A solid is composed of billion of atoms

1. Bonding in solids
By
S.Priyanka
E.M.G.Yadava Women’s College
Madurai 14

2. Bonding:
❖ A solid is composed of billion of atoms packed closely together
❖ The attraction between atoms, ions or molecules which hold the
atoms together
❖ They are classified as primary bonds and secondary bonds
according to the strength and directionality.

3. Primary Bonds:
❖ The types of primary bonding are
❖ Ionic bonding
❖ Covalent bonding
❖ Metallic bonding

4. Ionic Bonding:
❖ It is the attractive force between the positive ion and negative ion
when they are brought into surrounding
❖ They are formed when atoms of all different electrons lose or gain
electrons inorder to achieve stabilised outer most electronic
configuration.
❖ The example of ionic bonding is sodium chloride (Nacl)

5. Covalent Bonding:
❖ It is the transfer of pair of electrons between atoms rather than
by electron transfer, in its outer most energy level.
❖ In this type of bonding the stable arrangement is achieved by
sharing of electrons.
❖ The example for this type of bonding is oxygen, chlorine,
hydrogen chloride

6. Metallic bonding:
❖ In this type of bonding the electrons in their outer most energy
levels are loosely held by their nuclei
❖ The force that holds the atoms together in a metallic
substance.
❖ The example for this type is Sodium, Magnesium.

7. Secondary Bonding:
The types of Secondary bonding are
❖ Hydrogen Bonding
❖ VanderWaal Bonding

8. Hydrogen Bonding:
❖ It is the dipole dipole attraction between the hydrogen atom
from polar molecule and the oxygen, fluorine from the non
polar molecule
❖ The example for this type is water molecule

9. Vanderwaals Bonding:
❖ This type of bonding isthe attraction of intermolecular forces
between molecules.
❖ Neutral molecules may be held together by a weak electric
force known as the vanderwaals bond
❖ Once a random dipole is formed in one atom, An induced
dipole is formed in the adjacent atom

10. THANK YOU