structure and functions of different amino acids

3.  They are the molecules containing an amine
group, a carboxylic acid group, and a side-chain
that is specific to each amino acid.
 The key elements of amino acid are carbon,
hydrogen , oxygen, and nitrogen.
 Amino acids are the basic structural building
units of proteins and other biomolecules ; they
are also utilized as an energy source.

4.  Amino acids join together to form short polymer chains called
peptides or longer chains called either polypeptides or proteins.
 The common amino acids of proteins have been assigned
three-letter abbreviations and one-letter symbols.
 Twenty –two amino acids are naturally incorporated into
polypeptides and are called proteinogenic or natural amino
acids. Of these, 20 are encoded by the universal genetic code.
The remaining 2 are incorporated into proteins by unique
synthetic mechanism.

5.  Aside from the 20 standard amino acids,
there are many other amino acids that are
called non – proteinogenic or non-standard.
Eg.,GABA
 In case of humans out of 20 standard amino
acids some are essential(10), semi-
essential(2), and some are non –
essential(10).

6.  Essential amino acids (EAA)- these are not
synthesized in the body and hence have to be
provided in the died. Also called as indispensable
amino acids.
 Semi-essential amino acids- these are required by
the body half-heartedly . Also called as semi-
dispensable amino acid.
 Non-essential amino acids- these are synthesized
in the body. These are derived from the carbon
skeletons of carbohydrates and lipid metabolism or
from the transformation of essential amino acids.

7. ESSENTIAL NON-ESSENTIAL
Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine
Methionine
Tryptophan
Phenylalanine
Lysine
Arginine
Histidine
Threonine
Glycine
Alanine
Proline
Tyrosine
Aspartic acid
Glutamic acid
serine
Asparagine
Glutamine
Cysteine

8. Amino acids
Non polar Polar
Aliphatic Aromatic Charged Uncharged
Glycine Phenylalanine serine
Alanine Tyrosine Threonine
Proline Tryptophan Cysteine
Valine Asparagine
Leucine Glutamine
Isoleucine
Methionine

9. Charged
Positive Negative
Lysine Aspartate
Arginine Glutamate
Histidine

10. GLYCINE
 Most widespread amino acid.
 Essential for production of nucleic
acid, bile acid, creatine,
assist regulation of blood sugar,
also has antiaging properties.
 Helps in production of lymphocytes.
 Regulates blood sugar level.

11. VALINE
 Vital for muscle function, tissue repair, boosts immune system.
 Maintains Nitrogen balance in the body.
LEUCINE
 Used in the formation of sterols in liver, adipose tissue and muscle
tissue.
 Helps in production of GH.
ISOLEUCINE
 Increases endurance and help heal muscle tissue.

12. PHENYLALANINE
 Along with tyrosine leads to the formation of adrenalin,
noradrenalin, dopamine and skin pigment melanin.
 Has analgesic and antidepressant properties.
TYROSINE
 Play important role in signal transduction.
 Essential for the production of hormones like thyroxin.
 Play important role
in photosynthesis.

13. TRYPTOPHAN
 Biochemical precursor for seratonin, niacin
and auxin.

14. SERINE
 Helps to form phospholipids.
 Helps in functioning of DNA, RNA, formation of muscles
and in maintenance of proper immune system.

15. THREONINE
 Treating different types of depression.
 Aids in digestive and intestinal tract
functions, building strong bones and tooth
enamel, speeds wound healing.

16. CYSTEINE
 Helps building up WBC’S.
 Essential for detoxification, recovery of
hair and nail tissue.
 Protect damages caused by radiation.
METHIONINE
 Help’s in treatment of parkinson’s
disease, detoxification.

17. ASPARAGINE
 Helps in biosynthesis of
glycoproteins.
 Increases resistance to fatigue
and improves the functioning of the liver.
ASPARTATE
 Involved in the formation of
purines and pyrimidines,
and Ab synthesis.
 Necessary for neural health.

18. GLUTAMINE
 Helps to regulate normal brain functions.
 Maintain blood glucose level.
GLUTAMATE
 Detoxify muscle cells.

19. LYSINE
 Helps in calcium absorption , building muscle protein
and production of hormones, enzymes and Antibodies.
 It also has antiseizure properties.

20. ARGININE
 Plays imp. Role in cell division and immune
functioning.
 Helps release hormones and remove ammonia
from the body.
HISTIDINE
 Minimize allergic reactions.
 Helps in formation of various metal bearing enzymes
and compounds. Eg. Supra oxide dismutase.

21. PROLINE
(The only secondary (2°) amino acid
or (“imino” acid.)
 Essential component of joints.

22.  Copolymer of amino acids:
– a “polypeptide
Definition:
Amino acid polymers of ≤50 amino acids are called
“polypeptides, peptides, oligopeptides, etc.”
Amino acids polymer of >50 amino acids are called “proteins.”

24.  Peptides play crucial
role in human physiology.
 They are specific,
tolerable and have
good efficacy.
 Main disease areas currently driving the use of
peptide drugs are metabolic diseases and
oncology.