency.
• Folate deficiency.
• Certain medicines.
• Destruction of red blood cells earlier than normal (which may be caused by immune
system problems)
• Long-term (chronic) diseases such as chronic kidney disease, cancer, ulcerative
colitis, or rheumatoid arthritis.

4. SIGNS
• Brittle nails
• Koilonychia (spoon shaped nails)
• Atrophy of the papillae of the tongue
• Angular stomatitis
• Brittle hair
• Dysphagia and Glossitis
• Plummer vinson/kelly patterson

6. SYMPTOMS
• Easy fatigue and loss of energy
• Unusually rapid heart beat, particularly with exercise
• Shortness of breath and headache, particularly with exercise
• Difficulty concentrating
• Dizziness
• Pale skin
• Leg cramps
• Insomnia

7. DIAGNOSIS
• The red cell population is defined by
1.Quantitative parameters:
• Volume of packed cells i.e. the hematocrit
• Hemoglobin concentration
• Red cell concentration per unit volume
2.Qualitative parameters:
• Mean corpuscular volume
• Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
• Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration.

8. •HEMORRHAGIC
SYNDROME

9. • Hemorrhagic syndrome is an increased risk of bleeding due
to deficiency of coagulation factors dependent on the level of
vitamin K. Low activity of these factors in plasma is
associated with functional imperfections of the liver, which is
typical for children of early age.
• In some diseases hemostatic disorders are mixed in
connection with the accession of disseminated intravascular
coagulation (DIC) associated with infectious-septic, immune,
destructive or neoplastic processes.

10. SYMPTOMS
• Fever.
• Fatigue, weakness or general feeling of being unwell.
• Dizziness.
• Muscle, bone or joint aches.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Diarrhea.

11. DIAGNOSIS
• bleeding time (BT) (Simplate),
• platelet count, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT),
• prothrombin time (PT),
• thrombin time (TT).
If the platelet count alone is low, the cause is usually peripheral destruction of
platelets, immunothrombocytopenia, or an abnormality of bone marrow production.
An abnormal bleeding time alone suggests a platelet aggregation defect that is most
likely due to medication.

13. • When the aPTT is the only abnormal test and the patient has a definite history of
bleeding, one of the hemophiliac states is present.
• An abnormal PT, with or without an abnormal aPTT but with normal results in the
other three tests, indicates an abnormal reduction in the vitamin K-dependent
clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X) or factor V.
• When the TT is abnormal, disseminated intravascular coagulation, the presence of
plasma heparin, or a hepatopathy should be suspected.

14. •MYELOPROLIFERATION
SYNDROME

15. •Myeloproliferative neoplasms are a group of
diseases in which the bone marrow makes
too many red blood cells, white blood
cells, or platelets.

16. SYMPTOMS

17. CAUSES
• All myeloproliferative disorders are caused by overproduction of one or more
types of cells. No one knows what triggers the overproduction of cells, but
theories include:
 Genetics. Some people with CML have an abnormally shortened chromosome
known as the Philadelphia chromosome.
 Environment. Some studies suggest that myeloproliferative disorders may result
from an overexposure to radiation, electrical wiring, or chemicals.

18. DIAGNOSIS
 Blood tests. To find abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells. They
can also detect anemia and leukemia.
 Bone marrow biopsy. Your doctor may take a sample of bone marrow after blood
tests. It can show the presence of abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood
cells and may detect certain types of anemia and cancer in the marrow.
 Cytogenetic analysis. Your doctor may view blood or bone marrow are viewed
under a microscope to look for changes in the chromosomes.