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1. BLOOD TRANSFUSION

2. BLOOD TRANSFUSION

3. SIGNIFICANCE OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION

4. PRECAUTION DURING BLOOD TRANSFUSION

5. Cont…

6. DISORDERS OF BLOOD

7. DISORDERS OF BLOOD
• ANEMIA
• POLYCYTHEMIA
• LEUKAEMIA
• THROMBOCYTOPENIA
• HEMOPHILIA

8. ANEMIA

9. TYPES OF ANEMIA
• IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
• MEGLOBLASTIC ANEMIA
• HYPOPLASTIC ANEMIA
• FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
• VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
• HAEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
• SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

10. IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
• Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia, and
it occurs when your body doesn’t have enough of the mineral
iron.
• Your body needs iron to make hemoglobin.
• When there isn’t enough iron in your blood stream, the rest of
your body can’t get the amount of oxygen it needs.
• Without enough iron, your body can't produce enough of a
substance in red blood cells that enables them to carry oxygen
(hemoglobin).
• As a result, iron deficiency anemia may leave you tired and
short of breath.

11. MEGLOBLASTIC ANEMIA
• Megaloblastic anemia is characterized by red blood cells that
are larger than normal.
• There also aren’t enough of them.
• Megaloblastic anemia is caused when red blood cells aren’t
produced properly.
• Because the cells are too large, they may not be able to exit the
bone marrow to enter the bloodstream and deliver oxygen.

12. HYPOPLASTIC ANEMIA
• Aplastic anemia is a condition that occurs when your body stops
producing enough new blood cells.
• The condition leaves you fatigued and more prone to infections
and uncontrolled bleeding.
• A rare and serious condition, aplastic anemia can develop at
any age.
• It can occur suddenly, or it can come on slowly and worsen over
time. It can be mild or severe.
• Treatment for aplastic anemia might include medications, blood
transfusions or a stem cell transplant, also known as a bone
marrow transplant.

13. FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
• Folate-deficiency anemia is the lack of folic acid in the blood.
• Folic acid is a B vitamin that helps your body make red blood
cells.
• If you don’t have enough red blood cells, you have anemia.
• Low levels of folic acid can cause megaloblastic anemia. With
this condition, red blood cells are larger than normal.
• There are fewer of these cells.
• They are also oval-shaped, not round. Sometimes these red
blood cells don’t live as long as normal red blood cells.

14. Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia
is a disease in which not enough red blood cells are produced
due to a deficiency of vitamin B12.
The most common initial symptom is feeling tired.Other
symptoms may include shortness of breath, pale skin, chest pain,
numbness in the hands and feet, poor balance, a smooth red
tongue, poor reflexes, depression and confusion.
Without treatment some of these problems may become
permanent.

15. HAEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
• Hemolytic anemia is a disorder in which red blood cells are
destroyed faster than they can be made. The destruction of red
blood cells is called hemolysis. Red blood cells carry oxygen to
all parts of your body.
• Inherited hemolytic anemia happens when parents pass the
gene for the condition on to their children.
• Acquired hemolytic anemia is not something you are born
with. You develop the condition later.

16. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
• Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of blood
disorders typically inherited from a person's parents.
• The most common type is known as sickle cell
anaemia (SCA). It results in an abnormality in the oxygen-
carrying protein haemoglobin found in red blood cells.
• This leads to a rigid, sickle-like shape under certain
circumstances.
• Problems in sickle cell disease typically begin around 5 to 6
months of age.

17. Cont…
• A number of health problems may develop, such as attacks of
pain ("sickle cell crisis"), anemia, swelling in the hands and
feet, bacterial infections and stroke Long-term pain may
develop as people get older.
• The average life expectancy in the developed world is 40 to 60
years.

18. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

19. POLYCYTHEMIA
• Polycythemia refers to an increase in the number of red blood
cells in the body.
• The extra cells cause the blood to be thicker, and this, in turn,
increases the risk of other health issues, such as blood clots.

22. LEUKEMIA
• Leukemia, also spelled leukaemia, is a group of blood
cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and result in high
numbers of abnormal blood cells.
• These blood cells are not fully developed and are
called blasts or leukemia cells
• Symptoms may include bleeding and bruising, fatigue, fever,
and an increased risk of infections.
• These symptoms occur due to a lack of normal blood cells.
• Diagnosis is typically made by blood tests or bone marrow
biopsy.
• The exact cause of leukemia is unknown.

23. Cont..
• A combination of genetic factors and environmental (non-
inherited) factors are believed to play a role.
• Risk factors include smoking, ionizing radiation, some
chemicals (such as benzene),
• There are four main types of leukemia
• acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL),
• acute myeloid leukemia (AML),
• chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
• and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)

24. THROMBOCYTOPENIA
• Thrombocytopenia is a condition in which you have a low blood
platelet count.
• Platelets (thrombocytes) are colorless blood cells that help
blood clot.
• Platelets stop bleeding by clumping and forming plugs in blood
vessel injuries.
• Thrombocytopenia might occur as a result of a bone marrow
disorder such as leukemia or an immune system problem

25. signs and symptoms
• Thrombocytopenia signs and symptoms may include:
• Easy or excessive bruising (purpura)
• Superficial bleeding into the skin that appears as a rash of pinpoint-
sized reddish-purple spots (petechiae), usually on the lower legs
• Prolonged bleeding from cuts
• Bleeding from your gums or nose
• Blood in urine or stools
• Unusually heavy menstrual flows
• Fatigue
• Enlarged spleen

26. CAUSES
• INCREASED PLATELET DESTRUCTION
• DECREASED PLATELET PRODUCTION
• TRAPPED PLATELET

27. HEMOPHILIA
• Hemophilia is a rare disorder in which your blood doesn't clot
normally because it lacks sufficient blood-clotting proteins
(clotting factors).
• Haemophilia is a mostly inherited genetic disorder that impairs
the body's ability to make blood clots, a process needed to stop
bleeding.
• There are two main types of haemophilia: haemophilia A, which
occurs due to low amounts of clotting factor VIII,
and haemophilia B, which occurs due to low levels of
clotting factor IX.